Yaka may be the frequency of the computer's processor. The main characteristics of the processor. "Impulsive behavior" of the processor

Apparently, the clock frequency of the processor is the number of such operations in one hour, in a given moment, per second.

Aleksey's appointment is not enough for me to understand more clearly what it really means to understand and as a meaning it may be for us, ordinary coristuvachiv.

On the Internet, you can find anonymous articles from the first drive, but none of them have anything.

Most often, it’s “should” with this key, which can open the door to the mind.

Therefore, we tried to pick up all the main information, no puzzles, and put together a single whole picture.

Zmist:

More details

Also, the clock frequency is the number of operations that the processor can perform per second. The value of Hertz is vimiryuєtsya.

This unit of the world is named in honor of a famous scientist, who, having carried out experiments, directed at the cultivation of periodic, so that processes are repeated.

And what is Hertz before operations in a second?

This is the reason for blaming the reading of more articles by people who didn’t do well in physics at school (perhaps, not from the fault of their own).

On the right, in the fact that loneliness is the frequency, that is, the number of repetitions, of these periodic processes per second.

Vaughn allows you to win as a number of operations, and other different displays. For example, if you try to enter 3 per second, it means that the frequency of the breath becomes 3 Hertz.

But if there are processors, then there can be different operations, which can be reduced to the number of other parameters.

Vlasne, the number of calculation of these parameters per second is called.

Yak is simple!

In practice, the understanding of "Hertz" is rare, often we hear about megahertz, kilohertz and so on. Table 1 has a "decryption" of these values.

Table 1. Designations

The first and the last few victories are rare.

So, if you can feel that in the new 4 GHz, then you can win 4 billion operations per skin second.

No way! This year's average show. Surely, soon we will feel about models with a frequency of teraHertz or more.

How to settle down

Otzhe, u nomu є so:

• clock resonator- is a superb quartz crystal, placed in a special storage container;
• clock generator- attachment, which transforms one type of colivan into other languages;
• metal cover;
• tire data;
• textolite lining, until all other attachments are attached.

So the axis, the crystal of quartz, is a clock resonator, which makes the oscillating effect of the voltage supply. As a result, the electric strumum is being coaxed.

A clock generator is attached to the lining, which transforms the electrical impulses.

The stench is passed on to the tires of the tributes, in this way the result is calculated to the point of koristuvach.

The clock frequency itself will come out in such a way.

Tsіkavo, schoto this understanding, there are impersonal pardons, zokrema, schodo zv'yazku nuclei and frequencies. To that about tse so varto talk.

How the frequency is tied to the cores

The core is ce, vlasne, i є processor. Maєtsya on the uvazі of that very crystal, which zmushuє all attachments vikonuvaty sevni operations.

That is, in this and the other model there are two cores, which means that in the new one there are two crystals, as if they join each other for the help of a special tire.

Zgіdno with a wider pardon, the more cores, the more frequency. Aje not for nothing at once, the retailers are able to accommodate the daedals and have more cores. But not so. Even if it’s more expensive than 1 GHz, it’s supposed to be 10 cores in the new one, it’s like losing 1 GHz and not going to 10 GHz.

On the right, in that the skin core performs a fundamental function and takes on a part of the hard drive for the processor.

Buvay, that through a great number of nuclei, the pracciuvate is more practicable, because the bus, like it’s going to, does not show through the filthy yakist. Wanting to do this is rare.

You can illustrate with a simple example. Although at a cost of 4 individuals for a speed of 4 km / year, it does not mean that all at once the stench goes for a speed of 16 km / year (4 * 4).

Usі stinks collapse on the speed of 4 km/year.

If you are out of food, put them in the comments. We are pleased with you!

Clock frequency name the parameter that is used in gigahertz. The higher the frequency, the greater the frequency allows more data to be collected. This is one of the most important parameters, for some reason to take care, choosing a processor.

The number of cores is not less important, on the right, in that the clock frequency at this stage of development cannot be increased more, it was necessary to continue the development of directly parallel counts, which is evident in the increase in the number of cores. The number of cores informs you about the number of programs you can run in one hour, without wasting a widcode. However, varto vrakhovuvat, that in times of optimization of the program there are two cores, then it is not possible to build a computer for a larger number of computers.

Cache and processor bus frequency

The bus frequency demonstrates the speed of transmission of information that enters and exits the processor. The greater the show, the exchange of information is more obvious, as the only one in the world, gigahertz are performing here. The processor cache is large, which is the highest memory block. Vіn roztashovuєtsya without intermediary on the core and serve to increase productivity, to that in the new danі znіblyayutsya zіnno bolshoy shvidkіstyu, nizh vіpadku z operative memory. Three equal cache memories:

L1 - the first rіven the least important for obsyagi, but the most seen, its size varies no more than 8 - 128 Kb.

L2 is another rіven, richer for the first one, but I change it for obsyagi, here the size varies between 128 - 12288 Kb.

L3 - the third row, playing at the speed of the first two equals, and the most general, before the speech of the wines can be daily, shards of appointments for special editions of the processors of the server solutions. The size of the file is 16384 Kb, it may be present in such processors as Xeon MP, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition or Itanium 2.

Thermal socket

Minsh significant, but not vtrachayuchimi urgency at the time of choice of the processor є such power as a socket and thermal imaging. socket name the rose, where the processor is installed on the motherboard. For showing off thermal imaging you can select the heating stage of the processor for an hour of operation. Tsey pokaznik wins at watts, and vin varies between 10 - 165W.

The average variant of processors on the Moscow market is Intel Core 2 Duo 5000 rubles, and AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core 3000 rubles. http://price.ru

Tab. 3 Pair of processors

For work with graphics, the bus frequency of that processor is important, therefore, it is probably up to the minimum hardware power when choosing between two CPUs, relying on pointing more key characteristics, as well as on price power, I see the AMD ATHLON II X2 CPU outperform http://www.nix.ru .

Memory, as long as it can be addressed to the CPU.

Microchip integration stage (Chip) shows how many transistors can fit in a new one. For a Pentium (80586) Intel processor, there are approximately 3 million transistors per 3.5 cm 2.

Processor capacity show how many bits of data can be received and processed from their registers at a time (per one cycle). Current processors of the Intel Pentium family are 32-bit.

Working clock frequency determines the speed, with which operations are performed at the processor. The current operating frequencies of the processors are higher, lower than 1 billion cycles per second (1 GHz).

The CPU is in direct contact with the PC's RAM. Data, as if processing the CPU, is due to time-consuming shifting in RAM and for further processing, I need to re-request the memory. For the CPU86/88, the address area can be expanded to a maximum of 1 MB, the 80486 processor can access up to 4 GB of memory.

Real Address Mode - real addressing mode (or just real mode - Real Mode), I will sum it up with 8086. This mode can address up to 1 MB of physical memory (actually, like 80286, it may be 64 KB more).

Protected Virtual Address Mode - hijacking virtual addressing mode (or just hijacking mode - Protected Mode). In this mode, the processor allows addressing up to 4 GB of physical memory, through whichever side addressing mechanism can be used up to 64 TB of virtual memory of the skin task.

Hundreds of additions є Virtual 8086 Mode - 8086 virtual processor mode. This mode is a special setting for the protected mode, in which the processor functions like 8086. On the same processor in this mode, in parallel, a block of servers can be isolated from one resource to another.

Important attention to elements operational memory in other annexes - an hour of access, which is characterized by an hour interval, the length of which information is recorded in memory or taken from it. The hour of access for a normal data carrier, such as a hard disk, is expressed in milliseconds, and for a memory element, it is counted seconds.

Drive (Floppy Disk Drive, FDD)є the oldest PC peripherals. Like carrying information, floppy disks are stored in them (Floppy) 3.5" in diameter and 5.25" in diameter.

To record and read information, it is important to split floppy disks on the songs of the dealership - create a logical structure. Tse vykonuetsya by way of formatting for additional special commands, for example, for DOS - the command Format. The floppy disk is divided into tracks ( tracks) that sector (Sectors) in fig. the brokenness is shown.

The main criteria for evaluation Winchester є yogo єmnіst, that is the maximum obligation of data, which can be recorded on the nose

When zooming to large arrays of data, the magnetic heads are due to position on the disk more often, lower when zooming to small arrays of data, as if sequentially spreading on the disk. So the speed of reading that record is determined by the average access hour (A Verage Seek Time to other objects on disk. For shorter IDEs and SCSI HDDs, the whole hour is less than 10 ms.

The speed of data transfer is shown as another parameter for evaluating the productivity of a hard drive. It's important to note that for current models won't be set to 10 MB / s.

Monitor for visual display of information. Signals, which are taken by the monitor (numbers, symbols, graphic information and synchronization signals) are formed by the video card. In addition, the monitor and the video card are a kind of tandem, which for optimal work is guilty of a high-ranking order.

Video cards.

For more zastosuvan rozdіlna zdatnіst standard VGA as a whole enough. With any program oriented to the graphics, it is much faster and faster (there are some fluctuations, if the stench is not restored, then the restorations are allowed or the video card does not match their capabilities), as well as the information gap of the screen. For whom, it is important to move forward. Τᴀᴋᴎᴎᴀᴈᴈᴍ, standard VGA having risen from the so-called Super VGA (SVGA) standard. The standard size for this mode is 800x600 pixels.

Significantly regularity: with a video memory of 256 Kb and SVGA-enabled, only 16 colors can be provided; 512 Kb of video memory give the opportunity to visualize even 256 colors with the same razdіlnіy building. Cards that can store 1 MB of memory, but have already become a phenomenal phenomenon, allow you to display 32768, 65536 (HiColor) or 16.7 million (TrueColor) colors.

Behind the current medical and psychological assessments of the eyes of a person, they do not perceive the merehtiny of the screen, connected with the image updates, only for the frequency of the vertical rise of less than 70 Hz. With an increase in the spread of the image on the screen of the monitor, there are troubles, which greatly promotes anxiety and is negatively signified at dawn.

The main resting parameters monitors є resize the screen, close the mask to the screen, the maximum frequency of image regeneration and class protection.

The largest and most versatile monitors with a screen size of 15 and 17 inches diagonally. For work with graphics, monitors with large screen sizes (19-21 inches) are used.

The scale of the screen mask determines the clarity of the image (various buildings). Today's vikoristovuetsya krok 025-027 mm. All monitors with a grain larger than 0.28 mm are classified as "cheap" and "coarse". The best monitors have a grain of 0.26 mm, and the smallest monitor we see (and, obviously, the most expensive one) has a grain size of 0.21 mm.

The frequency of image regeneration also indicates the clarity and stability of the image and may not be lower than 75 Hz.

The class of protection determines the monitor’s reliability for the help of security equipment. Vikonannya most zhorstkih able to ensure the safety of the robot and secure the TCO-99 standard.

The authority of the image lies not only in the monitor, but also in the authority of the board, placed in the system block (video adapter). The monitor and the video adapter are responsible for one to one (for example, the current video adapter is responsible for less than 4 MB of memory).

Let's say a few words about trade signs. The catalogs of those publications on sales of computers have a wide range of particular characteristics. The method of determining the type of computer, adopted by the majority of voices, can be seen on a specific application:

PIII-600-Intel BX/64/6.4Gb/SVGA 8Mb/CD/SB16/ATX

Here PHI is the type of processor - Pentium III;

600 - clock frequency of the processor MHz;

ВХ - type of motherboard;

64 - total operative memory MB;

6.4Gb - hard disk space - 6.4 GB;

SVGA - type of video card;

8Mb - total video memory MB;

CD - means the presence of a CD-ROM drive;

SB16 - type of sound card (Sound Blaster);

clock frequency. - You see. Classification and particularity of the category "Clock frequency." 2017, 2018.

What is the frequency of the processor? What does the characteristic add up to and how can it be improved? What is the maximum clock frequency of the processor? Qi pitanya mi rasberemo pіd hour tsієї statti.

Understanding the clock frequency

The clock frequency of the processor is one of the most important parameters that characterize a personal computer, as well as other attachments, inspired by this principle. Tobto its clock frequency of the processor mayut not only personal computers, but also laptops, netbooks, ultrabooks, tablet computers and smartphones.

The clock frequency of the processor is the only parameter that can be set up to okremih outbuildings, which is a computer system. To be more specific, let's talk about the processor. Really, depending on the clock frequency of the processor, there is a lot of deposits, but one single detail, as if pouring into the robot of the system.

Otzzhe, schob rozіbratisya z nutrition about the clock frequency, on the cob troch zaglybimosya at the word-creation. What is “tact” and what is the word to our mind? The tact is not more, like an interval of an hour, what may be the time between the repetition of two impulses. Qi impulses, in their own way, are created by an attachment under the name “clock frequency generator”. As a matter of fact, it is a microcircuit, which is responsible for the formation of the clock frequency, which is beaten by the motherboard itself by the processor itself. This is the clock frequency of the processor and this frequency, on the basis of which pracciu is used.

Principle dії GTS

The clock frequency generator creates impulses, which are scattered on the attachment every year. The stench is forcing the architecture of the computer, simultaneously creating synchronization between other elements. Tobto GTC є its own "commander", which will go into one sequence of working computers. So the axis, the more often the clock frequency generator creates the time of the impulse, the better the code will be on the computer / laptop / smartphone and so on.

It is logical to assume that if the clock frequency generator will be daily, there will be no synchronization between the elements. Otzhe, attachments cannot be practiced. Let's assume that we still managed to bring such an attachment to life. Well, what did you give? All parts of the computer operate at their own frequency at different times. What is the result? And as a result, the code of the computer is reduced by tens, hundreds, or even a thousand times. Heba is such an attachment to anyone who needs it? The y axis of which plays the role of a clock frequency generator.

Why is the clock frequency controlled?

The clock frequency, according to international standards, is accepted to be changed both in megahertz and in gigahertz. Offended, see vimiryuvan virn, sooner, it’s just food for the old looking prefix and the number of symbols. Designation for two vimiryuvan, vіdpovіdno, so: MHz and GHz. Let's guess for those who have forgotten, and let's remember for those who do not know that 1 MHz is numerically superior to a million clock cycles, which are carried out with a stretch of one second. And gigahertz - 3 steps more. Tobto, a thousand megahertz. Computer technologies do not stand at home, like all others. The stench, one might say, is developing dynamically, it can be said that a processor may appear in the nearest future, the clock frequency of which can be measured not in megahertz and not in gigahertz, but in terahertz. The price is 3 steps higher.

What is the clock frequency of the processor?

As you can see, the computer, starting with simple tasks and finishing with new games, typing a new set of operations. Which, before speech, can be completely significant. So from, tsі operations zdіysnyuyutsya for a single number of tactіvs. Also, if you have a higher clock frequency for your processor, then you will be able to handle tasks faster. And at the same time, the productivity increases, the rozrahunka and the interest in the data from other supplements will soon rise.

About the maximum clock frequency

It's not a secret for anyone that before the release of the processor model, a prototype is tested in serial production. Moreover, they are testing from sufficient ambitions, in order to reveal weak points and cheaply increase them.

Processor testing is carried out at different clock speeds. At the same time, other minds change, such as pressure and temperature. Should tests be carried out? The stench is organized not only to detect that failures and malfunctions, but also to take into account the value that is called the maximum clock frequency. You’ll start ringing at the documentation, I’ll add it, and also at the yogo marking. The maximum clock frequency is no less than the usual clock frequency, as is the case with standard processors.

About the possibility of regulation

Instead, modern computer motherboards allow you to change the clock frequency. It dawned on me that there was more range for that. Different technologies allow processors to work at different frequencies at random. And, it is necessary to say, importantly, such a processor can synchronize its frequency with the frequency, as the motherboard can, even if the processor itself is installed on it.

About increasing clock frequency

Obviously, the maximum result can be achieved by simply adding a new processor, which can increase the clock frequency. However, it’s not always possible for the financial plan, and therefore, food about those, how to increase the clock frequency of the processor without adding additional funds, the qiu is rightly deprived of credit.

Speaking in two words, the processor's rozgіn vіdbuvaєtsya for rahunok third-party programs. Tse, yak and at the time of dispersal of the video card, vіdverta nіsenіtnitsa. You can really improve the processor's work by setting the BIOS settings.

Visnovok

Otzzhe, scho mi z'yasuvali pіd hієї statti? First, the clock frequency of the processor is the same frequency, de pratsyuє pristry. In another way, computers have a clock frequency generator, which creates a single frequency, which synchronizes the robot with all the elements. Thirdly, the maximum frequency of the processor is the frequency that degrades the processor for normal brains. Fourthly, the change of the processor, in order to increase the yogo clock frequency, you can change the BIOS settings for additional help.

The clock frequency of Intel processors, like other brands, depends on the model.

The processor may be the most important component of the computer, even if it is the most important part of the data processing. Up to one of the most important characteristics cpu clock frequency, as an indication of the number of operations that are completed in one second. However, it is better to assign a small amount for this parameter, in order to truly understand its importance, we will try to report on it in this food.

The scientific designation of the clock frequency sound like this: ce kіlkіst operations, yakі mozhuzhut opratsovuvatisya for a stretch of one second and vimіryuєtsya in Hertz. But why, say someone else, is the very loneliness of the world taken as the basis of the bula? In physics, the value shows the number of collaterals for a song interval of an hour, right there, in essence, everything is identical, only the zamіst kolivan is responsible for the number of operations, so the value, which is repeated, is for a song interval of an hour.

If you talk about processors, then the operations are not identical to each other, here different parameters are covered. Well, as a matter of fact, it is total quantity and clock frequency.

Today, the technical capabilities of the processor are on the highest level, so the value of Hertz does not win, but here it is more pleasant to beat megahertz or gigahertz. This krok is broken to that, so as not to add impersonal zeros, by the same token they themselves will take it as a human size (div. table).

How is the clock frequency secured?

In order to understand, it is necessary to understand a few things from physics, however, we will try to expand on the topic of “human” language, so that the food will be understood to be like a koristuvachev. To understand this folding calculation process, it is necessary to list the components of the processor, so what else to add to this parameter:

• clock resonator - made from quartz crystal, which is located at a special storage shell;
• clock generator - a detail, as a result of the transformation of the impulse pulse;
• tire data.

As soon as the voltage is applied to the clock resonator, it makes the electric jet oscillating.

These data are transmitted to the clock generator, which is transformed into impulses. For the help of a tire of data, their transfer is carried out, and the result is already calculated without intermediary coristuvachev.

Behind such a technique, there is a change in clock frequency. I want everything to be borderline conscious, impersonal people misunderstand the number of calculations, and apparently the interpretation of the hibna. This is why we have to do this, because the processor can have not one core, but a sprat.

How is the clock frequency related to the cores?

As a matter of fact, a multi-core processor does not fit into a single-core processor in any way, except for the fact that in the new one there is not one clock resonator, but two or more. For spіvpratsі stink z'єdnuyutsya additional bus data.

And here there is a pardon for people: the clock frequency of some cores is not expected. It’s just that during the processing of data, a redistribution of the skin of the nuclei is carried out, but it doesn’t mean that it is strictly proportional, that the speed of the processing is not greater. For example, there are some games, in which retailers do not allow the possibility of redistribution of the focus on the cores, that game works only on one.

For example, we can look at the falls from chotirma by walkers. The stench is going as far as possible, entrusting one by one, and some of them carry an important burden. As soon as you begin to turn yourself in, you can take your luggage, so as not to waste your speed, and if you don’t stink, you won’t be able to go faster and earlier than you reach the end point, even if everything is so shifting on the border of their abilities.

Before speech, if the number of nuclei plays a significant role. Those virobniks began to install more and more of their number, but with all the traces of memory, that the data bus may simply not cope and the productivity may not be those that increase, but signifi- cantly deal with processors with a smaller number of cores. For example, at the moment, Intel releases I7 processors, in which there can be a total of two cores, with which the data can be processed richer, lower eight cores (as a rule, the company is given and did not release models with such a number of cores, AMD processors are effectively and ten nuclear). Rozrobniki simply goloshuyut not only on the increased clock frequency, but also on the architecture of the processor as a whole. Tse mozhe stouvatisya as zbіlshennya tires danih mіzh clock resonators, and other aspects.