Everyday telecommunication is a quick connection. Telecommunications What to enter from telecommunications

The telecommunications market is one of the most promising and rapidly growing direct linkages. At this time, the telecommunication system is in a state of rapid development, and is generally oriented towards the input of the Russian communication system from the world as an equal partner for the provision of international, inter-city, and local communication services , data transfer, Internet, mobile communications, etc.

What is telecommunication

The term "telecommunication" is similar to the Latin communico, which means "form of connection", and the Greek tele, which means "acting at a distant distance".

Well, you can say that:

• Telecommunication is a set of devices and programs that allow the transmission of information via cable and radio channels. Here I will arrange information transformation, decoding, and modern computer processing technologies.
• Features of telecommunication are the totality of technical, software and organizational features for transmitting data across a large network. For the purpose of transmitting satellite stations, solid-state output amplifiers are used.
• Telecommunications are technical services that ensure transmission and reception of information. Telecommunications specialists – technicians and engineers. It is important to deal with codes, signals, and noise.
• Telecommunication is the exchange of any information via a computer. Information is transmitted through or information exchange.
• Telecommunication is the process of extracting and processing information from electronic, wire, electromagnetic, information and computer technologies.

Promising directions of telecommunication technology should be taken into account:

1. The creation of new signal-code structures involves the use of combined methods of signal manipulation and new methods of signal encoding by increasing the capacity of transmission systems and reducing their energy.
2. Creation of intelligent antenna devices from colored energy.
3. Creation of telecommunication systems in the millimeter wave with an operating frequency of close to 100 GHz.
4. Development of design methods and technologies for the development of telecommunication equipment, which will ensure their optimal characteristics according to specified criteria: minimum output, maximum parameters, maximum reliability, minimum dimensions і characteristics.
5. Advancement of the level of students' education directly in "Telecommunications", expansion and development of directly.

Technological method of signal encoding

To ensure optimal energy, Vikorist systems use new methods of signal encoding and modulation. The very methods of encoding the signal to fight against brainwashing will ensure an energy gain in the system of up to 6-8 dB, while broadening the spectrum of the signal. In this case, block codes are used: Hamming, Reed-Solomon, BCH codes, as well as tree-like block codes. It is necessary to take into account a number of codes in order to be able to implement tricutaneous amplitude-phase manipulation and thereby remove additional energy gain by increasing the fluidity of signal transmission. In this case, the channel is subjected to a wide range of positional phase manipulation and quadrature amplitude-phase manipulation.

Satellite signal

Satellite communication systems are based on geostationary satellites for transmitting television programs, focusing on individual receivers, and ensuring group information traffic. This is particularly important for the international satellite navigation system Inmarsat, which, in addition, has eliminated widespread commercial demand for operational communication and navigation with satellite navigation routes. ї GPS systems in critically accessible areas, in critical situations, as well as for monitoring essential transport. The small-sized one will ensure the transmission of data from any point on Earth. The complex with a wide-range pseudonoise signal has implemented new technologies: a frequency microfiber antenna, a solid-state pressure booster, a dual-channel filter on surface acoustic coils based on bismuth germanate, Low-frequency filters on dielectric resonators etc.

Features of telecommunications and connections

Today, the mobile communication system has undergone a particularly rapid development, and the number of subscribers in most countries outweighs the number of landline subscribers. While the first on the mobile communications market is the GSM-900/180 standard, systems that have achieved the latest in GPRS and EDGE technologies. It is even more promising to use mobile communication systems with a coded section of channels to the CDMA standard, which may have unresolved confidentiality and energy performance. Today, for the creation of 3G mobile communication systems, there are three standards based on CDMA technology: CDMA ONE, CDMA 2000 and WCDMA. As part of the implementation of the IMT-2000 standard, the creation of personal mobile communication satellite systems Orbocomm, Thuraya, Clobal Star, Iridium is being implemented. So far, commercial operation of the systems has not been achieved through problems of financing projects and technical equipment. The DECT radio system has proven itself well for the creation of information measures for businesses.

Widow signal transmission systems

With the latest microelectronics technologies, current mobile and computer networks and telecommunications, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiMax, WiFi, etc., are produced and developed. to the other signal transmission channels. Hydroacoustic systems link under water with ultrasonic vibrations of 8-20 kHz at a distance of up to 4 km. Laser systems are coupled with lasers with a dovetail of 1-10 µm and are placed in cosmic lines of the coupler. The Ryazan Appliance Plant (Russia) is producing a laser transmitting device that will ensure the transmission of a signal with a speed of approximately 200 Mbps to a distance of 2-10 km from earthly minds and is used, for example, for transmissions and information between mobile communication systems. Communication systems in tunnels and metro stations use radio transmitters, for example, from EUPEN, in the frequency range 30-1800 MHz. The United States has established the possibility of transmitting radio waves over a hectameter range at the surface of the Earth. It is important that by placing repeaters at a distance of up to 200 m, it is possible to create a signal transmission line with a spectrum of approximately 500 Hz.

This control process cannot be detected without prompt exchange of various information. The current development of communication technologies provides a wide range of possibilities for organizing such mutual information.

Under the telecommunication system, we will understand the complex of features and communication channels that work on the basic, powerful principles (physical, organizational, technological, etc.) and purposes for transmitting information over large distances. Get out.

These are the types of telecommunication systems:

• telegraph call;
• telephone call;
• radio communications;
• satellite signal;
• computer measurements.

Telegraph communications can rightfully be used as one of the oldest methods of transmitting information by technical means on a large scale. Showed up on the cob of the 19th century. The electrical telegraph system is still stagnant in data transmission. At this time, telegraph communications are interrupted by other more daily, manual and high-speed information exchange systems.

Vinakhid in 1876 began the development of telephone measures, which continue to be refined to this day.

Through the channels of the telephone network of the Internet, not only physical information is transmitted (if there are two subscribers), but also fax messages and digital data.

Apparently, telephone lines are used for transmitting analog signals. The analog signal is continuous and can receive values ​​in any range. For example, an analog signal is human language; On telephones, televisions, and radios, information is also in analogue form. Not many of these forms of information supply are susceptible to conversion.

The digital form of information is characterized by the visibility of more than two meanings. In EOM, information is encoded with two values: “1” - the presence of an electrical signal, “0” - its presence.

In order to transfer digital information using telephone channels, which is required, for example, for organizing computer networks, you need to use special devices to transform one type into another. Such devices are modems (modulators/demodulators), which allow you to convert a digital signal coming from a computer into an analog signal for transmitting it over telephone lines. On the front side the gates rotate.

Thus, telephone networks are the basis of another type of telecommunication systems - computer networks.

Another direct development of telephone communications also includes two different transmission methods: telephone communications and radio communications. This is how the emergence of a mobile telephone connection, which is also called the “Stilnik” connection, appeared. This name was given in connection with various peculiarities of the organization of such connections. Stilnikov's border is a system that consists of a large number of transmissions, and the skin of them covers the entire boundary of the entire area - the “honeycomb”.

Moving between the boundaries, the subscriber enters the work zone of one transmission or another, in which the connections are not interrupted and the subscriber himself is not responsible for dealing with any interruptions. It is also important to note that telephone communication systems as data transmission channels can be used for telephone communications, satellite communications, etc. These channels are set up to connect between different nodes of the network that is transmitted, at which time a radio channel is connected to connect the end subscriber with the closest transmission to the next one.

Today's mobile phones are equipped with handy, richly functional devices. You can only communicate with another subscriber almost anywhere in the world, otherwise there are a lot of other potential possibilities. Thus, using an additional mobile phone, you can deny access to the Internet and receive text notifications (SMS).

Radio communications in most organizations rarely stagnate with the immediate transfer of information between two end users. These radio communication channels are an important warehouse of computational measures - especially those of the Internet and corporate networks of great length.

Satellite systems have now undergone a great development. New satellite measurements are constantly appearing. They are used as a transmission channel in other communication systems (for example, in case of global computer networks). A similar widespread use of satellite systems was found during the organization of television broadcasting.

Satellite connections will be made according to three types of piece satellites. These types vary depending on the orbit and altitude where this satellite is located. Thus, there are satellites in low circular orbits (satellites that fly low); in eliptical orbits and geostationary satellites.

Low-altitude satellites have an orbital altitude of slightly more than 2000 km. Since one such satellite is hovering over the singing point of the Earth for an uninterrupted hour, then to ensure a stable connection it is necessary to have dozens of similar satellites. If one of them leaves the receiving zone, then the connection is made through the advancing companion, which is in this zone. Every moment there are two or three satellites in the “line of sight” zone.

Satellite communication systems in elliptical orbits make it possible to transmit radio and television coverage throughout the territory of Russia. The typical orbit of such satellites is an ellipse with the shortest distance to the Earth’s surface being about 400-600 km and the greatest distance being up to 60,000 km. These satellites allow you to secure connections in large territories. However, through the eliptical orbit, the stench will soon leave the hanging zone, and there will be no connections with satellites at this time. With the appearance of a companion in the zone, the connection will be received.

Satellites in geostationary orbits allow stable communication almost from the point of the earth's cool (except for areas close to the poles). To create such a system, three satellites are enough to move above the equator at an altitude of about 36,000 km and at any given time to “hover” over the highest point of the Earth. However, the high altitude of the orbit allows such a system of satellites to cover almost the entire surface of the Earth. Stinks do not smell only areas close to the poles (through the curvature of the Earth).

Satellite communication systems rarely need to be used for direct communication between two subscribers. Consider this as an intermediate channel for transmitting information that reaches the end user through other telecommunications channels (telephone, television, computers, etc.).

The main purpose of telecommunication, i.e. the organization of information exchange, for businesses is computer computing networks.

This type of telecommunication is going through a period of rapid development and growth. The infection is already in the skin of the entire organization and has a local computing power, usually from the Internet.

In connection with this, it is necessary to pay special attention to the nutrition of the organization, prompting the use of various computer measures.

Most often, measures are classified by looking at the territory that stinks are smelling. As such, the boundaries are divided into local and global.

Local measures(Local Area Network - LAN) consist of computers located over a small area and, as a rule, belong to one organization. Due to the fact that the interface between computers is small, there are ample opportunities for the replacement of expensive telecommunications equipment that will ensure high speed and flexibility of data transmission. Customers who need local services can quickly benefit from a wide range of services. On the other hand, at local networks, there are simple ways to interact between nearby computers in the network.

Global measures(Wide Area Network - WAN) consists of a large number of computer nodes in different places, regions, and countries. To create global boundaries, use the original line connection. This allows you to significantly reduce the flow rate, so there is no need to lay special lines for connecting the large riser. In addition, this approach makes it possible to create global measures accessible to a large number of backers.

Prote the principle of vikoristannya systems linking zagalnogo koristuvannya may suttevі shortcomings. The low speeds of the channels that are used for vicorization significantly affect the range of services provided. For stable data transmission along low-capacity communication lines, special methods and techniques are used (extension, complex procedures for integrity control and data updating). Such methods bear noticeable signs of global measures.

The basis of the global network is formed by high-intensity calculation systems, designed for the instantaneous work of wealthy employees - the so-called host-universities. Special computers - communication nodes - are also an essential warehouse for global networks.

Miski (regional) Merezhi (Metropolitan Area Network - MAN) is designed for linking local networks in the middle of a surrounding area, as well as connecting local networks with global ones. Small margins are a kind of intermediate zone between high-speed, and bordered territorially local measures and other great distances, and low-speed global boundaries. The best possible way is to allow organizations to extract sweet and high-quality ligaments for much less money, even if local conditions are created. In Russia, computer systems of this type have not yet become widespread.

Okremno see this name corporate boundaries. They are organized by enterprises that have a large number of widely dispersed ones under one branch, among which it is necessary to organize the prompt exchange of data. Similar measures are created for the needs of a specific organization and determine the boundaries of its activities. In this case, the network itself is virtual, and the direct transmission of data occurs through other networks: a telephone network of global banking, local networks of organizations and their branches, an Internet network, etc.

In a typical device, secondary signals are converted back into signals for visual, sound, optical or textual information.

Etymology

The word “electrical signal” is similar to the new Latin word. electricus and in-Greek. ἤλεκτρον (electr, brilliant metal; burshtin) and the words “to knit”. A synonym is the word “telecommunication” (English telecommunication, from the French télécommunication), which is common in English countries. Word telecommunication, have your own black, look like a walnut tele-(τηλε-) - “distant” from Latin. communicatio - notification, transmission (in Latvian communico - I'm reading in the dark), so the meaning of this word includes non-electrical types of transmission (with the help of optical telegraphy, sounds, fire on sentry towers, mail).

Classification of electrical connections

Electrical coupling is the subject of the scientific discipline of electrical coupling theory.

By type of transmission, all daily electrical communication systems are intellectually classified as transmitting sound, video, and text.

It is important to note that the types of electrical communications may be qualified for the transmission of information of an individual and mass nature.

Based on the time parameters, you can see the electrical connection, but you can work in real time or live I will include delivery let me know.

The main primary signals of electrical communication are: telephone, audio communication, fax, television, telegraph, data transmission.

Tipi zv'yazku

• Cable lines – transmission and transmission of electrical signals;
• Radio communications - radio signals are used for transmission;
  • DV-, SV-, HF- and UKH-links without stationary repeaters
  • Satellite connection - connection from the stationary space relay(s)
  • Radio relay connection - connection from stationary ground repeater(s)
  • Stilnikovy connection - radio relay connection with vikoristanny networks of ground base stations

• Fiber optic bundle – light strands are used for transmission.

Depending on the engineering method of organizing the line, the connections are divided into:

• satellite;
• povitryani;
• above ground;
• underwater;
• underground

• Analogue communication is the transmission of an uninterrupted signal.
• Digital communication is the transfer of information in a discrete form (digital appearance). A digital signal, by its physical nature, is analog; the information that is transmitted through it is indicated by the end set of equals to the signal. To process a digital signal, numerical methods are used.

Signal

In the original view of the system, the connection includes:

• terminal equipment: terminal device, terminal device (terminal), terminal device, device and information;
• device to convert the signal(UPS) from both ends of the line.

Terminal equipment will ensure the first processing of the signal, transforming it into a view in which the device is supplied (word, image, etc.) at the signal (on the side of the device, director) and back (on the owner’s side), strengthening it. P.

Signal conversion devices can protect the signal from blocking, forming the channel (channels), using the group signal (signal of multiple channels) with a line on the side of the dzherel, updating the group signal from the mix of the core signal and transcoding, or on individual channels, detection of adjustments and corrections for the possessor. To shape the group signal to suit the line, modulation is used.

The coupling line can be replaced by signal conversion devices such as boosters and regenerators. The booster simply amplifies the signal at once from the codes and transmits it further, and is analyzed in analog transmission systems(ASP). Regenerator (“re-receiver”) - it renews the signal without transcoding and re-shapes the linear signal, vicoristics in digital transmission systems(DSP). Subsistence/regeneration points are either serviced or unserviced (EUP, NUP, GRP and NRP, in general).

In DSP, the terminal equipment is called DTE (Data Terminal Equipment, DTE), UPS - AKD ( equipment completed data channel or end line connection, DCE). For example, in computer systems, the role of the OOD is the computer, and the AKD is the modem.

Standardization

The standards of the connection are especially important, since the connection you have is subject to interaction one with another. There are a number of international organizations that publish standards. Among them:

• Mizhnarodna spilka elektrozvyazku (eng. International Telecommunications Union, ITU) - one of the UN agencies.
• (English) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,IEEE).
• Special Commission of Internet Development (English) Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF).

On the other hand, standards are often (or de facto) set by leaders in the telecommunications installation industry.

Depending on their scale, telecommunications networks are divided into three main types:

Local, What is designated as Local Area Network (LAN). Subscribers are located on a small distance, up to ten (or fifteen) kilometers one way. The maximum is a WiMAX network with transmission to a high-speed network that serves several areas of the city.

Regional, The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects subscribers to the great city or to other countries. The most beautiful butt is Stilnikov's structure of the mobile operator's network.

Global, Wide Area Network (WAN) spans the ends and continents. This includes satellite communications, radio communications, telephone connections, and, of course, the Internet.

The classification based on the transfer principle is as follows:

Consecutive measures, with relaying, when information flows from one node to another.

Widespread measures, without relaying, if one node (in computer systems - a hub) powers all subscribers.

In practice, there are often hybrid measures, refined, expanded and supplemented in various ways, depending on specific needs, so the classification is quite reasonable.

Trends

Telecommunications have long been part of the world of computer technologies. It is possible that I will soon move around this world. The current trends are such that, affecting everything, in the near future there will be digitization of all electrical communications.

In TV stations, this process is already in full swing. More often than not, digital broadcasting is being promoted, rather than analogue communications.

At the same time, the telecommunications industry is increasing the sale of digital set-top boxes for TV sets, and it may be possible to create more paid channels, as well as satellite TV.

It’s absolutely amazing that with digitization comes total protection from copying, recording and everything else. All minor DRMs are created by innocent twists.

Visnovok

As you understand, what will be discussed is too rich in scope, so that you can explore it inexplicably within the framework of one article. To try to formulate the most important thing, telecommunications is a complex industry that provides customers with different types of electrical communications, which is breaking down and introducing innovations that are creating gives that vikoryst's possession, which in various ways devastates the population of the masses.

It is impossible to get along in a civilized world without it, so it has to endure what it has: unfair promotions in terms of number of transmissions, tariffs, dubious cruelty and honesty of work. Ale, on the other hand, without obliging anyone, we live in an ideal world.

Previous publications:

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, A set of technical features intended for transmitting information to the station. Information is found in a variety of different forms: digital signals, sounds, other words or images. Peresilannya will rely on additional TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE and RADIO, by wire or by RADIO WAVES; Some methods can be combined. The telegraph was disbanded in the middle of the 19th century, and at the end of the century radio appeared. TELEVISION CHENNY Viniclo in the 1930s. Є two main types of notification: DIGITAL SIGNALS, in which the message is converted into a series of encoded pulses, and then sent (as in MORSE CODE), and ANALOG SIGNALS, when communicating, for example, voices, immediately transforms into a series of electrical impulses that are transmitted. forms of similar modulation of the output signal. Div. also FAX, PIECE SATELLITE.

Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary.

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Books

• Computing systems, networks and telecommunications, Shevchenko Valery Pavlovich, The theory and practice of adjusting and establishing computational information systems, networks and telecommunications, including: development and research virtual… Category: Measures and communications Series: Bachelor Vidavets: Knorus,
• Telecommunications. World and Russia. Development trends, Kleshchov T.M. ,The concepts of information theory and communication systems are included. The power supply of current telecommunication technologies and the modeling of telecommunication networks are highlighted. A short look is given. Category: Massacre Vidavets: RADIO I ZVYAZOK, Virobnik: