Utility programs. Software products characteristics

8.1. SOFTWARE PRODUCTS AND KEY FEATURES

SOFTWARE BASIC CONCEPTS

Basic understanding

Possibility of a computer as a technical basis for a data processing system related to software security (programs).

Program( program,routine)- ordered the sequence of commands (instructions) of the computer to complete the task.

Software security ( software)- the completeness of the data processing programs and the documents necessary for their operation.

Programs are recognized for machine implementation. Terms managerі addendum may be even more widely used in the context of informatics and software engineering.

manager( problem ,task)- The problem is that it is a virishenyu. addendum( application)- Program implementation on the computer of rozv'yazannya tasks.

In such a rank, the task means a problem, which is necessary for the implementation of the best possible results of information technologies, and the addendum means that the solution to the problem is implemented on the computer. Addendum, being a synonym for the word "program", is respected by a distant term and is widely used in informatics.

term manager It is also victorious in the field of programming, especially in the multiprogramming mode and multiprocessor processing, as the only one of the computational system, it requires more computational resources (processor hours, main memory, etc.). In this division, this term is victorious with the sense of the first appointment.

There is a large number of different classifications of tasks. From the position of the specifics of the development of the type of software security, there are two classes of tasks - technological and functional.

Technological tasks to be set and changed with the organization of the technological process of processing information on a computer. Technological tasks are the basis for development software maintenance services at the sight utilities, service programs, libraries of procedures that іn, scho zastosovuetsya for the safety of the computer, the development of other programs or the processing of these functional tasks.

Functional tasks It should be noted that the implementation of management functions at the boundaries of information systems of subject areas. For example, management of the activities of the trade enterprise, planning the release of products, management

transported travelers only. The functional tasks of the totality establish the subject area and, for the most part, determine its specificity.

Subject (applied) area ( applicationdomain)- Sukupnіst povyazanih mizh themselves funktsіy, zavdan administrіnnya, for the help of yak reach vikonnannya set goals.

The process of creating a program is possible as a sequence of actions, presented in fig. 8.1.

Rice. 8.1.Scheme of the program creation process

Problem statement ( problemdefinition)- more precise formulation of the tasks on the computer with a description of the input and output information.

Statement of the problem - a common term, which means the significance of the significant side of the processing of data. The setting of the task is connected with the specification of the main parameters of the implementation, determined by the structure of the input and output information, requested by the coristuvach.

To the main characteristics of functional tasks, which are specified in the process of formalized setting, one can see:

a method or recognition of the task, її misce and connection with other tasks;

learn the solution of the problem with the help of the calculation technique;

help to the periodicity of the tasks;

exchange for terms and accuracy of visual information;

warehouse and form of submission of external information;

dzherela of input information for the achievement of the task;

koristuvachі zavdannya (who zdіysnyuє її rozvyazannya and koristuєtsya results rozvyazannya).

External information For tasks, it can be presented in visual documents (such as a listing or typography), formed frames - videograms on the monitor screen, a database file, an output signal, and a control panel (Fig. 8.2).

Input information for the tasks are assigned as a tribute, which should be taken to the entrance of the task and scored for the victory. Input information - primary data of documents of manual filling, information that is collected from database files (results of finalization of other tasks, regulatory and final information - classifiers, codifiers, finishers), input signals (Div. Rice. 8.2).

Sound the setting of the task at hand in a single complex of robots from the creation of the structure of the internal machine data base, the design of forms and routing in the flow of documents, the change in the organization of management at the boundaries of the subject area.

Algorithm- a system of precisely formulated rules that defines the process of converting allowable output data (input information) to a certain result (input information) for the last number of jobs.

Rice.8.2. Scheme of interconnection of input and output information for the ultimate task

The algorithm for deriving tasks and having a number of obligatory language powers:

discreteness - solving the process of processing information on simple stages (short-cuts), typing by a computer or by a human being does not foretell difficulties;

Algorithm assignment – unambiguousness of the skin-enhanced transformation of information;

zdijsnennist - ending to the algorithm of the task, which allows you to take the result for the allowable weekend data for the last number of jobs;

mass - attachment to the algorithm on the top of the sing class task.

In the algorithm, the logic and the method of formulating the results of the decision from the designated necessary rozrachunk formulas, logical minds, and intelligence to control the reliability of the results are shown. In the algorithmic language, it is possible to transfer all situations, which can be blamed on the process for solving the task complex.

Algorithm for the implementation of the complex task and yoga software implementation is closely related. The specificity of zastosovuvannyh methods of designing algorithms and instrumental tools for developing programs that are victorious in this way can be influenced by the form of presentation and that of the data processing algorithm.

Note. Algorithms embedded in ready-made software products - application software packages (APP) of functional recognition (div. distance) can be twisted for the task. Also, typical models and methods for developing tasks, presented in the methodological guidelines of the PPP, can be victorious. In this way, the adaptation of the PPP to the minds of a specific project is being developed, in all other ways, the original algorithms and programs for the implementation of the task complex are being developed.

programming ( programming)- theoretical and practical activity, tied to the creation of programs.

Programming є sbіrnim prinyatty and can be seen as a science, і like a science, on which the scientific and practical pidhіd is based before the development of programs.

The program is the result of intellectual practice, which is characterized by creativity, and there, as you know, there are no clear boundaries. Whether the program has the individuality of a retailer, the program reflects the singing steps of the art.

programmer. At the same time, the programming of the transmission and routine work, which can be the responsibility of the mother of the suvoriy regulations of vikonannya and compliance with the standards.

Programming is based on a complex of scientific disciplines, directing to follow-up, development and development of methods and tools for developing programs (specialized tools for creating programs). During the development of programs, resources and science technologies, highly qualified intellectual work are won.

Programming is the cause of the government's diyalnist galuz, with significant amounts of material, labor and financial resources. According to foreign sources, in the mid-90s, the world was occupied with programming up to 2% of the practical population. The total turnover of the sphere of software development reaches a few hundreds of billions of dollars per river.

In connection with the growth of the need for different programs, the processing of data is even more relevant, as well as the supply of efficient programming technologies and their transfer to the industrial basis. Tse means:

standardization, which is replicated by different retailers of programming methods;

selection of progressive instrumental tools for developing programs;

selection of special methods and methods of organization of work for the development of programs.

The main category of fahіvtsіv, occupied by the development of programs, is programmers( programmer ). Programs are heterogeneous in terms of equal qualifications, and inspire by the nature of their activities. Most programs are divided into systemic and applied ones.

System programmer ( system /softwareprogrammer,toolsmith)is engaged in rozrobkoy, exploitation and support systemic software, which supports the practicality of the computer and creates the middle ground for the development of programs, which ensures the implementation of functional tasks.

Application programmer ( application programmer)zdіysnyuє rozrobku that nagodzhennya programs on vyvіshennya functional zavdan.

In the minds of the creation of the great beyond the scale and functions of the processing of programs, a new qualification is revealed. programmer-analyst ( programmer-Analyst),a kind of analysis and project of a complex of interdependent programs for the implementation of the functions of the subject gallery.

At the process of creating programs at the beginning stage, the robots take part and fahivtsі- task managers.

Most information systems are based on robots with data bases (DB). As the data base is integrated, which secures the work with the data of the wealth of supplements, the problem of the organization support of the data base is to blame database administrator.

Serve as the main life-saving program kіtsevy koristuvach ( enduser),which sound is included in the category of koristuvachiv-non-programmers. Kіntsevy koristuvach is not a fahіvtsam at galuzі progrаmuvannya, that's not volіdіє by the methods and technology of designing and creating programs, but only by elementary knowledge of that novice of robotics with computational technics. Such a qualification characteristic of a programmer's background in software security in a significant world is infused into the specification of programs, interfaces, forms of machine documents, technology for performing tasks on the EOM.

Rice. 8.3.Scheme of interaction between fahivtsiv, related to the creation and operation of programs

The interaction of fahivtsіv of a different kind, that in the development and operation of the programs, is shown in fig. 8.3. A number of vipadkivs have one fahivets one sprat of vidiv activity. The database administrator and system programmer is responsible for the preparation of information and software and technical minds for robotic programs. Dotted lines mean the fate of a specialist as a consultant.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT

All programs can be divided into two classes according to the nature of the variant and categories (Fig. 8.4) - utility programs and software products (virobi).

Utilities ("program sobi") recognized as satisfied with the needs of their retailers. Most utility programs win the role of the service in the technology of processing data, or programs are used to complete functional tasks that are not suitable for expansion.

Software products (Virobi) are used to satisfy the needs of coristuvachs, wide distribution and sale.

In this hour, other options for the legal expansion of software products are being explored, which have appeared in the selection of global or regional telecommunications:

Rice. 8.4. Classification of programs by categories of correspondents

freeware - cost-free programs that are freely rozpovsyujuyutsya, podtrimuyutsya himself koristuvachem, which may have the right to make the necessary changes to them;

shareware - non-commercial (intelligently cost-free) programs, which can be won, as a rule, without cost. For washing the regular selection of such products, a contribution of singing sumi is required.

A number of virobniki vikoristovuOEM software(Original Equipment Manufacturer ), then. inbudovanі programs that are installed on the computer or supplied with computational equipment.

The software product is responsible for all the necessary preparations before operation, the need for technical documentation, the service and guarantee of the above work programs, the trademark of the manufacturer, and also the presence of the state registration code. Only for such minds of creations the software complex can be called a software product.

Software product - A complex of mutual programs for solving the problem of mass drinking, preparations for implementation, as if it were some kind of industrial product.

A way to "program for yourself" to software products to reach a new, vin pov'azaniya іz change of the technical and software environment of the development and exploitation of the programs, with the appearance of that development of the self-sufficient gallery - information business, for such a characteristic sub-program - software, practical specialization, shaping the market of program services and information services.

Software products can be created as:

іndivіdualna rozrorobka on zamovlennya;

rozrobka for widening the middle of the coristuvach_v.

In case of individual retailing, the retailer creates an original software product that reflects the specifics of processing the data of a particular deputy.

When developing for mass expansion, the retailer, on the one hand, is responsible for ensuring the universality of the data processing functions that are being used, on the other side, flexibility and customization of the software product to the mind of a specific application. The main feature of the software products may be their systemicity - functional completeness and completion of the processing functions that are implemented, as if they are stagnant in the aggregate.

The software product is developed due to the improvement of industrial technology and the development of design work from the development of modern programming tools. The specificity lies in the uniqueness of the process of development of algorithms and programs, which are based on the nature of the processing of information and the selection of instrumental tools. Significant resources are spent on the creation of software products - labor, material, financial; high qualifications of retailers are needed.

As a rule, software products depend on a support, which is run by specialized firms - software distributors (distributors), or, more likely, retail firms. Suprovid programs mass zastosuvannya pov'yazane z great vitraty pratsі - rectification of manifest pardons, creation of new versions of programs and so on.

Software product support - improvement of the practicality of the software product, transition from the new version, introduction of changes, correction of the revealed pardons.

Software products on the basis of traditional software programs cannot be subject to a strictly regulated set of basic characteristics that are set when programs are created, otherwise it is impossible to accurately specify the characteristics, or evaluate the functions themselves, which are safe to use by the mother. The time spent on the development of software products cannot be assigned with a great degree of accuracy far behind.

The main characteristics of the program:

algorithmic folding (logic of algorithms in the processing of information);

warehouse and depth of operation for the implementation of processing functions;

completeness and consistency of processing functions;

obsyag program files;

help to the operating system and technical means of processing from the side

software zasobu;

volume of disk memory;

expansion of operational memory for launching programs;

processor type;

operating system version;

the presence of the counting measure and in.

Software products may vary showing signs of vigor, yakі vіdobrazhayut such aspects:

in a good way (simple, beautiful, effective) you can win a software product;

how easy it is to operate the software product;

you can win the software product when changing your mind and zastosuvannya that іn.

The tree of parameters for the quality of software products is shown in fig. 8.5.

Rice. 8.5. The tree of characteristics of the quality of the software product

The software product can be installed on different models of computers and operating systems without any restrictions on its operation in the minds of the calculation. The processing functions of such a software product are attached to the mass production without any changes.

arroganceThe work of the software product is attributed to the safety and stability of the robot programs, the accuracy of the performance of the proponing functions of the processing, the possibility of diagnostics that is blamed on the process of the work of the programs of pardons.

EfficiencyThe software product is assessed as from the position of direct recognition - it could be koristuvach, and at a glance, it will show the number of resources that are necessary for operation.

The amount of enumerating resources is estimated through the use of the external memory for the placement of the program and the use of the operational memory for the launch of the program.

Vrahuvannya human factor means the security of a friendly interface for the robotic endian, the presence of a contextual-deposit hint or the initial system in the software warehouse, good documentation for mastering that theory of the software’s functional capabilities, analysis and diagnostics of pardons.

Modification software products means building until changes are made, for example, expanding processing functions, moving to a different technical processing base, etc.

Communication of software products is based on the maximum possible integration with other programs, secure exchange of data in global formats of data (export / import of data bases, transferring or linking objects and processing etc.).

At the same time, the basis for the market of software products has important characteristics:

varity;

number of sales;

an hour of rebuking over the market (trivality of sales);

popularity of the company-retailer and programs;

presence of software products of a similar nature.

Mass-produced software products are sold at prices that will support that market situation (availability and price of competing software). The marketing that can be carried out by the company is of great importance, which includes:

shaping the policy of price conquest of the market;

the creation of a trade network for the implementation of a software product (the so-called dealer and distribution centers);

ensuring the maintenance and warranty maintenance of the software product, the creation of a hot line (operational power supply, which is to blame for the operation of the software product);

navchannya koristuvachіv software product

The specifics of software products (on the basis of the majority of industrial products) are also those who are responsible for their exploitation on a legal basis - licensed by both retailers and koristuvachami with additional copyrights of software product retailers.

Life cycle of a software product

Programs of any kind are characterized life cycle, what is composed of okremih stages:

a) marketing to the market of software products, specification of a software product;

b) designing the structure of the software product;

c) programming (creation of program code), testing, autonomous complex adjustment of programs;

d) documentation of the software product, preparation of operational and technological documentation;

e) change to the market of software products, expansion of the software product;

f) exploitation of the software product by employees;

g) support for the software product;

h ) Confirmation of the software product for sale, supervision of the support. On fig. 8.6 depicts the stage of the life cycle and shows their tim-chasal pattern one to one. Let's take a look at the other stages of the life cycle.

Rice. 8.6.Stages of the life cycle of a software product

Marketingі specification the software product is recognized for development, it could be up to the creation of the software product, and itself:

designation of the storage and recognition of the functions of data processing for the software product;

the installation could be changed to the nature of the interaction with the software product, the type of interface of the message (menu system, mouse manipulator selection, types of prompts, see screen documents at a glance);

help to a complex of technical and software tools for the operation of the software product.

At this stage, it is necessary to formalize the setting of the head of state.

Yakshcho Procedure product is not to make a sinking rink rink of programs of the programs, marketing vicacular to vicene is a vicious way: to blame for the program of smokers that analogues, to be attached to the censistuvach, to get up, the potato is the potato, let the forecast of the zinc. In addition, it is important to evaluate the material, labor and financial resources necessary for the development of the software product, the orientation of the main stages of the life cycle of the software product.

As a software product is created as a software prototype for a songwriter, at this stage it is also important to correctly formulate and document the task for its development. Pomilkovo ozumila vomoga to the software product can lead to bad results in its operation.

Structure design the software product is associated with algorithmization the process of processing data, detailing the functions of processing, the development of the structure of the software product (architecture of software modules), the structure of the information base (database) of the task, the choice of methods and methods for creating programs - programming technologies.

programming, testing і reward programs and technical implementation of design solutions and are used for additional selected tools of the retailer (algorithmic mov and programming systems, instrumental middleware of the retailer).

For large and collapsible software complexes, which can develop a modular structure, the work of this stage can be carried out in parallel, ensuring the rapid development of a software product. An important role is to lay down instrumental programming and improve programs, which are victorious at the same time, stinks of stench are poured into the laboriousness of vikonnannya robit, their versatility, the quality of creating programs.

Software product documentation є obov'zkovym kind of work, which are usually written not by the retailer itself, but by a special one, tied to the extensions and variations of the software product. The documentation is responsible for the necessary information about how to install and ensure the security of the software product, improve the quality of the processing functions, determine the order of complexing the software product with other programs. The success of the expansion and operation of the software product is significant in the world to lie in the form of documentation.

On the machine level of a software product, as a rule, there are:

automated contextual fallow support ( HELP);

demo versions, which can be used in active mode on the primary systems (electronic assistant) or in passive mode (video, cartoon) - for demonstrating the functional capabilities of the software product and information technology of the virtual machine.

Departure of the software product for the software market related to the organization of sales in mass coristuvachev. This stage can be short, for the promotion of software products, standard marketing approaches are used: advertising, increasing the number of sales channels, setting up dealerships and distribution networks, pricing policy - sales with discounts, service and maintenance.

You need a post program of marketing approaches and promotions of software products. As a rule, skin software products have their own form of sales curve, as they appear to drink (Fig. 8.7).

The rate of sales of the software product is going uphill - a growing business of curves. We will continue to stabilize the sale of the software product. The company-retailer has a maximum profitability during the period of stable sales at a high level. Dali vіdbuvaєtsya fall obyagu sales, shcho є a signal of change in the marketing policy of the company for this software product, the need for modification of this product, change the price of chi znyattya from sale.

Rice. 8.7. Software product sales curve

Operation of the software product go parallel with yoga accompanying, during the operation of the program, it may start at the time of the day of the maintenance, or continue at the time of the completion of the maintenance for another hour. After the launch of the software product for sale, the song can be supported. In the process of exploitation of the software product, pardons have been revealed.

Selling a software product і vidmova in the accompaniment vydbuvayutsya, zazvichay, at the time of change of the technical policy of the retailer, the inefficiency of the work of the software product, the presence of a new inexhaustible pardon, the availability of alcohol.

Trivality of the life cycle for different software products is not the same. For more current software products, the life cycle is reduced in years (2-3 years). When wanting to do it, they often trap on computers and have long been engaged in the production of software products.

The peculiarity of the development of the software product is that decisions are made at the first stages, the implementation of the next stages. Allowed pardons, for example, with the specification of a software product, lead to large expenditures at the next stages of development or operation of the software product and lead to failure of the entire project. So, if you need to make changes to the specifics of the software product, you should repeat all the next steps in the design of the software product.

1. Understanding the class of the software product.

2. Life cycle of the software product.

3. Basic understanding of the protection of software products.

4. Software systems protection against unauthorized copying.

5. Legal methods for protection of software products and data bases.

6. Characteristics of the classes of software products, fallow in the sphere of their selection.

7. Classification of application packages.

Nutrition number 1. Understand that class of software product.

Application software packages (APP) are part of the information software market, which is developing most dynamically. Improvement of PPP spryaє zaprovadzhennya kom'yuterіv in all spheres of activity.

All programs can be divided into two classes according to the nature of the victorious category:

1. Utility programs (“programs sob”) are recognized as satisfying the needs of their retailers. Most stench plays the role of the service technology of processing data, or programs for the completion of functional tasks that are not suitable for expansion.

2. Software products (products) are designed to satisfy the needs of coristuvachs, wide distribution and sales.

In this hour, other options for the legal expansion of software products are being explored, which have appeared in the selection of global or regional telecommunications:

1. freeware - cost-free programs that are freely developed, supported by the koristuvach himself, who is authorized to make the necessary changes to them.

2. shareware - non-commercial (intelligently cost-free) programs, which can be featured, as a rule, cost-free. For the regular use of such products, pay a contribution to the singing sumi.

The software product may be subject to a preliminary preparation before operation, the mother of the necessary documentation, the service and guarantee of the above work programs, the trademark of the manufacturer, as well as the application of the state registration code. Only for such minds of creations the software complex can be called a software product.

Software Product (PP)- This is a complex of interdependent programs for solving the problem of mass drinking, preparations for implementation, as if it were some kind of industrial product.

Software products can be created as an individual distribution for the application, as well as a distribution for expanding the environment.

Nutrition number 2. Life cycle of a software product.

Programs of any kind are characterized life cycle, what is composed of okremih stages:

1) marketing to the market of software products, specification of a software product;

Marketing and the specification of a software product are recognized for development, and could lead to the development of a software product, and itself:

· Appointment to the warehouse and recognition of the functions of processing data of software.

· The installation could be adjusted to the nature of the interaction with the software product, the type of interface to the interface (menu system, mouse selection, etc.).

· Vymogi up to a complex of technical and software tools for the operation of the software.

At this stage, it is necessary to formalize the setting of the head of state.

2) designing the structure of the software product;

It is related to the algorithmization of the process of processing data, detailing the processing functions, developing the structure of the software package and the information base (database) of the task, the choice of methods and tools for creating programs (programming technology).

3) programming (creation of program code), testing, autonomous complex adjustment of programs;

In the technical implementation of design solutions, they are used for the help of the selected retailer's tools.

4) documentation of the software product, preparation of operational and technological documentation;

Documentation of software is a kind of work, which, as a rule, is written not by the retailer itself, but by a special one, connected with the extensions and promotion of the software product. The documentation is responsible for the necessary information about how to install and ensure the security of the software product, improve the quality of the processing functions, determine the order of complexing the software product with other programs. Successful expansion of the operation of the PP by a significant world to deposit in the form of documentation.

5) the introduction of the market of software products, the expansion of the software product (involving the organization of sales in mass production);

This stage can be short, for the promotion of PP, standard marketing approaches are used: advertising, increasing the number of sales channels, pricing policy, too.

6) exploitation of the software product by employees;

Go parallel with yoga accompaniment, during which operation the program may start at the time of the day of the maintenance, or continue at the time of the completion of the maintenance for another hour. After the payment of the PP for the sale of the song hour, you can win the yogo suprovid. During the process of exploitation of the PP, the adoption of pardons is observed.

7) support of the software product;

8) withdrawal of the software product for sale, supervision of the support.

Vіdbuvayutsya, zazvichay, at times change the technical policy of the retailer, the inefficiency of the work of the PP, the presence of a lot of non-separate pardons, the need to drink.

The trivalence of the life cycle for different PPs is not the same. For more current PP, the trivality of the life cycle is mitigated in the years (2-3 years). If you want to do it, they often write on computers, and they have long been aware of the production of PP.

Nutrition number 3. Basic understanding of the protection of software products (PP).

Software products and computer databases are the subject of intellectual practice of highly qualified specialists. Software security is an object of protection as well as a connection with the complexity and laboriousness of innovation, the importance of software security for a robotic information system.

The software security manager can be on the method:

1. exchange of unauthorized access to the programs or їх navmisne ruynuvannya and stealing;

2. Inclusion of unauthorized copying (circulation) of the program.

The software product and the data base are guilty of protection for dekilcom directly in the flow:

1) people– Stolen machine data and software documentation; damage to the practicality of the software product and in;

2) equipment– connection to a computer of hardware devices for reading programs and data or physical changes;

3) specialized programs- bringing the software product or the data base to an unauthorized country (for example, virus infection), unauthorized copying of the data base software just as well.

The simplest and most accessible way to protect the PP and the base of data is access restriction. Access control to the software product and data base will be a way:

1. password protection of the program for the hour of its launch;

2. using a key floppy disk to launch programs;

3. Exchange of data programs, processing functions available to koristuvachs, and others.

You can also vicorist cryptographic methods protection of information from the data base of the main program modules.

Nutrition number 4. Software systems protect against unauthorized copying.

When vikoristannyh software systems zahistu program vykonuetsya less when known to any unique non-copied key element.

Such a key element can be:

a floppy disk, on which records a key that does not copy;

· Pevni characteristics of the computer equipment;

· Special attachment (electronic key), which is connected to the computer and assignments for displaying the recognition code.

Software systems for protection against copying software:

· Identify the medium from which the program should be launched;

· Establish identities of the medium, from which the program is launched, iєї, for which it is allowed to authorize the launch;

· Variable reaction to the launch of an unauthorized medium;

· register authorized copies;

· To develop algorithms and software systems.

Nutrition number 5. Legal methods for protection of software products and data bases.

Legal methods and protection include:

· Patent defender;

· Law on secrets;

· Licensing please that contracts;

· Economic rights, which give their holders the right to take away economic benefits from the sale of both PP and data bases;

· Moral rights that protect the author's special features in his work.

In rich civilized countries, unauthorized copying of programs for the sale of a cost-free rozpovsudzhennya is seen as sovereign wickedness, punishable by a fine, or by punishment. Copyright itself does not protect the protection of new ideas, concepts, methodologies and technologies for developing programs.

Nutrition number 6. Characteristics of the classes of software products, fallow in the sphere of their selection.

Fallow in the sphere (region) vikoristanny PP tse:

· hardware part of autonomous computers and EOM;

· functional management of various subject areas;

software development technology

for the support of information technologies, three classes of software are seen:

· System software security;

Application packages;

· Instrumentation technology programming.

System software security straightened:

1. creation of an operational environment for the functioning of other programs;

2. on the security of the superficial and efficient work of the computer itself and the counting measure;

3. for carrying out diagnostics and prevention of computer equipment and calculation measures;

4. Vikonannya additional technological processes (copying, archiving, etc.).

System software security - sukupnіst program and software complexes for the provision of a robotic computer and a measure of EOM.

Application packages serve as a software tool for accomplishing functional tasks - the largest class of software products. This class includes PP, which composes the processing of information from various subject areas.

The installation of software on a computer is subject to qualifications of coristuvachs, and without the middle of their operation, as a rule, the end of coristuvach - spozhivachі іnformatsії, at rich vipadkah such activity is already far away in the computer area. This class of PP can be even more specific to other subject areas.

Application package- a complex of interdependent programs for the achievement of the head of the first class of a specific subject area.

secure the process of software distribution, including special software, as well as instrumental tools of the retailer. Software of this class supports all technological stages of the process of design, programming (coding), customization and testing of programs.

Instrumentation technology programming- Sukupnіst program and software complexes, scho to secure the technology of distribution, improvement and implementation of the creation of software.

Nutrition number 7. Classification of application packages (APP).

PPP is the largest representation, which is stoked by us in front of a wide crowd of computer technology in all areas of activity, the creation of automated information systems in various subject areas and stinks are classified.

All programs, according to the nature of the selection, can be divided into two classes (Fig. 8.4) - utility programs and software products (virobi).

Rice. 8.4. Classification of programs by categories of correspondents

Utilities("program sobi") recognized as satisfied with the needs of their retailers. Most utility programs win the role of the service in the technology of processing data, or programs are used to complete functional tasks that are not suitable for expansion.

Software products(Virobi) are used to satisfy the needs of coristuvachs, wide distribution and sale.

In this hour, other options for the legal expansion of software products are being explored, which have appeared in the selection of global or regional telecommunications:

§ freeware - freeware programs, which are freely developed, supported by the koristuvach himself, who is authorized to make the necessary changes to them;

§ shareware - non-commercial (intelligently cost-free) programs that can be won, as a rule, cost-free. For washing the regular selection of such products, a contribution of singing sumi is required.

A number of virobniki vikoristovu OEM software(Original Equipment Manufacturer), tobto. inbudovanі programs that are installed on the computer or supplied with computational equipment.

Software product- A complex of mutual programs for solving the problem of mass drinking, preparations for implementation, as if it were some kind of industrial product.

A way to "program for yourself" to software products to reach a new, vin po'azaniya іz chіnami tehnіchnoy and software medium rozrobіch і ekspluatatsії programs, with the appearance of that development of self-sufficient gallery - information business, for which is typical specialization, shaping the market of program services and information services.

Software products can be created as:

§ іndivіdualna rozrobka on zamovlennya;

§ rozrobka for widening the middle of the coristuvach.

In case of individual retailing, the retailer creates an original software product that reflects the specifics of processing the data of a particular deputy.

As a rule, software products depend on a support, which is run by specialized firms - software distributors (distributors), or, more likely, retail firms. Suprovid programs mass zastosuvannya pov'yazane z great vitraty pratsі - corrected manifested pardons, the creation of new versions of programs just.

Software product support– improvement of the practicality of the software product, switching to new versions, making changes, correcting the revealed pardons, too.

The main characteristics of the program:

§ algorithmic folding (logic of algorithms in the processing of information);

§ warehouse and depth of operation for the implementation of processing functions;

§ completeness and systemic functions of processing;

§ obsyag program files;

§ help to the operating system and technical zasobіv processing from the side of the software;

§ obsyag disk memory;

§ expansion of operational memory for launching programs;

§ processor type;

§ version of the operating system;

§ nayavnіst obchislyuvalnoї merezhі and іn.

Software products may vary showing signs of vigor, yakі vіdobrazhayut such aspects:

§ in a good way (simple, nadіyno, effectively) you can win the software product;

§ how easy it is to operate the software product;

§ you can win the software product when changing your mind and stosuvannya that іn.

The tree of parameters for the quality of software products is shown in fig. 8.5.

Rice. 8.5. The tree of characteristics of the quality of the software product

Mobility Software products mean the independence of the technical complex of the data processing system, the operating environment, the framing technology of data processing, the specifics of the subject area, etc. Mobile (rich-platform) software product can be installed on different models of computers and operating systems without the need for any kind of exploitation in the minds of the calculation. The functions of processing such a software product are attached to the mass vikoristannya without any changes.

arrogance The work of the software product is attributed to the safety and stability of the robot programs, the accuracy of the performance of the proponing functions of the processing, the possibility of diagnostics that is blamed on the process of the work of the programs of pardons.

Efficiency The software product is assessed as from the position of direct recognition - it could be coristuvacha, and at a glance, it will show the number of resources that are necessary for operation.

The amount of enumerating resources is estimated through the use of the external memory for the placement of the program and the use of the operational memory for the launch of the program.

Modification software products means building until changes are made, for example, expanding processing functions, moving to a different technical processing base, etc.

At the same time, the basis for the market of software products has important characteristics:

§ varity;

§ number of sales;

§ hour of rebuvannya on the market (trivality of sales);

§ popularity of the company-retailer and programs;

§ presence of software products of a similar nature.

§ shaping the policy of prices for the conquest of the market;

§ creation of a trading platform for the implementation of a software product (the so-called dealer and distribution centers);

§ ensuring the maintenance and warranty maintenance of the software product, the creation of a hot line (operational support for power supply, which is blamed on the process of operating the software products);

§ navchannya koristuvachіv software product.

The specifics of software products (on the basis of the majority of industrial products) are those that their exploitation may be violating on a legal basis - licenses are available between retailers and coristuvachas with additional copyrights for retailers of software products.

Under the software product (PP) mi rozumієmo software security (software) as a result of human activity, placing over the market of mass purchase as a product and may be non-zero spozhivch vartіst.

It is also important to differentiate the circulation software product and software for the project. Circulation PP is due to the fact that yogis could win at rich places in different countries. Therefore, there are no substitutes, and the decision about the cob of rozrobka is taken from the transferred market drink. Text processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic dictionaries, spelling correctors, Russifiers, translators, programs for optical recognition of symbols - these are applications of circulation software. The whole world has millions of people.

Software for the project is created for one, rarely - for dekilkoh koristuvachiv or razroblyaєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє єєєєєє їїї її tekhnіїї ї, yak can be sold іnshіy organіzії s metoyyu vykoristannya yak warehoї part of the hardware and software complex. He directly works, for example, part of the ParaGraph International team, as he deals with the problems of character recognition. There are more than a dozen potential substitutes, and yet the smallest firm is a giant in its field.

In this rank, if the project has one or more coristuvachs, then the food for the development of the development is not so hot, but the struggle for the right to conduct the development is competitive. Navpacki, a replicated software product of appointments for hundreds of thousands of potential coristuvachs, and for the first time the market will inevitably compete with other products of its own class. At the moment of praise, the decision about the beginning of the development of the company is going to a significant financial risk. It is the responsibility of the virobnik to clearly ascertain that the release of one version on the right will end, and the life cycle of the PP will pass on to the end.

Life cycle of a software product

One more important thing is the difference between the PP and the richness of other products, in that the copy of the software product may have little coherence. This is unique for the maker of power, allowing the introduction of new forms in cooperation with the client after the first sale of software. We can upgrade on the upgrade, so the right to upgrade the software on the same, but new, smaller version for a small fee. Understanding the upgrade allows you to choose different versions of the software with one software, at that time, for the selection of different versions, they can act as different projects and, depending on, different products.

For a life cycle, a software product cycle consists of three phases:

3. Prodovzhennya distribution.

Give respect to those who are supported by the expansion - the development of new versions and subversions, in which the shortcomings of the previous version are protected and new possibilities are realized.

Like any other product, the software product will go through until the next stage appears on the market. The idea (concept) of a new product is blamed on the back, which cognizes a technical analysis, as a result of which it is possible to vibrate to a future product. An economic analysis is carried out at once, which is a risky potential profit, vitrati virobnitstva, the cost and terms of payback, competition in the market, necessary investments, short-term and long-term profit, steps of risk.

Іsnuyu raznі podіlі podіlu protsess rozrorobki pozapechennya na tepi. For some of them, they see a greater number of stages, for others - less. Obviously, there are six inevitable steps. Software Development: Designed by Design

Command writing -- Programs Linking Testing Documentation

The first rank of duty, which was designated as the most important, represents the particular complexity of the great systems of type V, and the unequal ones can be seen even more clearly.

Designing, what can be done here, is the designing of the program itself, and not the system as a whole, part of which is the program. We will carry out more in-depth analysis of this process after we can see how it can be seen.

The third point is writing commands, linking the software project to just programs up to the sequence of machine commands. We call this process programming.

The linking is a combination, linking up the same parts of the program, written by different people or groups, into one great software system.

Characteristics of the software product

All programs can be divided into two classes according to the nature of the selection and categories of cores - utility programs and software products (virobi).

Utility programs ("software programs") are recognized as satisfying the needs of their retailers. Most utility programs win the role of the service in the technology of processing data, or programs are used to complete functional tasks that are not suitable for expansion.

Software products (products) are designed to meet the needs of coristuvachs, wide distribution and sales.

Freeware - cost-free programs that are freely rozpovsyudzhuyutsya, podtrimuyutsya himself koristuvachy, which is competent to make the necessary changes to them;

Shareware is non-commercial (intelligently cost-free) software that can be featured, usually cost-free. For washing the regular selection of such products, a contribution of singing sumi is required.

The software product is a complex of interdependent programs for the solution of the problem (management) of the mass drink, preparations for a kind of industrial production.

Software products can be created as:

Individual rozroroba on zamovlennya;

Rozrobka for widening the middle of the coristuvach.

As a rule, software products rely on a support, which is built by specialized firms - rozpovsyudzhuvachami programs, more often - retail firms. Suprovid programs mass zastosuvannya pov'yazane z great vitraty pratsі - rectification of manifest pardons, creation of new versions of programs and so on.

Suproviding a software product - improving the practicality of a software product, switching to a new version, making changes, correcting any pardons that have been found.

Software products on the basis of traditional software programs do not have a strictly regulated set of akіsnih pokaznikіv, set at the hour of the program creation, but it is impossible to set the exact parameters for evaluating, t.to. Some of the processing functions themselves, which are taken care of by software, can be used differently. The time spent on the development of software products cannot be assigned with a great degree of accuracy far behind. The main characteristics of the program:

Algorithmic folding (logic of algorithms for processing information);

Warehouse and depth for the implementation of processing functions;

The frequency and consistency of processing functions;

Volume of program files;

Vymogy to the operating system and technical zasobіv processing from the side of the software zasobu;

Volume of disk memory;

expansion of operational memory for launching programs;

operating system version;

The presence of the counting measure and in.

Software products may differ in their performance, as they reflect the following aspects:

Naskіlki good (simple, nadіyno, effektivno) you can win the software product;

How easy it is to operate the software product;

Chi you can win the software product at different times change your mind and stosuvannya that іn.

The tree of characteristics of the quality of software products

Мобільність програмних продуктів означає їхню незалежність від технічного комплексу системи обробки даних, операційного середовища, мережевої технології обробки даних, специфіки предметної області багатоплатформний програмний продукт може бути встановлений на різних моделях комп'ютерів та операційних систем, без обмежень на його експлуатацію в умовах обчислювальної мережі. The functions of processing such a software product are attached to the mass vikoristannya without any changes.

The reliability of the work of the software product is determined by the uninterrupted and stable operation of the robot programs, the accuracy of the implementation of the processing functions, the possibility of diagnosing the pardon programs, which is blamed on the process of the work.

The effectiveness of the software product is assessed as from the standpoint of direct recognition - for the most part koristuvach, and at a glance to show the number of resources that are necessary for operation.

At the same time, the basis for the market of software products has important characteristics:

The design of the structure of the software product is related to the algorithmization of the data processing process, the detailing of the processing functions, the development of the structure of the software product (architecture of software modules), the structure of the information base (database) of the task, the choice of methods and methods for creating software technologies.

All programs can be divided into two classes according to the nature of the victorious category:

1) utility programs("program sobі"), recognized before the end of the zavdan їх retailers. Most utility programs win the role of data processing technology service, or programs are used to complete functional tasks that are not suitable for wide expansion;

2) software products(Virobi), recognized for vikonannya zavdan koristuvachiv, wide rozpovsyudzhennya that sale.

There are other ways to legally expand software products (PP), as a rule, via the Internet:

- freeware— cost-free programs, which are free to expand, without borders for the term of work or for functionality, are supported by the koristuvach himself, who may have the right to make the necessary changes to them;

- shareware- (non-commercial) smartly cost-free programs, which can be featured, as a rule, cost-free. For the mind of a regular selection of such products, a deposit of singing sum and registration is required. Mayut raznі obmezhennya - vіd nagaduvannya about the need to register the program to the obizhennosti functionality;

- DonationWare- different type of ShareWare, where you don't need a specific amount, if you can pay a fee for a different account, if the program is worthy of you.

- PostcardWare- for the removal of the official right to koristuvatisya by the program, the koristuvach is guilty of sending a postal card to the author;

- Adware- The program is cost-free for the end-time koristuvach, but it also shows ads, for which the author takes pennies from advertisers. In the rest of the hour, the scheme is actively gaining wraps;

- trial- the program works the song hour, for which you can evaluate the price and cost and make a decision about the need to purchase;

- Demo- all video clips that allow you to look at the possibilities of the program, but not to win over the work of a full-fledged robot for a long time.

The PP may be subject to a preliminary procedure of preparation before operation, the mother of the necessary technical documentation, the provision of a service and a guarantee of the superior work of the program, the mother’s trade mark of the maker, and also the need to display the code of the state registration. Only for such minds of creations the software complex can be called a software product.

Software product- A complex of mutual programs for solving the problem of mass drinking, preparations for implementation as if there were another type of industrial production.

PP can be created like:

- individual distribution for a pledge (the specifics of the data processing for a particular koristuvach are protected);

Rozrobka for bulk wider medium coristuvachiv (it is necessary to ensure the versatility of the functions of data processing, flexibility and customization of the software to the mind of a specific zastosuvannya).

Software products may vary showing off(Rice.

2.1), which reflect the following aspects:

Naskіlki good (simple, nadіno, effektivno) you can beat the PP;

Naskіlki easy to exploit PP;

Chi you can beat the PP when changing your mind and stosuvannya that іn.

Mobility PP means the independence of the technical complex of the data processing system, the operating environment, the framing technology of data processing, the specifics of the subject area, and so on. Mobile (large-platform) software can be installed on different models of computers and operating systems, without obmezhen for its operation in the minds of the calculation. The processing functions of such software are appended to the mass distillery without changes.

arrogance PP robots are characterized by uninterrupted and stability in robotic programs, the accuracy of the implementation of the processing functions, the possibility of diagnosing pardons, which is blamed on the process of robotic programs.

Rice. 2.1. The tree of characteristics of the quality of software products

Efficiency The PP is assessed as a position of direct recognition - it could be a coristuvacha, and from a glance, it’s worth counting the number of resources that are necessary for its operation. The amount of enumerating resources is estimated through the use of the external memory for the placement of the program and the use of the operational memory for the launch of the program.

Vrahuvannya human factor means the security of a friendly interface for the robotic endian, the presence of a contextual-deposit hint or the initial system in the software warehouse, good documentation for mastering that theory of the software’s functional capabilities, analysis and diagnostics of pardons.

Modification PP means building before changes are made, for example, expanding the processing functions, moving to a different technical base for processing, etc.

Communication The software is based on the maximum possible integration with other programs, ensuring the exchange of data in foreign formats of data (export / import of data bases, transferring or linking objects of processing and other).

In the minds of the PP market, important characteristics are:

An hour of rebuking over the market (trivality of sales);

Popularity of retail firms and programs;

Availability of software products of a similar nature.

The specifics of the PP, on the basis of the greater number of industrial products, are also those that their exploitation is guilty of vikonuvatisya on a legal basis - licensed benefits between the retailer and the koristuvachami with additional copyrights of the retailers of the PP.

SOFTWARE PRODUCTS AND THEIR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS.