Coding KOI8-R. What is the coding for KOI8-R and what did it give? Coding table for koi 8 Russian letters

- Czampolit (@ComradZampolit) September 17, 2017

How to practice KOI8-R?

KOI8-R - eight-bit code page, broken down for coding letters of Cyrillic alphabets. The retailers arranged the symbols of the Russian alphabet in such a way that the positions of the Cyrillic symbols matched their phonetic counterparts in the English alphabet at the bottom of the table. And if in a text written in this code, remove the eight bits of the skin symbol, then the text will come out, similar to the transliteration in Latin letters.

Such a code for the exchange of information was stagnant in seventy years on computers of the ЄС EOM series, and from the middle of the eighteenth year they began to win over in the first Russified versions operating system UNIX.

It was believed that the skin symbol was assigned a unique code: from 00000000 to 11111111. In this way, the person distinguished the symbols for the cross, and the computer - for their code.

Chi vikoristovuetsya at the same time coding Chernov?

Ni. Vaughn bula is relevant for old eight-bit computers, at the same time it is more important to use Unicode in different formats.

Hello, new readers of the blog site. Today we will talk with you about those, the stars are taken as shorthand on the site and programs, how to encode the text and how to trace them. We report on the history of their development, starting from the basic ASCII, and її extended versions of CP866, KOI8-R, Windows 1251 and ending with the current coding for the Unicode consortium UTF 16 and 8.

To whom you can visit the house, but you would know how much more I can come to eat the same krakozyabriv, that the vilizlih hang out (not readable by a set of symbols). Now I’m thinking of the possibility of voicing everything to the text of these statutes and independently arranging your jambs. Well, get ready to pick up the information and try to keep track of the spread of the news.

ASCII - base text encoding for Latin

The development of the coding of the texts was made at once from the molding of the IT gallery, and the stench overtook the recognition of chimalih changes in an hour. Historically, everything began to be done with EBCDIC, which was not sweet in Russian language, as it allowed to encode letters of the Latin alphabet, Arabic numerals and punctuation marks with symbols that control.

But still, the right point for the development of modern coding of texts in warto is famous ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange, as a Russian mine sounds like “asky”). Vaughn describes the first 128 symbols with the most often spelled English koristuvachs - arabic numerals and signs.

More in qi 128 signs, described in ASCII, used deaki service symbols on the kshtalt bow, grate, stare thinly. Vlasne, you yourself can їх їх:

The 128 characters themselves from the original ASCII variant have become the standard, and in any other way encoded in their language, they are worth the stench in that order.

Ale on the right in that, for the help of one byte of information, it is possible to encode not 128, but 256 different values ​​(two in the highest equal to 256), then following basic version Askі z'yavivsya tsіli row ASCII encoding extensions, for which it is possible to have 128 basic signs of the encoder of the symbols of the national coding (for example, Russian).

Here, singsongly, just a little more to say about the system of numbers, like vikoristovuyutsya for an hour of description. First, as you all know, the computer works only with numbers in the two-system, and itself with zeros and ones ("Boolean algebra", as if you went to college or school). , skins of which are a two in a step, starting from zero, and up to a two in a somy:

It is not important to understand that all possible combinations of zeros and ones in such a design can be less than 256. It is easy to convert the number from the two system to the tenth one. It is necessary to simply fold all the steps of the two, over which to stand alone.

Our butt comes out 1 (2 in the zero step) plus 8 (two in the 3 step), plus 32 (two in the fifth step), plus 64 (in the sixth), plus 128 (in the sixth). Take away 233 at once ten systems calculation. Yak bachite, everything is simpler.

But if you look at the tables with ASCII characters, then you will know that they are presented in sixteen coding. For example, "zirochka" in Asci corresponds to the sixteenth number 2A. Without a doubt, you can see that in the sixteenth system there are numbers victorious, in addition to Arabic numerals, and more Latin letters from A (meaning ten) to F (meaning fifteen).

Well, axis, for translation double number at sixteenteenth century vdayutsya to the offensive simple and scientific way. The skin bytes of information are divided into parts according to the number of bits, as shown in the above screenshot. That. skin half byte double code you can encode only sixteen values ​​(two in the fourth step), which can be easily shown with a sixteenth number.

Moreover, in the left half of the byte, the stage will need to be reset from zero, and not as shown in the screenshot. As a result, using a simple calculation, we take into account that the number E9 is encoded on the screenshot. I’m sure that my misunderstandings and the solution of this puzzle have enlightened you. Well, now let's go ahead, talk about coding the text.

Expanded versions of Ask - coding CP866 and KOI8-R with pseudographics

Later, we started talking about ASCII, which was the starting point for the development of all modern codes (Windows 1251, unicode, UTF 8).

More than 128 characters of the Latin alphabet, Arabic numerals and more, but in the extended version, it was possible to combine all 256 values, which can be encoded in one byte of information. Tobto. it became possible to add to Asuka the symbols of the letter of one's language.

Here you will need to speak again, to explain. new needs of coding the text is why it is so important. Symbols on the screen of your computer are formed on the basis of two speeches - a set of vector forms (appearances) of strong signs (stinks are found in files 3) and a code that allows you to use this set of vector shapes (font file) of the same symbol that you need insert in the right place.

I understood that fonts are used for vector forms, and the axis for coding is used for operating system and programs that are used in it. Tobto. If there is any text on your computer, it will be a set of bytes, the skin encodings have one single character of the text itself.

A program that displays the text on the screen (text editor, browser, etc.), when parsing the code, it reads the encoding of the black character and searches for the correct vector form in the required file font, which connection for displaying the given text document. Everything is just so trite.

So, in order to encode any character we need (for example, from the national alphabet), you can only vikonano two minds - the vector form of this character is responsible for the font, which is encoded, and the whole character can be encoded in extended ASCII encodings in one byte . That is why such options are essential. Only for the coding of symbols in the Russian original kilka of the expanded Aska.

For example, on the cob it appeared CP866, in a way, it was possible to victorize symbols of the Russian alphabet and an extended version of ASCII.

Tobto. її the upper part was mostly with the basic version of Aska (128 characters in Latin, digits and any other crap), as it is presented on the hovered three screenshots, and the axis is already the lower part of the table with coding CP866 signs (Russian letters and all sorts of pseudographics there):

Bachite, the numbers start at 8 for the right column, because numbers from 0 to 7 are seen before the ASCII base part (div. first screenshot). That. Russian letter "M" in CP866 math code 9С to appear in the text.

The sounds came from such a quantity pseudographics in CP866? Here, it is worth noting that the coding for the Russian text has been expanded even more volohatically, if there is such an expansion of graphic operating systems as it is now. And in Dosi, and similar to it text operating systems, pseudographics allowed even a slightly legalistic design of texts, and to that it was cleared CP866 and all other peers from the category of extended versions of Ask.

CP866 was developed by IBM, but for Russian language symbols, a number of codes were also expanded, for example, up to the same type (ASCII extensions) can be seen KOI8-R:

The principle of її roboti was left with the same one that was described earlier by CP866 - the skin character of the text is encoded by one single byte. The screenshot shows another half of the KOI8-R table, because the first half of the first half is based on the basic Ask, as shown in the first screenshot of this article.

Among the features of the KOI8-R encoding, one can note that the Russian letters in the table are not in alphabetical order, as, for example, they were spelled in CP866.

If you look at the first screenshot (the base part, how to enter in all extended coding), then respect that in KOI8-R the Russian letters are sorted in the same middle of the table, that the letters of the Latin alphabet are in the first part of the table. The whole was broken for the sake of clarity of the transition from Russian symbols to the Latin way in order to give a total of one beat (two in the seventh step, or 128).

Windows 1251 - current version of ASCII

A further development of the code for the text was due to the fact that the graphic operational systems were gaining popularity, and the need for the use of pseudographics in them soon arose. As a result, the name of the group, as for its own story, as before, was an expanded version of Ask (one character of the text is encoded by more than one byte of information), but without the choice of symbols of pseudographics.

The stench lay up to the so-called ANSI codes, broken up by the American Standards Institute. The name of the Cyrillic alphabet was also chosen for the variant with the support of the Russian language. An example of this can be buti.

Vaughni vigid was vi-nikoristovynaya wounded wounded CP866 I KOI8-R Tim, Scho Mass symbol pseudographic in the nii borrowed the symbol of the signs, and the same, vicoristovy in the blizis of the words of the words. d.). ):

Through such a large number of coding of Russian language, among the font types and types software constantly blaming the head bіl, and among us, among you, shovnі chitachі, you often hung out your woeful krakozyabri, if there was a stray with the version, which is victorious in the text.

Even more often the stench hung out with overpowering and otrimanni reminding email What caused the creation of even folding recoding tables, like, well, it was not possible to solve this problem, and often they were twisted for listing, in order to avoid bad bugs with Russian coding like Windows CP866, KOI8-R5 or.

As a matter of fact, krakozyabry, which was to replace the Russian text, was the result of an incorrect coding of the language of the mov, as it did not appear, it was encoded in it text messages pochatkovo.

It is acceptable, as if the symbols encoded for the help of CP866, try to imitate the Windows 1251 code table, or scribble (silly typing characters) and vilіzut, replacing the text of the notification with itself.

A similar situation is often blamed on forums or blogs, if the text with Russian symbols pardons is taken in the wrong code, as it is written on the site for the mind, otherwise it’s not in that text editor, which adds the code to the code that is not visible to the invisible eye.

Such a situation with impersonal coduvans and krakozyabry, who constantly climb, richly nabridla, appeared to change their minds before the creation of a new universal variation, as if it would replace everything with itself and virishila b, solve, on the root of the problem of the text. The problem of language similar to Chinese was based on the Crimea, but the symbols of the language were richer, lower 256.

Unicode (Unicode) - universal encoding UTF 8, 16 and 32

It was impossible to describe in one byte of information that was seen for character encoding in extended versions of ASCII. As a result, a consortium was created under the name Unicode(Unicode - Unicode Consortium) with the spіvpratsi richness of the leaders of the IT industry (i, who develops software, who encodes the code, who creates the fonts), as it was called for by the appearance of a universal coding for the text.

The first variation that was introduced under the Unicode consortium was bula UTF-32. The number at the name of the coding means the number of bits, which is how to win for coding one character. 32 bits add up to 4 bytes of information that is needed to encode one single character in the new universal UTF encoding.

As a result, the same file with the text, encodes in the extended version of ASCII and in UTF-32, in the rest of the case, there is more expansion (importance) for Chotiri. That's bad, but now we have the opportunity to encode for the help of the UTF the number of signs that are good for two at thirty other steps ( billions of symbols, yakі nakriyut be-yak really necessary value with a colossal reserve).

In addition, for the countries with the language of the European group, such a majestic number of signs vikoristovuvaty in coding zovsіm and there was no need, prote when setting UTF-32 text documents, and as a result, there is an increase in Internet traffic and an obligation to save data. This is rich, and such a waste of money could not be allowed by anyone.

After the development of Unicode appeared UTF-16, Yaka vyyshla nastіlki in the distance, scho bula taken for umovchannyam as a basic expanse for all symbols, like we vikoristovuyutsya. There are two bytes for coding one character. Let's marvel at how things look.

For the Windows operating system, you can go through the path "Start" - "Programs" - "Accessories" - "Services" - "Symbol Table". As a result, a table is displayed with the vector forms of all the font systems installed in your system. Yakshcho you will take in " Additional parameters» typing Unicode characters, you can use the skin font for the entire range of characters, up to and including the new one.

Before speech, clicking on any of them, you can sing yogo two-byte UTF-16 format code, What is added up with fourteen sixteen digits:

How many characters can be encoded in UTF-16 for the help of 16 bits? 65536 (two in the step of sixteen), and the number itself was taken as the base space in Unicode. Krіm tsgogo, іsnuyut ways to zakoduvati for help her and close to two milionіv znіkіv, аlе obmezhilis expansive expanse of the milion symbols in the text.

Ale navit tsya far away Unicode coding version did not bring much satisfaction to those who wrote, let's say, programs only on English language, Bo stink, after the transition from the extended version of ASCII to UTF-16, the number of documents increased twice (one byte of one character in Asci and two bytes of the same character in UTF-16).

For the satisfaction of everyone and everything in the Unicode consortium, it was decided to come up with coding of the change of life. Її named UTF-8. Catch the top of the name, it’s true that I can change the dovzhina, that’s it. The skin character of the text can be encoded in the sequence of characters from one to six bytes.

In practice, UTF-8 only has a range of one to four bytes, so it is theoretically impossible to reveal anything for a couple of bytes of code. All Latin characters in it are encoded in one byte, just like in good old ASCII.

It is noteworthy, in times of coding only Latin, navit programs that do not understand Unicode, all the same read those encoded in UTF-8. Tobto. the basic part of Asci just passed into the brainchild of the Unicode consortium.

Cyrillic characters in UTF-8 are encoded in two bytes, and, for example, Georgian characters are encoded in three bytes. The Unicode Consortium after the creation of UTF 16 and 8 solved the main problem - now we have fonts have a single code space. And now their scribes are left with no more than their own strength and ability to fill in vector forms of symbols in the text. Navit at once.

In hovering above the "Table of Symbols" it is clear that different fonts emphasize the number of characters. Many of the characters Unicode fonts can be important even decently. But now stinks are not being considered by them, that they are created for different coding, but by typing, that the typewriter has filled in the font, or not by filling in a single code space with these and other vector forms to the end.

Krakozyabri zamіst rosіyskih letters - yak vipraviti

Let's now wonder how they are supposed to replace the text of the krakozyabri, otherwise, how to choose the correct coding for the Russian text. Well, it's set in that program, in which you create either edit the text or code for different text fragments.

For editing that fold text files I’m especially good at vicorist, in my opinion, . Vіm, vіn can change the syntax of more than a hundred of good programming and layout, and also can expand for additional plugins. Read report review tsієї miraculous programs for guidance.

At the top menu of Notepad ++ there is an item “Code”, where you will be able to change the already existing option on the one that is featured on your site for locking:

For a site on Joomla 1.5 and more, as well as for a blog on WordPress, please follow the appearance of short cuts to choose an option UTF8 without BOM. What is the prefix BOM?

On the right, if the UTF-16 coding was broken up, it was possible to screw it up to it with such a phrase, as it is possible to write down the code for the symbol as in the direct sequence (for example, 0A15), so in the reverse (150A). And in order for the programs to understand, in a sequence to read the code, and to come up with BOM(Byte Order Mark or, in other words, a signature), as manifested in the addition of three additional bytes on the cob of documents.

In UTF-8 encoding, no BOM was transferred to the Unicode consortium, and to that, the signature was added (there are the most important three bytes added to the document) to such programs that they simply need to read the code. Therefore, if you save files with UTF, you can choose the option without BOM (without signature). In this rank, you are far away secure yourself a vilaza krakozyabriv.

It is noteworthy that some programs in Windows cannot do this work (cannot save the text from UTF-8 without BOM), for example, the same miserable Windows Notepad. Vіn takes the document from UTF-8, but all the same adds a signature (three additional bytes) to the cob. Moreover, these bytes will forever be one and the same — read the code in the direct sequence. Ale on the servers through tsyu drіbnitsyu can blame the problem - vilіzu krakozyabri.

So at any time don't be fooled by the great Windows notepad for editing documents on your site, so you don't mind the appearance of inaccuracies. Best and best simple option I also use the Notepad++ editor, which practically does not have a lot of shortcomings and is made up of some advantages.

With Notepad ++, when choosing an encoding, you will be able to convert the text to UCS-2 encoding, which is closer to the Unicode standard in its essence. Notepad can also encode text in ANSI, so. We've already described some Russian movies for Windows 1251. Are you getting any information?

Vaughn is registered at the register of your operating room Windows systems- how to select coding for ANSI code, how to select OEM code (for Russian movie it will be CP866). If you install on your computer another language for promotion, then the coding will be replaced by the same ANSI or OEM code for your own movie.

In addition, if you save the document in Notepad++ from the code you need or open the document from the site for editing, then in the lower right corner of the editor you can add the name:

Shchob niknut krakozyabriv, except for the descriptions above, it will be correct to write in the header of the output code of all sides of the site information about the coding itself, so that the server or the local host does not blame the swindler.

Vzagali, in all movs of hypertext layout, Html creme, there are specially voiced xml, in which text coding is indicated.

First of all, analyze the code, the browser will know which version of the victor is being used and how it is necessary to interpret the code of the characters in the movie. Also note that if you save the document from the default unicode, you can omit the xml ambiguity (encoding will be in UTF-8, which is not BOM or UTF-16, which is BOM є).

At the time of the document Movie Html to encode the coding the Meta element, which is written between the Head tag, which curves and closes:

... ...

This entry will be strongly reviewed as adopted in , but I will resubmit to the new Html 5 standard, which is slowly being introduced, and it will be correctly understood by the browsers that are victorious at the moment.

As an idea, the Meta element from the Html encoding of the document will be shorter yakomoga is higher at the document header, so that at the time of writing in the text of the first character is not basic ANSI (as it is correctly read always and in any variation), the browser is already responsible for the mother information about how to interpret the codes of these characters.

Good luck to you! To fast zustrіches on the sides of the blog site

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Coding KOI8-R

ISO 8859-5 coding

ISO 8859-5

Alternative coding

"Alternative coding"- based on CP437 code side, all specific European characters in the other half are replaced by Cyrillic, leaving pseudo-graphic characters unused. Also, it doesn’t need to look at the programs that victorize for robotic texts, and also ensure the victorization of Cyrillic symbols.

Historically, there were a lot of options for alternative coding, but all other features are limited to the area 0xF0 - 0xFF (240-255). The remaining standard was the IBM CP866 coding, which was introduced in MS-DOS version 6.22 file system FAT. CP866 dosi vikoristovuєtsya at the console of Russified systems of the Windows NT family.

SO 8859-5- 8-bit encoding from the ISO-8859 series for writing Cyrillic. In Russia, Mayzhe does not get used. In general, ISO 8859-5 is no more than a simple coding, shards in a new day are rich in necessary symbols, such as a dash (-), paws-yalinka (""), degrees (°) and in.

KOI-8 (information exchange code, 8 bits), KOI8- eight-bit symbol coding standard in informatics. Broken down for coding letters of Cyrillic alphabets. There is also a seven-bit version of the coding - KOI-7. KOI-7 and KOI-8 are described in GOST 19768-74 (for now).

The KOI-8 rozrobniks placed symbols of the Russian alphabet in the upper part of the extended ASCII table in such a way that the positions of the Cyrillic symbols correspond to their phonetic counterparts in the English alphabet in the lower part of the table. Tse means that if in the text written in KOI-8, remove the eight bit of the skin symbol, then the “reading” text will come out, wanting the spellings in Latin characters. For example, the words "Russian Text" turned into "rUSSKIJ tEKST". As a side note, the Cyrillic symbols were scribbled out of alphabetical order.

Coding KOI8-U (Ukrainian)

KOI-8 became the first Russian standardized coding on the Internet.

IETF has approved the RFC for KOI-8 encoding options:

• RFC 1489 - KOI8-R (letters of the Russian alphabet);
• RFC 2319 - KOI8-U (letters of the Ukrainian alphabet);
• RFC 1345 - ISO-IR-111 (pardon the designation of the main range).

In hover tables, the numbers under the letters indicate the sixteenth code of the letter in Unicode.

Coding KOI8-R (Russian)

Other options

Only rows of tables are shown, which do not run, shards still run.

Coding KOI8-U (Russian-Ukrainian)

Coding KOI8-RU (Russian-Belarusian-Ukrainian)

Code KOI8-C (Central Asia)

Coding KOI8-T (Tajik)

Coding KOI8-O, KOI8-S (slovyanska, old spelling)

Coding ISO-IR-111, KOI8-E

Coding KOI8-Unified, KOI8-F

KOI8-Unified (KOI8-F) coding is propagated by Fingertip Software.

Non-cyrillic variants of KOI-8

In some countries of the REV, modifications of KOI-8 were created for national variants of the Latin alphabet. The basic idea was the same - when the eighth bit is “seen”, the text is guilty of being more or less understandable.

- Well, start! Dolokhov said.
- Well, - having said P'єr, you laugh like that. - It was scary. It was obvious that it was on the right, that it started so easily, but nothing could be afraid of the one that went out by itself, already independent of the will of people, and it was small to start. Denisov the first viyshov ahead of the bar'eru and voicing:
- Oskіlki opponents moved in the name, then it is not good to start: take pistols and for a word and start to converge.
- G ... "az! Two! T" i! ... - Angrily shouting Denisov and vіdіyshov y bіk. Offensively, they went closer and closer on trodden paths, in the fog knowing one another. Opponents mali right, going to the bar'eru, shoot, if you want. Dolokhov rightfully, not raising a pistol, being surprised by his bright, gleaming, blaky eyes in the guise of his adversary. Yogo's mouth, like a dream, mav on your own like a laugh.
- Then if I want - I can shoot! - having said to P'єr, at the word three swishy croques of pishov in advance, rushing from the beaten path and snowy snow. P'єr trimav a pistol, pulling forward with his right hand, being afraid that he wouldn't hit himself with the biz of the pistol. Diligently putting the left hand of the wine back, because I wanted to raise the right hand, and knowing that I couldn’t. Having crossed six paths and huddled down the paths in the snow, P'er looked around at his feet, glanced sharply at Dolokhov again, and pulled his finger, like a yogo, vystriliv. Never mind such a strong sound, P'er shuddered at his shot, then grinned himself to his own defeat and snarled. Dim, especially dense in the mist, zadavay yoma bachiti in persha mete; but I did not shoot anything else, for some vin check, it was not. Only a little bit were weeping Dolokhov's little ones, and because of Dima came to post. With one hand I trembled for the levi beak, with the other I squeezed the pistol down. The guise of yoga was cloudy. Rostov pіdbіg i schos saying to you.
- No ... e ... t, - having brushed his teeth Dolokhiv, - no, not skinned, - and churning more sprats of falling, shunting rocks to the very template, falling on the snow of her. Yogo's left hand was covered in blood, he wiped his wine on the surdut and hid it. The appearance of yoga was pale, frowning and tremthylo.
- Mabut ... - having begun Dolokhov, but not in a moment, I will repent ... - curl up, agreeing wine from zusilly. P'єr, at least primuyuyuchi ridanya, ran to Dolokhov, and wanted to already cross the expanse, where the bar'єri was built, like Dolokhov grunting: - To the bar'єru! - and P'єr, understanding what the speech was about, zupinivsya white of his patterns. Less than 10 krokiv took them. Dolokhov lowered his head to the snow, greedily tasted the snow, lifted his head again, stroked, lifted his legs and siv, raising the center of gravity. Vіn forged cold snow and smoktav yoga; destroy yoga tremtili, but everyone laughs; the eyes shone with the zusillis and the malice of the remaining chosen forces. Vіn pіdnyav pіstolet i becoming cіlity.
“Sideways, close yourself with a pistol,” Nesvitsky said after prodding.
- 3ak "wait!" - without showing off, shouting to Denisov to his opponent.
P'єr with a sly grin I regret and repent, shamelessly spreading his legs and arms, simply standing in front of Dolokhov with his broad breasts and marveling at the new one. Denisov, Rostov and Nesvitsky got married. At once the stench was felt and the angry cry of Dolokhov was heard.
- Past! - shouting Dolokhov and helplessly lay on the snow to the bottom. P'єr huddled behind his head and, turning back, pishov at the foxes, croaking with a lot of snow and in a voice saying unreasonably words:
– Silly… stupid! Death… bullshit… – keep grimacing. Nesvitsky Zupiny yoga and povіz home.
Rostov was taken from Denisov to the wounded Dolokhov.
Dolokhov's gestures, with flattened eyes, lying by the sleigh and not giving a single word to the food, they robbed you like you; ale, having gone to Moscow, with a raptom came to you and, importantly raising your head, taking Rostov by the hand, you sat there for yourself. Rostov, striking absolutely changes and unstoppably choked the lower viraz of Dolokhov's guise.
- Well, what? how do you recognize yourself? - Asked Rostov.
- It's bad! but not in that rich. My friend, - Dolokhov said in a voice, why are you interrupting, - de mi? We are in Moscow, I know. I’m nothing, but I drove in її, drove in ... I couldn’t bear it. Vaughn can't stand it...
– Who? - Asked Rostov.
- My mother. My mother, my angel, my beloved angel, mother, and Dolokhov wept, clasping Rostov's hand. If you’ve calmed down a little, explained to Rostov that you live with your mother, that you can’t bear it as a mother to help the dying. Vіn blessing Rostov їhati before her and prepare її.
Rostov, having gone ahead of him to win over, and to a great surprise, recognizing that Dolokhov, tsey buffoon, brother Dolokhov is alive in Moscow with an old mother and a hunchbacked sister, and he was the youngest son and brother.

For the rest of the hour, I rarely sparred with the retinue vech-na-vich. І in St. Petersburg, and in Moscow їхній budinok zavzhd buv povny guests. The coming night after the duel of wines, as often timid, did not go to the bedroom, but stayed at his majestic, father's office, in the very same place where Count Bezuhy died.
Vіn lay on the sofa and wanted to fall asleep, to forget everything that was with him, but Vіn did not grow up in the slightest. Such a storm of thoughts, thoughts, raptly rose in your soul, that you didn’t sleep for a moment, but you didn’t even sit on the floor for a moment and mav gather from the sofa and walk around the room with swedish croques. Then she appeared to him on the back of her friendliness, with open shoulders and a languid, biased look, and immediately instructed her to look at the harp, cheekily and firmly mocking Dolokhov's guise, as if it were on obid, and the same guise of Dolokhov, blanched, three. and suffered, as it were, when it turned around and fell on the snow.
“What was it? - Asking wine to himself. - I drove a kohant, so, having killed a kohant of my squad. Yes, it was. See what? How am I going to what? - To the one who made friends with her, - an inner voice was heard.
“What am I guilty of? - drinking wine. - To the one who made friends with not loving її, to the one who fooled himself and її, - and you suddenly imagined that whilina after the evening at Prince Vasil, if you said a few words, that you didn’t come out: "Je vous aim. [I love you.] Everything! I thought about it, thinking about it, I thought about it, that it’s not the ones that I don’t have the right to. And so it happened.” Vіn guessing the honeymoon and chervonіv at the best luck. Particularly chewy, figuratively and disgustingly for a new friend, about those, as if once, without a hitch after his friendship, wine about the 12th anniversary of the day, in a seam robe came from the bedroom to the office, and in the office of the outposts of the head of the head, as if bowing shanobly, marveling at the guise of P'єra, at his robe and laughing a little, nіbi hovering with a grin at the sound of happiness of his principal.
“And how many times I wrote it, writing it with great beauty, її secular tact, thinking wine; writing with her budinka, from whom she took all of Petersburg, writing with that impregnable beauty. So what am I writing about?! I just thought that I don't understand. How often, thinking about її character, I showed myself that I was guilty, that I didn’t understand її, I didn’t understand that everyday calmness, contentment and the presence of any predilections and bazhan, and the whole solution was in that terrible word, that she’s a dissolute woman : having said a terrible word to yourself, and everyone understood!
“Anatole went before her, poised in her pennies and kissed her bare shoulders. Vaughn did not give him a penny, but allowed himself to be kissed. Batko, zhartom, zbudzhuvav її jealousy; she said with a calm smile that she was not so bad that she should be jealous: do not hesitate to shy away what you want, she said about me. I've energized like a, chi do not see it as a sign of vagity. Vona laughed scornfully and said that she was not bad, that she should have mothers of children, and that she would not have children in the sight of me.
Then we guessed the rudeness, clarity of її thoughts and vulgarity of virazіv, powerful ones, without respect for її swaying at the greater aristocratic stake. "I'm not stupid... go try it yourself... allez vous promener," [get in,] she said. Often, marveling at її success in the eyes of old and young people and women, P'єr could not understand why he did not like wine. That I am not in any way loving її, having shown myself P'єr; I knew that she was a dissolute woman, repeating the guilt of myself, but not bothering to know about it.

Today we will talk with you about those, the stars are taken as shorthand on the site and programs, how to encode the text and how to trace them. We report on the history of their development, starting from the basic ASCII, as well as the extended versions of CP866, KOI8-R, Windows 1251, and ending with the current encoding of the Unicode consortium UTF 16 and 8. Edit: To whom you can visit the house, but you would know how much more I can come to eat the same krakozyabriv, that the vilizlih hang out (not readable by a set of symbols). Now I’m thinking of the possibility of voicing everything to the text of these statutes and independently arranging your jambs. Well, get ready to pick up the information and try to keep track of the spread of the news.

ASCII - base text encoding for Latin

Expanded versions of Ask - coding CP866 and KOI8-R with pseudographics

Windows 1251 - current version of ASCII

Unicode (Unicode) - universal encoding UTF 8, 16 and 32

Krakozyabri zamіst rosіyskih letters - yak vipraviti