The frequency of the processor is correct and understandable. The clock frequency of the processor is one of the most important warehouse computers. Revealing the secrets of the modern nucleus

Apparently, the clock frequency of the processor is the number of such operations in one hour, in a given moment, per second.

Ale, this appointment is not enough for me to understand more clearly what it really means to understand and how it can be significant for us, ordinary coristuvachiv.

On the Internet, you can find anonymous articles from the first drive, but none of them have anything.

Most often, it’s “should” with this key, which can open the door to the mind.

Therefore, we tried to pick up all the main information, no puzzles, and put together a single whole picture.

Zmist:

More details

Also, the clock frequency is the number of operations that the processor can perform per second. The value of Hertz is vimiryuєtsya.

This unit of the world is named in honor of a famous scientist, who, having carried out experiments, directed at the cultivation of periodic, so that processes are repeated.

And what is Hertz before operations in a second?

This is the reason for blaming the reading of more articles by people who didn’t do well in physics at school (perhaps, not from the fault of their own).

On the right, in the fact that loneliness is the frequency, that is, the number of repetitions, of these periodic processes per second.

Vaughn allows you to win as a number of operations, and other different displays. For example, if you try to enter 3 per second, it means that the frequency of the breath becomes 3 Hertz.

But if there are processors, then there can be different operations, which can be reduced to the number of other parameters.

Vlasne, the number of calculation of these parameters per second is called.

Yak is simple!

In practice, the understanding of "Hertz" is rare, often we hear about megahertz, kilohertz and so on. Table 1 has a "decryption" of these values.

Table 1. Designations

The first and the last few victories are rare.

So, if you can feel that in the new 4 GHz, then you can win 4 billion operations per skin second.

No way! This year's average show. Surely, soon we will feel about models with a frequency of teraHertz or more.

How to settle down

Otzhe, u nomu є so:

• clock resonator- is a superb quartz crystal, placed in a special storage container;
• clock generator- attachment, which transforms one type of colivan into other languages;
• metal cover;
• tire data;
• textolite lining, until all other attachments are attached.

So the axis, the crystal of quartz, is a clock resonator, which makes the oscillating effect of the voltage supply. As a result, the electric strumum is being coaxed.

A clock generator is attached to the lining, which transforms the electrical impulses.

The stench is passed on to the tires of the tributes, in this way the result is calculated to the point of koristuvach.

The clock frequency itself will come out in such a way.

Tsіkavo, schoto this understanding, there are impersonal pardons, zokrema, schodo zv'yazku nuclei and frequencies. To that about tse so varto talk.

How the frequency is tied to the cores

The core is ce, vlasne, i є processor. Pid toil on the uvazі of that crystal, which zmushuє all predstrіy vykonuvat sevnі operation.

That is, in this and the other model there are two cores, which means that in the new one there are two crystals, as if they join each other for the help of a special tire.

Zgіdno with a wider pardon, the more cores, the more frequency. Aje not for nothing at once, the retailers are able to accommodate the daedals and have more cores. But not so. Even if it’s more expensive than 1 GHz, it’s supposed to be 10 cores in the new one, it’s like losing 1 GHz and not going to 10 GHz.

On the right, in that the skin core performs a fundamental function and takes on a part of the hard drive for the processor.

Buvay, that through the great number of nuclei, the pracciuvate is even more povilniche, the shards of the tire, like їх z'ednuє, do not show the vanity through the filthy yakіst. Wanting to do this is rare.

You can illustrate with a simple example. Although at a cost of 4 individuals for a speed of 4 km / year, it does not mean that all at once the stench goes for a speed of 16 km / year (4 * 4).

Usі stinks collapse on the speed of 4 km/year.

If you are out of food, put them in the comments. We are pleased with you!

It was historically formed that the clock frequency of the processor is the main indicator of the computer’s swidcode, and in its time it’s not illuminated by a person, because they don’t know how the optical disk is blown into a gnuchka, could declare with confidence that there are more gigahertz in the machine, I wouldn't bother with him. Today, in the middle of the computer world, this kind of fashion has passed, and retailers are encouraged to create more perfect architecture, increase the amount of cache memory and the amount of processor cores, and the clock frequency is the "king" characteristic. In the wild sense, the number of elementary operations (tacts), like a processor can be spawned in a second to an hour.

Sounds like the higher the clock frequency of the processor, the more elementary operations of the building computer, and, also, the better the speed of the processor.

The clock frequency of advanced processors varies from two to four gigahertz. It depends on the multiplier of the processor bus frequency, the sing coefficient. For example, Core i7 multiplier x20 and bus frequency, which is 133 MHz, the result is a processor clock frequency of 2660 MHz.

Such a nucleus

Regardless of those who used to be a novelty in the past, there are practically no single-core processors left on the market today. There is nothing wonderful about it, even if the computer industry does not stand at home.

This should be clearly shown, as the clock frequency is guaranteed for processors that can have two or more cores.

Warto say that the pardon for the calculation of frequencies for such processors has been expanded. For example: "It's a dual-core processor with a clock frequency of 1.8 GHz, so the total frequency is set to 2 x 1.8 GHz = 3.6 GHz, right?". N is not correct. It's a pity, the number of cores doesn't add up to the final clock frequency, as your processor is working at 3 GHz speed, so it will be more practical, but with a larger number of cores, you will have more resources, but, at your own pace, just increase the practicality.

It should not be forgotten that the cache memory is especially important for a modern processor. This is the best memory of the EOM, in which the working information is duplicated, for which the access is necessary for an hour.

So, as far as it is expensive and labor-intensive in terms of production, its values ​​are small, but these indicators are sufficient to increase the productivity of the system without changing such parameters as the clock frequency.

The maximum clock frequency of the processor

If only your computer would be good, if it's still outdated. Ale, do not hurry to carry yoga to the smіtnik and with a cracked hamanc go to the nearest electronics store. Most of the current processors and video cards transfer additional (factory-made) power, and having a good cooling system, you can raise the nominal frequency by 200-300 GHz. For extreme people and lovers of great numbers, there is also "overclocking", which calls for a maximum of technology. A lot of people who are engaged in such unsafe work can easily run a single-core processor up to 6-7 GHz, and they can set record numbers at 8.2 GHz.

On the market of smartphones, a right race between hackers has swelled. In 2018, the proportion of realities is such that sales of mobile devices are significantly outperformed by laptops. At the link from the cim it would be logical to develop the best processors for smartphones.

Ale, for the cob, let's be more specific, even if we say "processor" in the case of smartphones, we don't know it correctly. Phones and tablets are currently based on SoC systems (System-on-a-Chip - System on a Chip). Vaughn is a crystal, to the warehouse of which various modules are included: a calculation block, a graphic core, a link component (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.), operative memory and a lot more.

Buy a new processor for your smartphone, don't want to see the one that can't be sold. Also, it’s safe to say that one and the same SoC can work differently on different smartphones, we based it on the test results of popular recent journals and benchmark tests and prepared the top 10 best processors for productivity at the end of 2018.

Top 10 Best Processors for Smartphones

Get respect! All prices are shown on smartphone models that are equipped with processors pointing down.

10 Helio X30

10-core processor
Country: China
Average price: 17240 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.3

The first ten-core mobile system has become one of the most pressing in 2017. X30 borrows 10 months for productivity among the highest processors for 2018. Tsomu has adopted a new technical process with a size of 10 nanometers. Similar to the previous generations, the "stone" became productive by 35% and energy efficient by 50%. There are three clusters on the board. The first one has two cores Cortex-A73 up to 2.5 GHz. The other is made up of four Cortex-A53 cores with a frequency of up to 2.2 GHz, and the youngest one has four Cortex-A35 cores with a frequency of 1.9 GHz. Yak GPU є PowerVR 7XTP-MP4 with a frequency of 800 MHz. Solution to decode 10-bit 4K2K video with the help of HDR10.

A kind of novelty was the introduction of a new technology to core the processor under the name CorePilot 4.0. Won build up to 25% more energy, lower version 3.0. The intelligent system for planning a task at once, from the UX Monitoring system and the SystemPowerAllocator (SPA) for managing the life, helps the architecture to perform wonderfully in resource-intensive tasks.

9Snapdragon 710

Budget processor like Qualcomm
Country: China
Average price: 27,766 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

710 model is a mid-range line between the top 800 series and more budget models. You will lose your flagship capabilities in the field of photography, video clips, and you will be rewarded with piecework intelligence for the best price. In addition, the autonomy was promoted for the reduced technology of virobnitstva.

Tsey stone mid-budget mobile processor Snapdragon 660, released in 2016. The system is based on a chip with all Kryo 360 cores, which are based on the ARM architecture. Some of the cores with the index A-75 operate at a frequency of 2.2 GHz, while others - A-55 see a frequency of 1.7 GHz. In fact, there are cores like Snapdragon 845, but the frequency can be lowered to its own category. Adreno 616 is used for graphics rendering, and the Spectra 250 image processing processor, which supports the moving 20-megapixel cameras, helps it.

8 Kirin 970

Technological breakthrough with Huawei
Country: China
Average price: 27,990 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

single chip system Kirin 970 has become a reference for Huawei. Okremium neuromorphic processor with its single-chip system created the most important tasks in neuron networks, for machine vision and image recognition systems. The NPU block of the processor ensures a 25-fold increase in productivity for similar systems and a 50-fold increase in energy efficiency. In such a rank, the swidcode increases and the heat output decreases. In addition, Huawei gave access to the internal stuffing of the NPU block, which allows retailers of third-party programs to optimize their products on a given basis.

Dodatkovo sled to see the presence of a dual signal processor, which allows you to bury ruins and show individuals. Prior to these functions of screwing, there is a choice of hybrid autofocus;

7 Snapdragon 835

Folk lover
Country: China
Average price: 30790 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

This processor can be installed on most mobile smartphones Samsung Galaxy S8 and One Plus 5. The axis is only on Exynos, this model can be easily found on many other Android smartphones, many of which are available in Korea.

The productivity plan has є 8 cores (4 cores, which work at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, і 4 cores - 1.9 GHz) and the infamous graphics processor - Adreno 540. Productivity in synthetic tests can be equal to Exynos, the difference becomes close to 7 %, however, with the usual variation, you are unlikely to notice the difference.

Advantages:

• Executive productivity
• Wide range for sale
• Low varity

6 Exynos 8895

Exhaustion at a reasonable price
Country: V'etnam
Average price: 35489 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

The basis for the flagship smartphones, the technological know-how of Samsung - this is how the processor can be characterized. This frequency can reach 3 GHz, and the model itself will be the first in the Samsung lineup, victorious in 10 nanometer process technology. For practicality, 8 cores are required, which can effectively work both in single-core and multi-core modes.

The power supply is even lower and becomes only 5 watts. It also has the ability to record 4K video at 120 frames per second, which is four times higher, lower than the competitor - Snapdragon 835 up to 4K video at 30 frames per second. One of the minuses is the reduction in productivity through the support of DirectX 11. Regardless of the price, the stone supports Vulkan 1.0. Data transmission is also supported by dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11. In this way, smartphones on this mobile processor will become a miracle option for video recorders.

5Snapdragon 845

The tightest and widest processor
Country: China
Average price: 21490 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

This processor is a vicorist universal enumeration of the cores of wet processing, and not a reference type of ARM. New process technology with index 10 nm LPP FinFET , allows for a greater increase in productivity per 10 nm LPE FinFET. The best increase in the number of varieties, productivity and co-variability made the processor the most popular among the varieties.

In the recesses of 835 wine models, having removed the very eight-core architecture. The configuration here consists of 4 energy-efficient cores with a frequency of up to 1.8 GHz for the most clumsy tasks and 4 highly productive hard cores with a frequency of up to 2.8 GHz, which is higher, lower in the front generation. In the synthetic test Antutu, it scored 270,461 points, which is higher than 835. The mobile video camera Adreno 630 is one of the most advanced on the market and miraculously shows itself with a robot with graphics, like a picture of a short smartphone.

4 Kirin 980

7 nm process technology
Country: China
Average price: 76990 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

Kirin 980 is looking ahead to the latest technical innovations, among them:

• Innovative approach to the creation of the basic architecture of the processor and the latest mobile chipset with 7 nanometer process technology;
• vikoristannya in the architecture of the core Cortex-A76;
• Two neurotransmitter modules in a chip;
• Graphics Mali-G76;
• Introduced Cat.21 modem with wireless transmission up to 1.4 Gb/s;
• Support for RAM format LPDDR4X with a frequency of 2133 MHz.

After the transition to a 7-pnm technical process, productivity increased by 20%, and energy saving by 40%. In this case, the number of transistors increased by 1.6 times. Usyi is close to 7 bln. In this way, the intensity of the component should be checked in order to put one of the best and most powerful processors of today - Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 in synthetic tests on GeekBench.

3 Exynos 9810

Samsung's best processor
Country: V'etnam
Average price: 51490 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

New processor vіd Samsung I will bring the feet of vzaєmodії vlasnik and I will attach it to a new rіven. Advanced technologies allow to identify objects or people for quick search or image classification. Also here is the possibility of scanning contours for unlocking a smartphone. As for the structure, then the processor itself is up to the 3rd and latest generation in the line. Win is characterized by wide possibilities in data processing and optimized cache memory. Most of the cores are divided into "koristuvatsky" for the most important tasks and "resource-consuming" for "important" processes.

In this way, the processor shows the results of all tests, demonstrating the miraculous ability to calculate and trouble-free functioning for an hour to launch rich processes with a minimum of energy saving. In addition, data transmission channels ( 1.2 Gb / s and 200 Mb / s (depending on data) ensure comfortable data transfer in any format without wasting power.

2 A11 Bionic

One of the most powerful chipsets in the world
Country: USA
Average price: 51990 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The processor of the fifth generation became 25% slower for version A10. Vіn vygotovlyaєєєєєєєєєє z vikoristannym 10 nm technical process, scho allowed at once zі special technology to increase energy efficiency by 70%. The increase in productivity can be seen up to the core of the processor under the name Monsoon and Mistral. This chipset can have two additional cores and a building one to prepare an asymmetric rich processing unit. Tse means that you can beat all six cores at once.

New ASP equipment processor that supports the new portrait mode. Two-parallel cores can perform up to 600 billion operations per second and create effects on video. Miraculous animations have become available to the tight neural motor. Irrespective of external productivity, this processor can be less efficient in smartphones like Apple, which is a real minus.

1 A12 Bionic

Apple's best processor
Country: USA
Average price: 91,900 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0

Version A12 is considered the best and worst processor in the world. When you look at it, the balanced area of ​​the lithographic plate immediately falls without imbalance to the smallest component. The two great productive cores operate at a frequency of 3 GHz below 2.5 GHz. It is instructed to release a greedy large cache of 8 MB, divided into 4 clusters, grouped into two blocks. The most important change was the increase in the cache of 1 equal of the scheme 64+64 to 128+128. 4 energy-efficient tempest cores also cache 2 equals in two blocks, roughly per megabyte. The system cache has been left on its own space and, like before, blamed for between the CPUs. The highly productive cores of the new iteration became 15% thinner, and the energy efficiency increased to 50%.

The processor may be a graphic processor with a block of neural processing. Win stacks up to 6 cores in a 2+4 configuration and lasts up to 5 trillion operations per second, which is 9 times higher, lower in the front generation. Denmark "stone" can be used in other models of smartphones IPhoneXS / XR, moreover, the chip variant with index 12X is victorious in iPad PRO.

For hours, if mobile phones were black and white, processors were single-core, and gigahertz was given a non-separating bar (rock 20 volume), the clock frequency was the only characteristic of CPU tension. Ten through another, the number of nuclei became an important characteristic. Our hour is a smartphone, less than a centimeter thick, there are more cores to avenge, that clock frequency can be increased, a simpler PC is quieter. Try to figure out what the clock frequency of the processor is pouring into.

The frequency of the processor is influenced by the speed, with which processor transistors (and their middle chips are hundreds of millions) vibrate. The number of hums per second is reduced and expressed in millions or billions of hertz (megahertz chi gigahertz). One hertz - the same one switching transistors of the processor per second, then, one gigahertz - one billion such switchings in that same hour. For one perekishannya, as if to say it is simple, the kernel to rob one mathematical operation.

Behind the supreme logic, you can develop a higher frequency - the more transistors in the cores flicker, the more the tasks fail. Even in the past, if the main processors were essentially a full-fledged Intel x86, the architecture was minimal, and it was clear that the higher the frequency of the clock cycles, the faster the calculation would go. Alas, everything has changed.

You can change the frequencies of different processors

In the 21st century, retailers taught their processors to process more than one instruction per cycle. That is why processors with the same frequency of clock cycles, albeit based on different architectures, see different levels of swidcode. Intel Core i5 2 GHz and Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 2 GHz are speechless. Although the other one has more nuclei, the important ones will have weaker ones. Therefore, the very frequency of different types of nuclei cannot be compared, it is important to protect the pet's productivity (the number of instructions per cycle).

If you draw an analogy with cars, then the clock frequency is the speed of the km / year, and the productivity of the pet is the cost of the kg. If they will be instructed to drive a passenger car (ARM processor for a smartphone) and a self-skid (x86 chip for a PC), then with equal speed, a passenger car will transport a couple of hundred kilos at a time, and a vantazhivka - a ton of tons. Well, let's talk about different types of cores for smartphones (Cortex A53, Cortex A72, Qualcomm Kryo) - all cars, but in different places. Obviously, here the difference will not be so great, but it will be significant.

You can change the clock frequency of the cores on the same architecture. For example, MediaTek MT6750 and Qualcomm Sanapdragon 625 have 8 Cortex A53 cores. Ale, MTK has a frequency of up to 1.5 GHz, and Qualcomm has 2 GHz. Also, the other processor is about 33% faster. And the Qualcomm Snapdragon 652 axis even has a frequency of up to 1.8 GHz, but it works better for the 625 model, which means that the Cortex A72 cores will be harder in the future.

What gives a high frequency of the processor in a smartphone

As we have already explained, the higher the clock frequency, the faster the processor. Also, the productivity of a smartphone with a larger high-frequency chipset will be greater. If one smartphone processor has 4 Kryo cores at 2 GHz, and the other has 4 same Kryo cores at 3 GHz, then the other will be about 1.5 times faster. To speed up the launch of programs, to speed up the hour of inclusion, to allow quick access to important sites in the browser, etc.

However, when choosing a smartphone with high processor frequencies, there is also a memory, what stinks things - more energy savings. Therefore, if the virobnik has wound up more gigahertz, but if it hasn’t optimized it with a high order, it can overheat and enter “throtling” (primus frequency reduction). Such a short time of suffering, for example, Qualcomm Snapdragon 810.

So you fit:

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