Measures and standards for mobile communication on the territory of the Russian Federation. Mobile phone standard gsm frequencies 2g 3g 4g

When choosing a stronger system, it is important to know two parameters: the generation of the mobile network (2G, 3G or 4G), the quality of how you want to increase, the frequency that is not functioning.

On the right, all the main components of the power systems - antennas, repeaters, modems and routers - are created according to the same frequency ranges and even rarely match all the current world standards. In other words, you can get a power kit "for 4G-internet", but if there is an antenna in your warehouse, it is rented for the frequency range, in which case your operator does not work, the pennies will be spent for nothing.

Let's give an example. Most of the 4G-Internet is supported at a frequency of 2600 MHz, and most of the kits for strengthening 4G are covered by itself on this frequency. Tim is no less, more and more often, domestic operators begin to win additional frequencies of 1800 and 800 MHz. If your area has the same merging, then a set of insurances for a frequency of 2600 MHz will be marnim.

So, to choose a set, you need to know what kind of technology you want to use in some frequency ranges. The easiest thing to do is to use the help of a smartphone under the operating system Android or iOS (iPhone).

We signify the generation of stylnikovo merezhi

Appointing a generation of support for the help of a smartphone, as a rule, is easy. In most modern operating systems, the transmission technology is in line with the order of the daylight signal. The technology can be indicated without intermediary (2G, 3G or 4G) or for the help of one of the abbreviations. Most often, such signs are used:

• 2G, GPRS (G), EDGE (E) - traditional 2G technology, on the basis of standard GSM voice calls and common mobile Internet;
• 3G, UMTS, HSDPA (H), HSPA+ (H+) - the third generation of telephone connection that wins for calls and access to broadband mobile Internet;
• 4G, LTE (L) - a quarter of the generation of a stilnikovy vyaz'yazyk, as at once vikoristovuetsya by vіtchiznyanimi operators only for access to high-speed mobile Internet.

For example, on Xiaomi smartphones with two SIM cards, a row will look like this:

It is easy to recognize that the first SIM card of the MTS operator works in 4G mode at the same time, and the other SIM card of Tele2 works in 3G.

At some frequencies, operators in Russia practice

It would be better if, having recognized that the standards of the connection are available at your place, you can proceed to the selection of a set of accommodation. Tim is not less, there is only one problem: that technology itself can work on different frequencies.

Skin standard call (2G, 3G and 4G) So that the power system worked correctly and it applied the same frequency range, on which your operator works, the front frequency range needs to be recognized.

At the moment, Russia has the following standards for a stilt tie:

Unfortunately, it is not so easy to find out what frequency your operator uses. The retailers of the Android and iOS operating systems were aware that this information would not become the most important in the future, and they shoved it in a special service menu. Below we will tell you how to call the menu and find out the frequency of the operator. Ale before tsim - another important croc!

Like your smartphone for locking vicorist that mesh, if you want additional strength, you don’t need additional ones. Ale buvayut situations, if it is necessary to specify the frequency range of another measure. For example, you want to recognize the 2G frequency, and the smartphone automatically connects to 3G. Another example: you need to enable voice calls, and your phone is connected to a 4G network, where only mobile Internet is available. To change the required standard, to convert the smartphone to the primus mode.

For which on Android devices go to Settings > Other measures > Mobile cities > Merezhі mode and choose the required standard call. Depending on the smartphone model and version of the operating system, the path to distribution Merezhі mode maybe a little breeze.

Apple smartphones, unfortunately, do not support manual mode switching. In this way, the iPhone's coryster can assign the frequency only to the standard in which the smartphone works automatically.

How to recognize the frequency of the stylist's connection

As we have already said above, in order to take information about the frequency on which your smartphone connects to the base station, you need to go to the special service menu. On Android devices, it is called Service Mode, on Apple smartphones - Field Test. To call up the open screen, it is enough to dial the first number.

Important! Depending on the model, I will add that version of the operating system, guidance in this article may not work. At this time, the introduction of the code did not lead to anything. Also, on some smartphones, the menu may look different, and information about the measure can be found in one submenu. Perhaps, you might have a chance to search in the menu feeds, first you will need a page with information about the mobile phone!

Before that, how to check the frequency test, check the WiFi connection. If your phone has two SIM-cards installed, it is recommended to use a non-necessary card and remove the one you need to protest. So you can hide the zayvoї slut and take away information about the current day.

How to click menu service on Android

Depending on the version of Android, the service menu is opened for the help of one of the following codes:

• *#0011#
• *#*#4636#*#*
• *#*#197328640#*#*

After entering the remaining symbol, the attached menu can be opened automatically, it is not necessary to press the button for a click. On Samsung smartphones, immediately take a look at the screen with information about the mill. On the outbuildings of other types, you may need to go to the “Information about the phone” subdivision, or to another one, which can help you get information about mobile connection. Unfortunately, on some models of Android smartphones, the menu may not be available.

On Samsung smartphones, to get information about the border, dial *#0011#

To remove information about the border on Xiaomi smartphones, you need to dial the number *#*#4636#*#*, go to the “Information about the phone” section and scroll down. On outbuildings from two, there will be two SIM-cards for distribution of "Information about the phone".

Like a bachite, prihovane menu nada even rich technical data. We don’t need more information, but on the very next step, respect, the world is a little lower.

How to click menu service on iPhone

On Apple smartphones, the service menu is called in the same way, but for the help of another code. After entering, it is necessary to press the button for the click:

• *3001#12345#*

In order to take information about the style connection, you need to know the required item of the submenu. Zalezhno v_d line standard zv'yazku pass:

• for 2G: GSM Cell Environment > GSM Cell Info > Neighboring Cells > 0

• for 3G: UMTS Cell Environment > Neighbor Cells > UMTS Set > 0

• for 4G: Serving Cell Info

We can change the frequency of 2G-merezhі (GSM)

For frequency selection, on any functioning GSM network, a special radio frequency channel number - ARFCN - is assigned. In fact, it is an identifier that indicates those in which radio frequency range your smartphone is used at the same time. On the side of the service menu, the identifier will sound when it is recognized ARFCN, RX, RxCh, Freq, BCCH or other similar abbreviations.

Rіdshe smartphones in 2G mode will show again the name of the standard (for example, GSM-900) or the operating frequency. As soon as your smartphone has changed the name of the standard to the finished one, consider what happened to you. In another way, determine what standard the ARFCN values ​​should be, for help, see the table below.

For example, this is how the GSM frequency assignment looks on Samsung smartphones (left-handed) and iPhone (right-handed):

Whenever the smartphone shows the ARFCN value that has been overridden by the checker, the active meter is usually the first in the list.

We can change the frequency of the 3G network

Similar to the right with frequency assignments in 3G-mergers. Here the channel identifier is called otherwise - UARFCN. On the 2G network, the UARFCN value can be set to two: one that allows the data receiving channel (DL) to be assigned, and the other that specifies the control channel (UL). Also, the name can be assigned to the standard or yogo special serial number - so the ranks of the Bend (from the English band).

In this way, at the service menu, you can display either the value of UARFCN or the serial number of the “band”: for example, Band 1. UARFCN is indicated after such abbreviations, like RX, CH DL and others. On the iPhone, the 3G frequency ID is called downlink frequency or dl_freq.

As soon as the smartphone shows the value of UARFCN, overridden by the stompchik, the active measure is, as a rule, the first in the list.

We will guide the butt of the UARFCN designation on current Xiaomi smartphones (left-handed) and Samsung (right-handed). The frequency of 2100 MHz is reversed:

We set the frequency of 4G-merezhі

A similar order and with 4G-merezha. Here you can specify the Bend or the channel identifier - EARFCN. On the iPhone, select the 4G frequency in the simplest way by the “band” indicated in paragraph Freq Band Indicator or freq_band_ind. As soon as the smartphone shows the value of EARFCN, overridden by the stompchik, the active measure is usually the first in the list.

Respectfully, in the rest of the established standard, there are no different EARFCN values ​​​​for strengthening that reception. Tse zovsіm nevipadkovo. On the right, in the standard LTE Band 38, the reception and transmission of data is received in the same frequency range, but alternately (TDD technology). To strengthen this standard, you may need a special repeater.

Below is the indication of the butt of the EARFCN designation on Xiaomi smartphones (left-handed) and other versions of the iPhone (right-handed).

On an Android device, you can easily change the 4G frequency by using the cost-free CellMapper add-on. CellMapper displays information about the style line, including the current "Bend". Unfortunately, it is not possible to assign the frequency of 2G-or 3G-merezhі for yoga help.

Be sure to set the frequency to the point where you plan to install the external antenna of the building system. As an operator of victorious frequency bands at the same time, a smartphone can operate one standard on the streets of Vikoristov, and another standard in the neighborhood. It is due to the fact that the lower frequencies penetrate the application more quickly and, as a rule, the very electronic devices are more efficient.

For example, if your operator provides 4G-internet overnight in the frequency bands of 800 and 2600 MHz, then in the middle of the reception a smartphone can choose the higher standard LTE800, and on the street switch to the older LTE2600.

In addition, slid vrakhovuvat, scho one hour vikoristannya two 4G-bands vіdkrivaє before the operator the possibility of aggregation of frequencies. Aggregation is a function of the LTE-Advanced network, if the subscriber add-on uses a small number of frequency bands to reach the maximum bandwidth. Today, technology is no longer being promoted by telephone communication operators, but in the nearest future it can actually increase the productivity of the mobile Internet.

Since you have determined that your location has an operator calling at two “bands” at the same time, you can think about adding a two-band power system.

These basic requirements are related to the quality of services, support, price adjustments and other factors. If you choose a carrier, you also need to work between GSM or WCDMA carriers.

Imovirno, they used these terms earlier, if they chose a new mobile phone, they connected to providers or changed them. But do you know what the stench means and why is there a difference between them? To find the right choice, take a look at the next report, check below GSM and WCDMA and it’s better.

What is GSM?

GSM is playing the role of the Global System for Mobile Communications and is now becoming the standard of communication on a global scale, especially in Asia and Europe, with the availability of more and less in 210 countries of the world. Vіn funktsionuє on chotirioh different frequency bands: 900 MHz and 1800 MHz - in Europe and Asia, and 850 MHz and 1900 MHz - in Pivnіchnіy and Pvdenny America. The GSM Association, an international organization founded in 1987, is recognized for the development and control of the extension of the wireless communication standard.

GSM alternative variant of TDMA (multiple access from time interval), which divides the range of frequencies into channels. In this technology, the voice is converted to digital data, which is transmitted through the channel and the hourly interval. On the next day, the receiver listened to less than appointments, the hourly interval, and the call to offending signals. Obviously, what happens in a very short hour, and the officer does not mark the opening, but the timing was broken.

What is WCDMA?

CDMA, or multiple access from a code base, having become a standard, has been expanded and patented by Qualcomm, and has been victorious as the basis for CDMA2000 and WCDMA standards for 3G. However, due to its proprietary nature, WCDMA technology did not take away such a global implementation, like GSM. At the present time, vicor is less than 18% across the whole world, mainly in the USA, as well as in North Korea and Russia. How does GSM look like WCDMA from a technical point of view?

In WCDMA networks, digital tweets overlap each other, introducing a unique code of differentiation. The leather signal of the call is encoded with a different key, and then the stench is transmitted at the same time. The skin primach may have a unique key, building a split signal on yoga okremі vikliki.

Having offended standards, there can be multiple access, which means that sprats of twinks can pass through one vezha. Ale, how can you talk, the main difference between them is connected with it, as the data are being remade on the radio, as your phone is broadcasting and taking off.

The main reason why telecom companies blamed the problems with the swishing of the new format is the difference in frequency bands, like the stench of vicorist. Through the telephones, which were issued for the help of only GSM, they could not communicate with the WCDMA networks, and at the same time. In order to get around, most of the builders had to set up anonymous frequency bands for 2G and 3G networks. This guaranteed that mobile phones could win practically at any place in the world.

WCDMA and GSM: what's the difference?

Before the advent of 4G LTE technology, there was an obvious difference between GSM and WCDMA devices connected with a SIM card. GSM-telephones were supplied with a SIM plug, but CDMA extensions were not.

In other words, WCDMA is based on a phone number with a subscriber number, tied to a specific device that supports 3G. If you want to switch to a different phone, you will need to contact your ISP, deactivate the old one and activate the new one. On the other hand, in GSM-appliances, the number of connections with the SIM card, so when you switch to another device, everything you need to work is to place the SIM card in a new phone.

Ohohlennya merezhі

The security of the mesh is not to be deposited depending on whether it is GSM or WCDMA. Why is there a difference in such a time? Tsya characteristic to deposit vіd іnfrastruktury, yaku maє operator. GSM networks are very popular with the whole world, thanks to the United States, de Verizon Wireless, the (W)CDMA network, can boast of the largest number of subscribers in the country.

International roaming

When connected in the middle of the edge, it doesn’t matter, as if you were a victorist, it’s enough to suffice. So, in Russia you can seamlessly switch WCDMA and GSM. Why is there a difference beyond the borders of the country?

If you get to international roaming on the right, GSM can be impersonal: there is more money in the whole world, as well as immeasurable roaming tariffs between these providers. With a GSM phone, you also have the upper hand in the fact that you can get a handy SIM card, you don’t know (be aware that you win unlocking attachments). At your own hand, you can't take access to the connection to WCDMA data, in the future, I'll add it to the system.

4G, WCDMA and GSM: what is the difference between the nearest future one?

With the advent of 4G and the adoption of LTE and LTE-Advanced as the standard for most of the network operators in the whole world, debates about how much GSM and WCDMA take less than an hour. Today, you can remember that new smartphones approved for WCDMA networks are also supplied with SIM sockets to increase the 4G LTE capabilities of the network.

The cost of GSM or WCDMA-devices should be built to the point that they cannot be interchangeable at the same time and will not be cross-sum in any way, but in the nearest possible price they will not be equal to the same value. It's about those that current retailers continue to push through the transition to 4G LTE. Tsya technology can be obvious advantages.

So, with international roaming, the main factor is the quality of the voice call and the satisfaction of the needs of 3G data. These parameters can be the same in GSM or WCDMA networks. What's the difference? 3G modems, which are installed in a digital appliance, can show a high level of functionality. Aside from such factors, such as affordability, and the cost of services, 4G promotes the best minds.

Mustache repeatedly chuli about the measure of another, third and fourth generation of mobile phone calls. The deyakі, perhaps, already read about the fringes of the future - the fifth generation. Ale nutrition - what does G, E, 3G, H, 3G+, 4G or LTE mean on a smartphone screen and what is the average number of people turbulent. Let's look at them.

Numbers of pictograms indicate the type of connection of your smartphone, tablet or modem to the mobile device.

1. G(GPRS - General Packet Radio Services): the most popular and oldest option for connecting packet data. The first standard for the mobile Internet, blazing a trail over GSM (after CSD-download up to 9.6 kb/s). The maximum speed for the GPRS channel is 171.2 kb/s. When it is real, as a rule, it is an order of magnitude lower that the Internet here does not depend on the principles.

2. E(EDGE or EGPRS - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): nadbudova over 2G and 2.5G. Digital transmission technology. The speed of EDGE over GPRS is approximately 3 times: up to 474.6 kb/s. However, it also goes to the next generation of the dart-free link and is already outdated. The real speed of EDGE sounds in the region of 150-200 kb/s and lies in the subscriber's location - so the interest of the base station in a particular region.

3. 3 G(Third Generation - the third generation). Here, as far as possible, it’s not only the transfer of data, but the voice. The quality of the transfer of movies in 3G networks (for example, insults to the receivers are changed by the radius of the air) can be significantly higher, lower by 2G (GSM). The speed of the Internet in 3G is also significantly greater, and this speed, as a rule, is already sufficient for comfortable work on mobile devices and to navigate stationary computers via USB modems. In case of speed of transfer of data, your current situation may be included, incl. you know you in one place, or you are collapsing at the transport:

• Rebuy without a hitch: call up to 2 Mbit / s
• Rush with speed up to 3 km/year: up to 384 kb/s
• Ruhaetsya zі shvidkіstyu up to 120 km/year: up to 144 kbit/s.

4. 3,5 G.3G+,h,H+(HSPDA - High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access): Super-budget high-speed packet data is coming already over 3G. In this case, the speed of data transfer is close to 4G and in H mode it will be up to 42 Mb/s. Real life has mobile Internet in such a mode in the middle pratsyuє at mobile operators on the speed of 3-12 Mbit / s (individually). For the quiet, who do not understand: it’s more than enough and it’s enough, so with a stable connection, you can watch online videos in a not too high quality (dozvil) or download important files.

Also, 3G has a video call function:

5. 4G, LTE(Long-Term Evolution is a long-term development, the fourth generation of the mobile Internet). This technology is victorious only for the transmission of data (not for voice). The maximum download speed here is up to 326 Mb/s, upload is 172.8 Mb/s. The real values ​​are still an order of magnitude lower than the statements, but all the same it’s getting tens of megabits per second (in practice, you can often compare with the H mode; in the minds of Moscow’s vanity, call 10-50 Mbit / s). With all the help of PING, the technology itself makes 4G the best standard for mobile Internet in modems. Smartphones and tablets in 4G (LTE) bands have higher battery charge, lower in 3G.

6. LTE-A(LTE Advanced - modernization of LTE). The peak speed of transmission here is up to 1 Gb/s. Really building Internet access at speeds up to 300 Mb/s (5 times faster than the best LTE).

7. VoLTE(Voice over LTE - voice over LTE as an advanced development of technology): a technology for transmitting voice calls across LTE on the basis of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The speed of the call is up to 5 times faster than 2G / 3G, and the quality of the self-removal and transfer of the movie is more and more pure.

8. 5 G(Five generations of style calls based on IMT-2020). The standard of the future, is still at the stage of development and testing. The speed of transmission in the commercial version is more than LTE up to 30 times: the maximum transmission of data can be up to 10 Gb/s.

Zrozumіlo, you can speed up, be it with the refurbishment of more technologies, at the same time support your possessions. It is also possible to locate the robot according to the possibilities of the mobile operator itself at a specific point of subscriber's location and that of the tariff plan.

Pochatkіvtsy nezrozumіlі іgri, yakі roblyat rozrobniki standards. Here, vikoristovu GSM frequencies 850, 1900, 900, 1800 MHz, what more? Shvidka vіdpovіd - read the next part of the Instruction on the phone. Bude will show the wrongfulness of the infamous tlumachennya. The problem is described as follows:

1. Another generation of style communication 2G gave rise to impersonal standards. The world knows three epicenters, how to set the rhythm: Europe, Pivnichna America, Japan. Russia adopted the standards of the first two, having changed them.
2. The parent tree of normatives is constantly expanding.
3. International variants of standards by calling on different rules of the neighboring countries. It is often impossibly impossible to victoriously. Order to change the legislative basis, fixing the frequency plan.

The foregoing explains the turns of unreasonable problems and newcomers. Turning the power of clarity, we will be asked to simplify the hierarchy of standards, indicating along the way the frequency variation.

Genealogy of standards

The coming information is called to explain to the inhabitant the structure of the basic standards. Below, at the upcoming divisions, there will be described technologies that have been planted in Russia. The bold names are the representative representatives of the tree, which embellished the Russian forest.

1G

1. AMPS family: AMPS, NAMPS, TACS, ETACS.
2. Others: NMT, C-450, DataTAC, Hicap, Mobitex.

2G: 1992

1. GSM/3GPP family: GSM, HSCSD, CSD.
2. 3GPP2 family: cdmaOne.
3. AMPS family: D-AMPS.
4. Other: iDEN, PHS, PDC, CDPD.

2G+

1. 3GPP/GSM family: GPRS, EDGE.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1x, including Advanced.
3. Others: WiDEN, DECT.

3G: 2003

1. 3GPP family: UMTS.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R.0

3G+

1. 3GPP family: LTE, HSPA, HSPA+.
2. 3GPP2 family: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R.A, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R.B, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO R.C
3. IEEE family: Mobile WiMAX, Flash OFDM.

4G: 2013

1. 3GPP family: LTE-A, LTE-S Pro.
2. IEEE family: WiMAX.

5G: 2020

1. 5G-NR.

Short description

Genealogy allows you to prostegize, see that you died. For example, modern authors often use the abbreviation GSM, introducing the reader into Oman. The technology is completely surrounded by other generations of stylnikovy zv'yazku, which looked deadly. A lot of frequencies from the additions continue to be beaten with caps. On December 1, 2016, the Australian Telstra, having adopted the GSM mobile phone, became the first operator in the world to upgrade it. 80% of the world's population is satisfied with the technology (depending on the GSM Association). The butt of Australian colleagues on September 1, 2017, following the American AT&T. A message was sent to the service by the Optus operator on the fourth day of 2017 Singapore, having recognized the unavailability of 2G to the growing needs of the population.

Also, the term GSM stands out for a hundred years old possession, which has overwhelmed the Russian Federation. The patch protocols can be called GSM downgrades. Frequencies of coming generations of savings. Puncture changes, methods of transmission. Below, we look at the aspects and subdivision of frequencies that support the modernization of the possession. Obov'yazkovo navіdomostі, scho allow us to install sporіdnіnіst GSM.

Phone instructions

Corresponding information about how to supply the phone instructions. Vіdpovіdniy rasdіl pererahovuє pіdtrimuvanі frequency. Okremі Aparati allow you to adjust the area of ​​the receiver. Next, choose a phone model to catch hot Russian channels:

1. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The top line is 880..915 MHz, the low line is 925..960 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz - DCS. The highest line is 1710..1785 MHz, the low line is 1805..1880 MHz.

LTE technology adds 2600 MHz area, 800 MHz channel is implemented.

History of the Russian Federation call: frequencies

In 1983, the distribution of the European digital communication standard was expanded. Probably, the first generation of 1G defeated analog transmission. In this rank, engineers developed the standard far ahead of the development of technology. Digital connection of peoples Another light war, more precisely, an encrypted transmission system Green hornet. Viysk miraculously understood: the era of digital technologies is coming. Hromadian promislov_ caught the wind.

900 MHz

The European organization CEPT has created a GSM committee (Groupe Special Mobile). The European Commission has requested the use of the 900 MHz spectrum. The retailers settled in Paris. After five years (1987), 13 countries of the EU submitted a memorandum to Copenhagen about the need to create a single line of stylistics. Spilnota vyrishila ask for help GSM. The fierce one had the first technical specification. The politicians of the Chotirioh krai (May 1987) supported the draft Bonn Declaration. The coming short period (38 days) is filled with rampant fuss, ceramics chotirma recognized by persons:

1. Armin Zilberhorn (Nimechchina).
2. Philipp Dupulis (France).
3. Renzo Failli (Italy).
4. Stephen Temple (Great Britain).

In 1989, the GSM commission abandoned CEPT, becoming a part of ETSI. On July 1, 1991, the largest Prime Minister of Finland, Harry Holker, made the first call to the subscriber (Kaarina Suonio), using the services of the Radiolinia provider.

1800 MHz

In parallel, before the 2G promotion, we went to the robot, clicked to get the 1800 MHz area. The First Merezha Covered Great Britain (1993). The Australian Telecom operator suddenly popped up.

1900 MHz

Frequency 1900 MHz approved by USA (1995). The GSM Association was created, the world's number of subscribers reached the figure of 10 million. By fate, the figure increased tenfold. The 1900 MHz version has brought the European version of UMTS into production.

800 MHz

The 800 MHz band appeared in 2002, in parallel with the implementation of the multimedia alert service.

Watch out, food!

What frequencies have become the Russian standard? Plutanini adds ignorance by the authors of the Runet of normatives that are accepted by official retailers. The direct view was examined more (div. distributed the Instructions for the phone), it is described to the work of the guessing organizations (divided UMTS).

Why are there so many frequencies

Following the results of 2010, the GSM Association stated that 80% of the planet's subscribers were covered by the standard. Tse means that five or five lines cannot select a single frequency. In addition, є 20% of foreign standards for communication. Are the stars taken as the root of evil? The regions of the other half of the 20th century developed differently. Frequencies 900 MHz SRSR occupied the military, civilian support navigation.

GSM: 900 MHz

Parallel to the development of the first variants of GSM in Europe, the NDO Astra, NDI Radio, NDI the Ministry of Defense rozpochali studies that ended with field trials. Wine verdict:

• Possibility of cooperative functioning of navigation and that of another generation of style link.

1. NMT-450.

To restore respect: I am revisiting 2 standards. Leather vikoristovuyu vlasnu frequency grid. The contest for the distribution of GSM-900 was won by the National Anti-corruption Organization Aistra, BAT MGTS (Nine MTS), Russian companies, Canadian BCETI.

NMT-450MHz - first generation

Since then, Moscow has victorious, beginning in 1992 with rock, the range of 900 MHz (divine higher), the fragments of other GSM frequencies were still popular. Before that, the borders of the Scandinavian Pivostrov had developed two options:

1. NMT-450.
2. NMT-900 (1986).

The reason for the selection by the Russian order of the first rank? Imovirno, we tried to try two ranges. Please note that the standards describe the analog call (1G). Kraini-rozrobniki began to close a shop from breast 2000 to rock. The rest (September 1, 2010) was given to Iceland (Siminn). Experts point out an important priority for the 450 MHz band: range. Vagomius plus, estimated from distant Iceland. The Russian detachment wanted to cover the area of ​​​​the edge, planting a minimum of cherry blossoms.

NMT was loved by anglers. I changed the network by taking digital CDMA 450. In 2015, Scandinavian technologies mastered 4G. Russian Uralwestcom zvіlniv komіrchinu 1 Sep 2006, Sibirtelecom - 10 Sіch 2008. Daughter (Tele 2) Skylink scores with a range of Perm, Arkhangelsk regions. The term for the end of the license is 2021.

D-AMPS: UHF (400..890 MHz) - another generation

American 1G networks, which won the AMPS specification, were encouraged to receive GSM. Natom_st divided two alternatives to organizing mobile networks of another generation:

1. IS-54 (Birthday 1990, 824-849; 869-894 MHz).
2. IS-136. Breathe in a great number of canals.

The standard is dead, replaced everywhere by GSM/GPRS, CDMA2000.

New Russian D-AMPS

The Russian dweller is often corrugated by implanted technology. The possession of D-AMPS is available at the warehouses of Tele 2, Beeline. On the 17th leaf fall 2007, the fate of the rest covered the bench for the Central Region. The license of the Novosibirsk region ended on December 31, 2009. The last last date was July 1, 2012 (Kaliningrad region). Kyrgyzstan vikoristala range until 31 February 2015.

CDMA2000 - 2G+

Deyakі options for the protocol vikoristovuyut:

1. Uzbekistan - 450 MHz.
2. Ukraine - 450; 800 MHz.

At the period of breast 2002 - zhovten 2016. specifications 1хRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (450 MHz) was blocked by Skylink. None of the infrastructure has been modernized, and LTE has been implemented. On the 13th of spring 2016 a call flew around the portals of the world: Tele 2 accepts the CDMA channel. American MTS rozpochav process in the promotion of LTE rock earlier.

GPRS - another third generation

The development of the CELLPAC protocol (1991-1993) became a turning point in the development of the tie. 22 US patents pending. Technology tips include LTE, UMTS. Packet transmission of data can speed up the exchange of information. The project can improve the GSM measures (frequencies of refurbishment more). Service of koristuvach goiter and application of technologies:

1. Internet access.
2. Zastariliy "press, to speak."
3. Messenger.

Application of two technologies (SMS, GPRS) speeds up the process. The specification supports IP, PPP, X.25 protocols. Packages continue to be sent to the next hour.

EDGE

Another step in the GSM evolution was conceived by AT&T (USA). Compact-EDGE has taken over the D-AMPS niche. Frequencies are higher.

UMTS - full 3G

For the first generation, it was necessary to upgrade the possession of base stations. The frequency grid has changed. The limit of transmission speed of the line, which is HSPA+, is 42 Mb/s. In reality, the reachable speed significantly overlaps 9.6 kb/s GSM. Starting from 2006, the regions have started an update. Vykoristovuyuchi orthogonal frequency multiplexing, the 3GPP committee can reach 4G. The early birds were released in 2002. On the back, the retailer put in the following frequencies:

1. .2025 MHz. Viskhidna zv'yazkova gіlka.
2. .2200 MHz. Skhіdna zv'yazkova gіlka.

Oskilki USA already victorious 1900 MHz, vibrated 1710..1755; 2110..2155 MHz. Rich countries inherited the butt of America. The frequency of 2100 MHz is often busy. Click to reverse the numbers:

• 850/1900 MHz. Moreover, 2 channels are selected, vikoristovuyuchi one range. Abo 850, chi 1900.

Wait a minute, incorrectly connect GSM, following the filthy extensions of the butt. Another generation won over a duplex single channel, UMTS over two (5 MHz wide).

Frequency network UMTS Russia

The first attempt to analyze the spectra was made on February 3-3, 1992. The solution was adapted by the Geneva conference (1997). The very specification S5.388 fixed the range:

• 1885-2025 MHz.
• 2110-2200 MHz.

The decision needed to be further clarified. The commission appointed 32 ultra-channels, 11 made a non-featured reserve. Most of the others received clarifying names, the shards around the frequency were changed. Russia has adopted European practice, following the USA, having adopted 2 channels (band) UMTS-FDD:

1. No. 8. 900 MHz - E-GSM. The top line is 880..915 MHz, the low line is 925..960 MHz.
2. No. 3. 1800 MHz - DCS. The highest line is 1710..1785 MHz, the low line is 1805..1880 MHz.

Characteristics of the style phone should be selected according to the information provided. The Wikipedia table, which reveals the frequency plan of the planet Earth, is absolutely marna. They forgot to vrahuvat Russian specifics. Europe operates the nearest IMT channel #1. Also є UMTS-TDD merging. Possession of two options for repeated measures is insane.

LTE-3G+

Evolutionary continuation of GSM-GPRS-UMTS communication. Maybe it's a nadbudovoy merezzh CDMA2000. Only a high-frequency phone can provide LTE technology. Experts directly indicate the place below for a quarter of a generation. Against the claims of marketers. The organization ITU-R recognized the technology as a different one, and changed its position later.

LTE is a registered trademark of ETSI. The key idea was the development of signal processors and the selection of innovative methods of carrier modulation. Bula was recognized as a docillary IP-addressing of subscribers. The interface has introduced a twisted summation, the frequency spectrum has changed in some way. The First Series (2004) was launched by the Japanese company NTT DoComo. The exhibition version of the technology overtook Moscow in the spicy summer of 2010.

Repeating the proof of UMTS, the retailers introduced two options for the repeated protocol:

1. LTE-TDD. Timchasovyy subdivided the canals. The technology is widely introduced by China, Pivdenny Korea, Finland, Switzerland. Presentation of a single frequency channel (1850…3800 MHz). Often interrupts WiMAX, upgrade is possible.
2. LTE FDD. Frequency subdivision of channels (except for low, high).

The frequency plan of two technologies is different, 90% of the core design is run. Samsung, Qualcomm virobleyayut telephony, zdatnі catching offended protocols. Borrowed bands:

1. Pivnichna America. 700, 750, 800, 850, 1900, 1700/2100, 2300, 2500, 2600 MHz.
2. Pivdenna America. 2500 MHz.
3. Europe. 700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz.
4. Asia. 800, 1800, 2600 MHz.
5. Australia, New Zealand. 1800, 2300 MHz.

Russia

Russian operators have chosen LTE-FDD technology, switching frequencies:

1. 800 MHz.
2. 1800 MHz.
3. 2600 MHz.

LTE-A-4G

Frequencies were left unchanged (div. LTE). Chronology of launches:

1. On July 9, 2012, Yota received 11 base stations.
2. On February 25, 2014, Megaphone covered the Garden of the Capital.
3. Beeline from 5 April 2014 operates at LTE 800, 2600 MHz frequencies.

The shortfalls of the first generation of analogous lines, due to the low throughput of the building of the line and the weak confidentiality of the roses, led the retailers to the creation of the line of the other generation. 2G based on digital standards. In the world of growing popularity of mobile communications, retailers seriously engaged in increasing the throughput capacity of standards and total standardization throughout the world. The unification of mobile terminals allows customers to easily rise in price all over the planet and always get a call for automatic roaming. At the beginning of the 90s, it became obvious that only digital methods of transferring movies and managing mobile calls could allow you to accomplish two tasks. Works of the creation of a high-light digital standard of a style link were carried out in Europe and America.

Establish some of the main lines of another generation with the possibility of organizing cells with a radius of up to 20-30 km. All American Merezhi D-AMPSі CDMA, Japanese standard JDC (Japan Digital Cell) and the global global European standard GSM. It is very important for such pershopidniks of the market, like, for example, D-AMPS, to be brought up today. In order to face the competition, it has to reduce tariffs and offer services that the standard does not provide: auto-dialing, automatic number assignment, conference calls, voice mail, data transfer, as well as access to the Internet.

Save the amount of expansion of the cell and the basic infrastructure, the new standard CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) increasing the number of one-hour telephone subscribers from hundreds to 1000, as well as changing the compatibility of telephones, improving the confidentiality of the roses, and even ending the problem of twins. A leather CDMA phone may have its own identification number and for the replacement of the device, the participation of a mobile operator is required. The list of telephone numbers and the special organizer of the koristuvach are stored in the memory of the telephone, and when replacing the device, all information must be rewritten. To improve the confidentiality of messages in digital systems, the coding of the movie is used as a way to restrict the information flow. Phones and the CDMA standard may have small differences and low energy consumption. To this day, the standard, which is the largest wideband in Pivnichniy America and Korea, propagates subscribers with the best sound quality and the highest speed of data transmission (14.4 kb/s). Establish operators of the same standard in Russia, however, their number is small, through which roaming is more common.

Styles to the standard GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) today's most popular. This digital standard of mobile communication was created in Europe in 1991 and even more rapidly expanded throughout the world. The standard of insurance coverage for the operation of stylnikovyh merezh, insurance on the mass zastosuvannya that allows modification without damaging the basic functions. The radius of the GSM telephones can reach 35 km, and the number of one-hour calls is up to 1000. The maximum intensity of mobile phones is between 1 W, and stationary and car modifications of phones reach 20 W. GSM mobile terminals are the most small and can be the most resource of work without recharging.

For digital standards of style communication 2G is characterized by purer sound without vexations, as if only a little more timbre and intonation sound of the movie. With a weak signal or an unstable link, it is possible to slightly “forge” fragments of words. At the moment, if the subscriber hears the speaker, the digital systems turn on the transmitter again, so as not to miss the air and protect the battery charge. At the same time, the one who speaks, feels a piece of "comfortable noise" in the dynamics, so that there is no apparent sound of sound. It is practically impossible to listen to calls in the GSM airwaves, the shards of victories are collapsible and closed encryption algorithms, which often changes the skin of your own key.

Іtotno increased throughput capacity to the standard GSM 1800, which has expanded the range of victorious frequencies, and the stylists have added more. Dosvіd ekspluatatsії merezh GSM 1800 in the largest places showing that the standard allows you to change the number of merezhі navit for a total number of mobile calls. GSM vikoristovu frequency 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in the whole world, and the axis in the United States The Federal Commission for Radio Communication gave operators a small range in the region of 1900 MHz, thus creating the American standard GSM 1900. D-AMPS Mobile phones, which are available during this hour, are available on all three GSM bands.

Nadali vinikla gostra need for the creation of a new standard of mobile communication, a kind of zmіg bi to secure a greater security of transmission of information and a comfortable robot on the Internet. The task was seen by the lookout GPRS-technologies implemented in the form of super-budgeting over the GSM standard and which allow reaching the reception of 40.2 kbps.

For phones with the GSM standard, there is a change SIM card (Subscribe Identity Module), which allows the operator to uniquely identify the subscriber, and save 255 subscriber numbers from memory. When changing the SIM-card from one device to another, the current phone number and phone book are automatically transferred.

GSM operators provide a wide range of services:

• votes of the day;
• SMS alert text (Short Message Service);
• exit from the Internet directly from the phone for the help of a WAP-browser;
• transmission of information and faxes (speed 9.6 kb/s or up to 384 kb/s for EDGE technology support);
• conference calls;
• call forwarding;
• information services (weather, prices, addresses, telephones);
• shaping groups of coristuvachіv and іn.

Mobile cities GSM are made up of the switching system - Network Switching System (NSS), base station systems - Base Station System (BSS)і telephone subscribers (MS).

System NSS to serve the service of calls and commutations of the day, and to send the service to the subscriber. System BSS overrides all functions of the radio interface.

NSS is cumulative:

• mobile communication center (MSC);
• home roster register (HLR);
• Visiting Register of Stashing (VLR);
• Authentication Center (AUC);
• Subscriber Ownership Identification Register (EIR)

BSS including function blocks:

• base station controller (BSC);
• base station (BTS).

Mobile Communications Center (MSC) It is the main element of the GSM network and controls the BTS and BSC in its service area. MSC installs a connection between subscribers of a network, as well as a connection with other mobile and fixed networks.

Home Cash Register (HLR) collects information about subscribers (redirection of connected services, line station, budget, etc.), which are sent to MSC.

Visiting Register of Carrying Out (VLR) Retrieve information about active subscribers from the service area of ​​a specific MSC. Before it, data about the home subscribers of this MSC and subscribers, for which MSC is a guest, is given. Dzherelom information for VLR є HLR.

Authentication Center (AUC) serve to identify subscribers and prevent unauthorized access to the measure. Notice to the phone, send a call, send an SMS message. MSC obov'yazkovo vykonu procedure autentifikatsiy on pіdstavі іnformіїї, otrimany z AUC and MS.

Subscriber Ownership Identification Registry (EIR)є data base with information about the identification numbers of GSM mobile terminals, as well as a vikoristan for blocking intruder phones. EIR is not a binding element and is not for all mergers.

Base Station Controller (BSC) is a high-capacity commutator, which is used for handling all the functions of radio channels in the GSM network (MS handover, assigning to the radio channel and taking information about the configuration of cells). Under treatment of dermal MSC, you can also use BSC sprat.

Base station (BTS) keruє radio sound from the subscriber's phone. BTS is made up of priymachiv and antennas, which are necessary for the maintenance of skin stilts.

In GSM networks with GPRS packet data transmission technology, additional blocks are added:

• GPRS subscriber service center(SGSN), which is a router with advanced functions for establishing a packet data session, packet routing, and service charge. Varto designate that packet data is transmitted to the subsystem of base stations from the SGSN data base, and not from the MSC data base.
• Gateway vuzol GPRS(GGSN) is often constructively united in one annex at the same time from SGSN and є gateway of the border. If the data packets are superseded by the intermediary of the operator, then the GGSN will override this function.