It is strongly not recommended to experiment
to a working computer, it’s better to know how old the board is, what was lost, for example,
from the last upgrade, or often I’ll be right to pick it up on the її base "polygon".

About the hardware zahist that її efficiency

Microcircuit 24C02 supports hardware
zahist record. For which wick is entered WP (Write Protect). Tse pin 7 on
8-pin chip package. With WP=0 write allowed, WP=1 blocked.
From the point of view of various functions, memory modules can be of three types:

First option- Input WP of connections to the circuit "ground", then WP = 0. No protection.

Another option– WP input is connected to the plus line of life, so WP=1. At
why the SPD chip is permanently protected from the record, and programmatically change it
rather impossibly.

Third option– The WP input is connected to the input pin on the DIMM socket.
With all the presence of the record, the record is stale in the mother's payment, and in itself in the
moreover, what a logical rіven is applied to the entire contact. Ring out
constant value "0" or "1"
obviously. Theoretically, on the motherboard you can implement
software-accessible register, through which you can turn the camp
lines, so that programmatically install and know the protection of the SPD record. Alyona
In practice, such decisions are rarely made.

Tim, whoever experimented with overwriting SPD, needs to be re-verified
the presence of a logical "0" on contact 7 of the microcircuit 24C02 and if necessary
make changes to the scheme. The description of the microcircuit is pointed at.
Alarm remapping on DIMM sockets for different types of memory set to
.

The second type of defense is to turn on SMBus signals for help
soft-core switches. Sensation of such a zahistu in what for
specific resources are selected by the designated commutators
mother's payment, like a part of the chipset. For that, for help on food,
what should be recorded in some register for inclusion of protection, documentation on
chipset is not enough, the principle of the electrical circuit is required
mother's pay, as it is not available. Really, this type of zakhistu
vikoristovuєtsya rarely dosit. Author zustrіchav yogo less for some models
motherboard selection by ASUS

In this way, for most platforms, the protection of SPD information is
there is no more software to use when connected to the WP input of the microcircuit 24C02
on DIMMs.

Symptoms of malfunction

As you know, in the memory module's SPD chip, there can be no accidents.
lest vnaslidok di ї shkіdlivih programs. The reason may be
software failure, as well as hardware failure of the SPD microcircuit itself or
SMBus controller.

Symptoms of such an inadequacy are worth swearing in two
factors: the type of platform and the nature of creation (as the very parameters
created).

On "old-fashioned" platforms that have PC66, PC100, PC133 SDRAM memory, it doesn't matter
for those that DIMMs already missed SPD, BIOS retailers through the pen
"old" methods of memory detection based on
writing in RAM test data and їх control reading for special
Algorithm without using SPD. Such platforms have created together
SPD chips
do not bring up the cost of practice, if the memory controller can be
proіnіtsіalіzovano suboptimal.

Vikoristovuyuchi tsyu power of "old-time" platforms, the author successfully zastosovuvav fee on
chipset Intel BX as a programmer for microcircuits 24C02, timchasovo
inserting a microcircuit, as required to write, on one of the memory modules,
replacement of the SPD microcircuit.

On new platforms that win DDR, DDR2, DDR3, the procedure is adjusted
the memory controller is significantly more foldable than the vikonati її without receiving information
іz SPD is not possible. So pay, don’t start, as if there were someone who wants to
one DIMM from an invalid SPD. Find out which module is installed
the older bank, and the younger one has a reference module.

Zrozumіlo, it is rich to lie in this way, which is a parameter of creations. For example, like
increased value of the byte that sets the clock period, the BIOS is set
lower the frequency when initializing the memory controller, which will lead to a fall
swidcode.

Significantly, the data SPD is protected by the checksum
a program that allows you to change the timings of the memory module without removing it from the fret,
may correct the value of the control sum after changing the value
parameters It is also significant that on some motherboards the BIOS does not
recheck the SPD checksum. Therefore, the memory module with practical data
parameter values, or an incorrect SPD checksum may be normal
practice on such boards.

Come in later

Tim, who is mad about experimenting with overwriting SPD chips, see
zazdalegіd podbaty about vіdnovlennya їkhny vmіstu. Cob vmist SPD
save all memory modules in advance in files for help
SPD reading software, which is in the proponated set. categorically not
it is recommended to carry out such experiments on the main working computer, in short
know yakus old fee, scho lost, for example, from the last upgrade or
I often have the right to pick it up at the її base "polygon".

Optimally, if there will be a board on chipsets, for example, Intel TX, LX, BX,
vikoristovy SDRAM of the first generation. Yak Bulo said more, so pay the sound
save the practice in case of incorrect SPD capacity, therefore, it is possible
otrimati not start the system will be lower.

Guessing that the BIOS reads the SPD only when the computer is restarted,
ensure that the SPD is overwritten, if possible, restore the day off
vmіst before the skidannyam or viknennyam zhivlennya.

SPD Reader (WORK\READ directory)

Like in earlier published articles of this cycle, with the method of monopoly
seamless interoperability between the programs and the possessions during the work
with proponated stocks, the author zastosuvav "ancient" DOS adjustment technology.
Argumentation of such a brief and recommendations on how to organize a working space
in earlier published articles.

The program will read the SPD of the specified memory module (module number
request) and save it from the double file SPD.BIN, size 256 bytes. AT
streaming versions support chipsets:

Intel type 430TX up to 945 (with "pvdenniy bridges" PIIX4, ICH0-ICH7).
VIA type MVP3 up to K8x (with "pvdennym bridges" VT82C586B, VT82C596A/B, VT82C686A/B,
VT8233, VT8235, VT8237).

Support for NVidia, SiS, ATI chipsets is planned for future implementations
programs. For the obviousness of the reader's interest, the author will turn to these topics.

Directory to remove these files:

ASM_TD.BAT– secure assembly, linking and launching the program
owner. When TASM and TLINK are launched, options are selected to ensure
adding tax information to the EXE file.

ASM_EXE.BAT– secure assembly and linking. An EXE file is generated.

RD_SPD.ASM- The main module of the program.

A20.INC– Library for management and control will become the address line A20 with
to the output port of the keyboard controller.

BIGREAL.INC– Library of support for Big Real Mode for music
32-bit address in the range of 0-4 GB. Tsey regime, like and keruvannya address
line A20, necessary for this program, less so if the chipset
to remove the configuration registers that are in the memory space for
enabling the SMB controller requires reconfiguration of these registers (for that
(like the BIOS hibernating the SMB controller before the OS is taken over). Such register
є, for example, in "pivdennih bridges" Intel ICH6, ICH7. Ce register memory-mapped
range Root Complex Base Address - RCBA, details .

SCREEN.INC– Library of functions for displaying on the screen in text mode 80x25
symbols.

NUMPRINT.INC– Library for displaying 16 numbers in a text view.

PCIBIOS.INC– Library for access to configuration space
to select PCIBIOS functions. Details at .

REFRDEL.INC- Sub-program of a trick, like a vicorist's Refresh Trigger. Details in
.

SMBUS.INC– Function manager for System Management Bus trim procedures.

SMBDEVS.INC- The library, as a way to secure the support of chipsets. Whose module
faulted by subprograms, written by the task of the chipset.

TEXT.INC- Text rows.

CPU_DATA.INC– Dani, which are victorious for cherishing by the address line A20 and
support for Big Real Mode, which ensures 32-bit addressing.

SMB_DATA.INC– Change the constants that are matched by the procedures of the System support
management bus.

Note 1.

If the file with the name SPD.BIN is already present, it will be overwritten without
advance.

Note 2.

For most boards, the numbering of the memory modules is similar to the board center. For example,
if there are 4 sockets for DIMM on the board, then the one closest to the processor has a 3-bit socket
address of the SPD chip will be 000b=0, for the remote socket 011b=3. Together with Tim,
blames are being made, before the experiments were followed
reverse the numbering of modules. You can work for additional diagnostic utilities,
or by installing one module according to the needs of all roses and reversing, when setting
which DIMM number the program will recognize.

Note 3.

In the output texts of the program, the order of the procedures is to read and write bytes,
chipping during operations with SPD chips (Read_Byte, Write_Byte),
There are also procedures for reading and writing blocks (Read_Block, Write_Block). AT
given versions of the program do not stink and are reserved for the future
expansion of functionality. Block read and write SMB procedures will be required
for interaction with the registers of the clock generator.

SPD Writer (WORK\WRITE directory)

The program reads a double file SPD.BIN, size 256 bytes and writes it
instead of the specified SPD chip (the number of the DIMM module is being powered).
The control sum is automatically corrected.

The directory should be such a collection of files, like the directory WORK\READ,
more descriptions.

Note 1.

For boards with "pvdenniy bridge" VIA VT82C586B it is possible to read SPD only, without
record. Tse obezhennya programs, not a chipset.

Note 2.

The SPD Writer will automatically correct the data checksum.
Vіdpovіdno up to the standard, byte s address 3Fh may be younger 8 bit sumi
bytes from addresses 00h-3Eh. How the program is tested for memory modules,
yakі vikoristovuyut іnshiy format, or it is necessary to program in the microcircuit
data other than SPD information, checksum calculation procedure
needs to be modified.

Note 3.

On some memory modules
24C02, which allows overwriting, the masked microcircuit of the permanent
I will remember what I will add (PZP), it is impossible to rewrite it instead.

Text documents (WORK/DOC catalogue).

README.TXT– a short summary of how the software reads the SPD record.

SPD_SDR- Description of the SPD format for SDRAM memory modules.

SPD_DDR- Description of the SPD format for DDR SDRAM memory modules.

SPD_DDR2- Description of the SPD format for DDR2 SDRAM memory modules.

Documents in MS DOS text format. Transferred text files can be
vikoristani yak short Russian dovіdka for SPD formats for others
memory module types Detailed information can be obtained from .

Visnovok

At the article, one of the quips is looked at, for example, buti vikoristana
shkіdlivimi programs for seeing the way of possession, zokrema
memory modules
variation of methods of promotion. For those who know about circuitry and vmіє
trimati in the hands of a soldering iron for guidance will be enough for
the best way to repair DIMM modules in which SPD information has been created, as well as
implementation of the Serial Flash ROM chip programmer based on the original motherboard
pay.

The programs will also be appropriate for overclockers, for those
editing in place of SPD reveals new possibilities for "dispersing" memory,
skіlki nabіr parametrіv, yak can be keruvati, zmіnyuyuchi instead of SPD,
significantly wider, lower set of BIOS Setup options. Zrozumіlo, children need
more carefully, having thought far ahead of the way to reinvent the system’s practicality,
Shards when writing incorrect parameters to SPD, resetting CMOS will not help.

Another option for stowing a designated technology is saving from non-victorists
areas SPD "keys" that will, for example, recognize a given
computer for the protection of programs from unauthorized copying.

Dzherela information

developer.intel.com.

1) Intel 82371AB PCI-TO-ISA/IDE XCELERATOR (PIIX4) Datasheet. order number
290562-001.
2) Intel 82801DB I/O Controller Hub 4 (ICH4) Datasheet. document number
290744-001.
3) Intel I/O Controller Hub 6 (ICH6) Family Datasheet. document number
301473-001.

Electronic documents available on the site
developer.amd.com.

4) AMD-8111 HyperTransport I/O Hub Data Sheet. Publication#24674.

Electronic documents available on the site
datasheetarchive.com.

(Information on this site is more recent, lower on "native" sites
selection of microcircuit assignments.)

5) VIA VT82C586B PIPC PCI Integrated Peripheral Controller. For a joke
document, dial the row "VT82C586B".
6) VIA VT82C686A South Bridge Datasheet. Revision 1.54. For a search document
Dial row "VT82C686".
7) VIA VT82C686B South Bridge Datasheet. Revision 1.71. For a search document
Dial row "VT82C686".

Electronic documents available on the site
pcisig.com.

Documents on pcisig.com are available only for PCI members
Special Interest Group. Having speeded up by shukovy systems, you can know
given documents for zavantazhennya.

8) PCI BIOS Specification. revision 2.1.
9) PCI Local Bus Specification. revision 3.0.
10) PCI-to-PCI Bridge Architecture Specification. Revision 1.1.

Electronic documents available on the site
smbus.org.

11) System Management Bus (SMBus) Specification. Version 2.0.

Electronic documents available on the site

semiconductors.philips.com.

12) The I2C-Bus Specification. Version 2.1.

Electronic documents available on the site
atmel.com.

13) AT24C01A/02/04/08/16 2-Wire Serial CMOS E2PROM Data Sheet.

Electronic documents available on the site
jedec.org.

14) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.1.2.5-1. Appendix E: Specific PD's for
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM).
15) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.1.2.4-1. Appendix D: DDR Synchronous DRAM
(DDR SDRAM). 16) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C Page 4.1.2.10-1. Appendix X: Serial
Presence Detects for DDR2 SDRAM (Revision 1.2).
17) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.1.2.11-1. Appendix K: Serial Presence Detect
(SPD) for DDR3 SDRAM Modules. SPD Revision 1.0.
18) DDR2 FB-DIMM SPD 1.0. Appendix X: Serial Presence Detect (SPD) for Fully
Buffered DIMM (Revision 1.0).
19) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.5.4-1. 168-pin Unbuffered SDRAM DIMM family.
20) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.5.10-1. 184-pin Unbuffered DDR SDRAM DIMM
sіm'ya.
21) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.5.14-1. 240-pin Unbuffered and Registered
DDR2 SDRAM DIMM family.
22) JEDEC Standard No. 21-C. Page 4.20.19-1. 240-pin
PC3-6400/PC3-8500/PC3-10600/PC3-12800 DDR3 SDRAM Unbuffered DIMM Design
specification.

Books

23) V.L. Grigor'ev. Microprocessor i486. Architecture and programming.
Moscow TOV "GRANAL" 1993.
24) V.G. Artyukhiv, A.A. Budnyak. V.Yu. Lapiy. CM. Molyavko, O.I. Petrenko.
Design of microprocessor electronic and numerical equipment.
Dovіdnik Kiev "Tekhnika" 1988.
25) K. G. Samofalov, O.V. Viktoriv. Microprocessors. Library of the engineer. Kyiv
"Technique" 1989.
26) 2B ProGroup: V.A. Wegner, A.Yu. Krutyakov, V.V. Seryogin, V.A. Sidorov, A.V.
Spices. Personal computer equipment and programming. IBM
PC/XT/AT and PS/2. Moscow "Radio and call" 1995.

This module, the function of which is to save data and data, I will build a program or a program - this is an intermediary between a processor and disk storage devices. RAM is an energy-saving add-on, tobto. maybe it’s better to eat a new meal, with the inclusion of such a tribute to be ruined. Let's take a look at the characteristics of which most important building, without which your PC, smartphone, laptop or tablet will be a great hallway.

tipi ram

RAMs come in a variety of types, which radically change their characteristics and architecture.

– synchronous dynamic memory with sufficient access. Previously, the bula was done with the popular and victorious mayzhe in all computers, there was a clear synchronization with the system generator, which, at its own pace, allowing the controller to set the hour exactly, if the data would be ready. As a result, the hour of the delay of the cycles has changed significantly in connection with the availability of data to the skin clock of the timer. Today, more modern types of memory are remembered.

- Tse dynamically synchronized memory, it is based on the principle of vipadkovy access and sub-width exchange of data. Such a module has a number of positive indications for SDRAM, the most important of which - for 1 cycle of the system generator, 2 operations are performed, so at a constant frequency, the bandwidth at the peak is increased by 2 times.

- this is the beginning of expansion, it works the same way, like in DDR type RAM, the data of this model is subdivided for the general selection of data per clock (4 bits 2x). In addition, another generation has become more energy efficient, the thermal power has changed, and the frequencies have grown.

- a new generation of RAM, the most important type of rice in DDR2 - frequencies that have grown, and a change in energy savings. Also, the design of the keys has been changed again (special holes for precise entry into the slot).

There are modifications of DDR3, which are less energy efficient - DDR3L and LPDDR3 (the voltage in the first model is changed to 1.35, and in the other to 1.2, the same as in simple DDR3 it is 1.5V).

DDR4 SDRAM- new generation of operational memory. It is characterized by growth up to 3.2 Gb / s of data exchange speed, increased to 4266 MHz frequency and significantly increased stability.

RIMM(RDRAM, Rambus DRAM) - memory, based on the same principles, like DDR, but with an increase in the clock frequency, which was achieved for a smaller bus width. Also, when addressing the middle of the row number, that column is given at the same time.

The performance of RIMM became richer, and the productivity was less than a trifle greater than that of DDR, as a result, this type of RAM fell into the market underwhelmed.

Choose the type of RAM not only depending on the potential of the characteristics of your motherboard, but also on the compatibility with other storage systems.

Options for physical packaging of chips (packaging)

Installed on the RAM modules, the memory chips can be stashed either from one side (one-sided stashing), or from two (double-sided). In the remaining variant, the modules can be installed with the help of others, which does not allow you to install them on a PC.

Form factor

Specially, the standard is broken down in the description of the RAM module expansion, the total number and the number of contacts. Іnuє kіlka types of form factors:

SIMM (Single in Line Memory Module) - 30 or 72 bilateral contacts;

RIMM- Firm form factor of RIMM modules (RDRAM). 184, 168 or 242 contacts;

DIMM(Dual in Line Memory Module) - 168, 184, 200 or 240 independent, spread on the sides of the module, contact maidanchikiv.

FB-DIMM(Fully Buffered DIMM) - on/off server modules. Identical to the DIMM form factor with 240 pins, but less than 96 pins for the size of the serial interface. The sensors present on the skin module of the AMB microcircuit (Advanced Memory Buffer) ensure high buffering and conversion of all signals, including addressing. The productivity and scale have also been significantly reduced. Sumіsnі less with a similar buffered memory.

LRDIMM(Load Reduced Dual In-Line Memory Modules) – server modules included. Equipped with an iMB buffer (Isolation Memory Buffer), which reduces the burden on the memory bus. Zastosovuyutsya for priskrennya great obsyagіv remembrance.

SODIMM(Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module) - a type of DIMM with smaller sizes for installation in portable devices, mainly laptops. 144 and 200 contacts, more than the standard option - 72 and 168.

MicroDIMM(Micro Dual In-Line Memory Module) - More changes to SODIMMs. Ring up 60 contacts. Possible implementation of contacts - 144 SDRAM, 172 DDR and 214 DDR2.

On the edge of the mystery merited by low profile (Low Profile) memory - created specifically for low-rise server cases, modules with a smaller, equal to standard, height.

The form factor is the main parameter of the RAM capacity with the motherboard;

What is SPD?

On the skin plane of the DIMM form factor there is a small SPD (Serial Presence Detect) chip, which has data about the parameters of the physical chips. This information is critical for uninterrupted operation and is read by the BIOS at the test stage for optimizing the parameters of access to RAM.

Ranks of the memory module and its number

Memory block 64 bits wide (72 for ECC modules), N physical chips. The leather module can be of type 1 to 4 grades, moreover, its own number of grades is used in motherboards. It is understandable - if no more than 8 ranks are installed on the motherboard, then it means that the total number of ranks of RAM modules cannot exceed 8, for example, in this case - 8 single-rank or 4 ranks. Regardless of the fact that more slots are left out - with the exhausted limit of wounds, it is impossible to install additional modules.

It's easy to assign a rank for a specific RAM. At Kingston, the number of rankings is indicated by one of the 3 letters at the center of the marking list: S - ce peer-ranked, D - different-ranked, Q - choti-ranked. For example:

• KVR1333D3L S 4R9S/4GEC
• KVR1333D3L D 4R9S/8GEC
• KVR1333D3L Q 8R9S/8GEC

Other scribes indicate this parameter, for example, 2Rx8, which means:

2R - dwarf module

x8 – data bus width on the skin chip

tobto. 2Rx8 module without ECC can have 16 physical chips (64x2/8).

Timings and latency

Vikonannya be-like operation chip memory vіdbuvaєtsya for a few cycles of the system bus. Necessary for recording and reading data, the number of beats and timings.

Latency, for short - zatrymennya to the sides of the memory, so it depends on the number of cycles and is recorded by three numerical parameters: CAS Latency, RAS to CAS Delay, RAS Precharge Time. Sometimes a fourth digit is added - DRAM Cycle Time Tras / Trc, which characterizes the main code of all memory chips.

CAS Latency or CAS(CL) - reading the moment, if the data were powered by the processor and up to the beginning of the current reading from RAM. One of the most important characteristics that determine the speed of robotic RAM. Little CL to talk about high swidcode RAM.

RAS to CAS Delay(tRCD) - delay between the transmission of the RAS (Row Address Strobe) and CAS (Column Address Strobe) signals, it is necessary to clearly distinguish these signals by the memory controller. It seems simpler - the request for reading data includes row numbers and stovptsya sides of memory and qi signals due to be clear, in another case there will be multiple pardons of the data.

RAS Precharge Time(tRP) - defines the time of shutdown between the deactivation of a streaming data row and the activation of a new one. In other words - the interval, through which controller I can re-send RAS and CAS signals.

Clock frequency, transmission frequency (Data rate)

Transmission frequency (Now - transmission speed) - the maximum possible number of transmission cycles per second. Wins in gigatransfers (GT/s) or megatransfers (MT/s).

The clock frequency determines the maximum frequency of the system oscillator. Remember that DDR stands for Double Data Rate, which means double the data exchange rate of the same clock. So, for example, for the DDD2-800 module, the clock frequency will be 400.

Throughput capacity (peak speed of data transmission)

In the simplified version, it is ensured that the frequency of the system bus is multiplied by the amount of data that is transmitted per clock.

The peak speed is the additional frequency and capacity of the bus per the number of memory channels (H×R×K). On the memory modules it seems like, for example, PC3200, which, obviously, means the peak speed of data transfer for this module is as high as 3200 MB / s.

For optimal performance of the system, the total value of the memory lanes of the memory lanes can be changed to the PS bus of the processor, the dual-channel mode is the most important, if the straps occupy the bus over the full width.

What is the ECC support (Error Correct Code)

Memory from support ECC allows you to know and correct spontaneous pardons at the hour of data transmission. Physically, ECC vikonana looks like an additional 8-bit memory chip on the skin 8 main ones and is significantly more "parity control". The essence of this technology is based on the fact that one rather changed in the process of recording / reading a 64-bit machine word bit with a further correction.

Buffered (registry) memory

It is characterized by the presence on the RAM modules of special registers (buffers) that process control signals and addressing of the controller. Irrespective of the additional timing of the stutter, which causes trouble for the buffer, register memory is widely exploited in professional systems due to a decrease in the stress on the synchronization system and a significant increase in reliability.

It is necessary to remember that buffered and unbuffered memories are insane and cannot be practiced in one extension.

What is SPD (Serial Presence Detect)?

All modern memory modules can have an SPD (Serial Presence Detect) chip. Sequential detection interface for the system management bus (SMBus) In 1997, the SMBus was introduced with another extended interface - ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface), which became an indispensable part.
The principle of using SPD is to start before transferring data (for the help of the system BIOS) to the EEPROM chip installed on the modules, to the secondary registers of the memory controller located at the warehouse of the veterinary bridge, via the SMBus-interface of the common controller of peripheral components concentrator controller - div. Fig.1). In this way, the system takes all the necessary data about the module and adjusts to the optimal mode of operation, based on the values ​​recorded in the SPD chip.
The global SPD standard (JEDEC Standard No. 21-C, part 4.1.2) is approved for the joint electronic device engineering (JEDEC - Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council) and transmits a single byte programming card in hexadecimal (HEX) code, de distributed by a large volume of 2048bit (or 256 byte fields) - it was designed to create a global standard for recording the main information, which is universally classifying the memory module (Table 1).
These modules, which support the scheme of the last detection, are responsible for ensuring the safe operation of the record of the party and at least some of the last addresses. The SPD scheme itself is characterized by the interface protocol, the size of the programming card, the type of data and the difference.

Rice. one.

Reading/writing data from/to EEPROM is carried out via the SDA input/output line behind the additional SCL signal (input signal for reading/writing data synchronization) together with the SA address signals transmitted by the module pinout (small 2). The system is synchronized with the SPD chip at a frequency of 80 kHz.

Rice. 2.

Table 1

The SPD card must be programmed once and never changed again - due to the main standard, after adding data to EEPROM, the WP (Write Protect) input is set to the "non-write" position to prevent accidental erasing or changing the microcircuit. At the extreme level of the WP EEPROM chip, which is checked for recording, it connects to the signal line of the SWP module, at which level the signal is active for promotion, it is high (at a low level, the chip is allowed to record). The SDA and SCL lines can switch on the "open-drain" or "open-collector" type of switch-on circuit, and turn on the external power supply of 47 kOhm. Strum turn dzherela tsikh line can be but yak minimum 3mA, schob trimuvaty effective low level signal 21-C-4.1.2 regulates the detection of the sequential detection scheme in any memory modules regardless of the type of RAM / ROM that is being detected, and the form factor. The goal is to give this scheme a vinyatkov's flexibility and versatility, as a standard of transfers for reference and distant architectures, and include a reserve field for entering special information, as it will be needed in the future. If a specific architecture is standardized, like a basic one, that conveys the power of functionality, a specific organization, individual characteristics, too. - everything is shown in the SPD scheme: the details are entered in the backup data (as such characteristics are not transferred to the current one), and in the full specification it is described by additional details, except for which, on the skin, the characteristic may be an address card. Table one.

All memory modules, which may have a different form factor, which avenge the memory with their architectural features, and in which there is a sequential detection scheme, due to such behaviors:
- Vіdomy Іnterfeysny protocol;
- suitable (acceptable) configuration of the module;
- standardized architecture ("depth", "width", number of vicor banks, addressing scheme only);
- pardon re-verification scheme, which should be considered (ECC, Parity, etc.);
- standard or praised by the commission "provided diagram" (installation of that distribution of signal lines on memory modules).
The presence of the sequential detection scheme on the memory modules allows the selection of motherboards to be introduced to the optimal values ​​of the main clock parameters in the system BIOS, including all the necessary information for the normal setup of the system and a stable function. Krym tsgogo, the SPD mechanism can fix the system and guarantee the robot’s stand if there are different modules in the memory subsystem, different organization, different volume of one-menu parameters, which can change the values ​​(when the system is installed, the system will have different values) . Rewriting of EEPROM microcircuits may be more sensitive if defects in recording information are corrected

Operative memory is victorious for timchasovogo zberіgannya data necessary for the robotic operating system and all programs. Operational memory can be enough, if not, the computer starts to rumble.

A board made of memory chips is called a memory module (or a bar). Memory for a laptop, the size of the slats, nothing is different from the memory for a computer, so when choosing, use these very recommendations.

For an office computer, one 4 GB DDR4 strip with a frequency of 2400 or 2666 MHz is enough (it may be different).
RAM Crucial CT4G4DFS824A

For a multimedia computer (movies, simple games), it's better to take two DDR4 sticks with a frequency of 2666 MHz, 4 GB each, the same memory as the memory for the dual-channel mode.
RAM Ballistix BLS2C4G4D240FSB

For a mid-range gaming computer, you can take one DDR4 bar for 8 GB with a frequency of 2666 MHz in order for the future to be able to add one more and it will be simpler.
RAM Crucial CT8G4DFS824A

And for an exhaustive gaming or professional PC, it is necessary to take a set of 2 DDR4 sticks of 8 GB each, with a frequency of 2666 MHz being sufficient.

2. Skіlki need to remember

For an office computer, recognized for work with documents and access to the Internet, one 4 GB memory bar is enough for the head.

For a multimedia computer, which can be used to review videos in high quality and low-quality video cards, a total of 8 GB of memory can be downloaded.

For a mid-range gaming computer, the minimum option is 8 GB of RAM.

For a heavy-duty gaming or professional computer, 16 GB of memory is required.

More memory may be needed only for the most powerful professional programs and for the most powerful students is not needed.

Memory capacity for older PCs

If you've lost more memory on your old computer, vouch that 32-bit versions of Windows don't support more than 3 GB of RAM. So, if you install 4 GB of RAM, then the operating system is more than 3 GB.

If there are 64-bit versions of Windows, then the stink may be able to override all the installed memory, but if you have an old computer or an old printer, then they may not show drivers for the operating system. In such a case, before buying a memory, install a 64-bit version of Windows and turn it around, everything works for you. I also recommend that you take a look at the site of the mother board maker and see what kind of modules and how much memory there is.

Remember that 64-bit operating systems use 2 times more memory, for example, Windows 7 x64 for your needs takes about 800 MB. That 2 GB of memory for such a system will not be enough, but no less than 4 GB.

Practice shows that the current operating systems Windows 7,8,10 are again developed for 8 GB of memory. The system is becoming more strange, the programs are becoming more fluent, and the games are learning rivks (freezes).

3. Type of memory

Today's memory may be the type DDR SDRAM and it will be gradually restored. So, DDR and DDR2 memory is already old and can only be broken on old computers. DDR3 memory is no longer viable on new PCs, it was replaced by the promising DDR4.

Please note that the choice of memory type is the fault of the processor and the motherboard.

Torozhov Novi processor, z Mіrkuvan Sumyosnuti, you can pіdtrimvati pamiy DDR3L, Yaka Vіdrіznayvnayvna Zvitch, DDR3 zinaged in Zvitch zinjoy З 1.5 to 1.35 V. SAI COMPONENTS MOSCUARY MAY PRAZYUVATY DDR3, Yakscho you have vzhzhu є, ale do not recommend it - due to the increased degradation of memory controllers, relied on DDR4 with a lower voltage of 1.2 U.

Memory type for older PCs

The memory of DDR2 has become obsolete in a kіlka times more expensive for today's memory. A 2 GB DDR2 bar is twice as expensive, and a 4 GB DDR2 bar is 4 times more expensive than a DDR3 bar or DDR4 of the same kind.

So, if you want to actually increase the memory on your old computer, then perhaps the best option would be to switch to a larger modern platform by replacing the motherboard and as a processor, it will be possible to increase the memory of DDR4.

Get some extra money for you, it might be smarter to sell the old motherboard for the old memory and the new ones, don’t try to find more expensive ones, but there are more modern components.

Different motherboards for installing memory are called slots.

The skin type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4) is supported by the upper slot. DDR3 memory can be installed on the motherboard with 3 DDR3 slots, DDR4 with 3 DDR4 slots. Motherboards that support the old DDR2 memory are no longer viable.

5. Characteristics of memory

The main characteristics of the memory, such as depositing її shvidkodiya, є frequency and timings. The speed of robotic memory does not affect the overall productivity of a computer as much as a processor. Tim is not smaller, you can often remember shvidshu memory not richer. Shvidka memory is necessary for us in front of hard professional computers.

5.1. Memory frequency

The frequency is the most important for the speed of robotic memory. But before the purchase, it is necessary to reconsider that the processor and motherboard also adjust the required frequency. In the other case, the frequency of robotic memory will be lower and you will simply overpay for those that are not available.

Inexpensive motherboards offer a lower maximum memory frequency, for example, for DDR4 at 2400 MHz. Motherboards of the middle and high class can boost memory from a higher frequency (3400-3600 MHz).

And from іz processors on the right іnaksha. Old processors with DDR3 support can support memory with a maximum frequency of 1333, 1600 or 1866 MHz (depending on the model). For modern processors with DDR4 memory support, the memory frequency, which is maximally supported, can become 2400 MHz or more.

The 6th generation Intel processors are higher, and the AMD Ryzen processors also support DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2400 MHz or higher. At the same time, in the current model range, there are not only expensive expensive processors, but processors of the middle and budget class. In this way, you can choose a computer on the most current platform with an inexpensive processor and DDR4 memory, and in the future, the processor will take the most productive.

The main memory today is DDR4 2400 MHz, which is supported by the most modern processors, motherboards and accessories like DDR4 2133 MHz. Therefore, DDR4 memory with a frequency of 2133 MHz is no sense today.

How often the memory frequency is supported by that other processor can be found on the websites of the compilers:

Behind the model number or serial number, it’s easy to know all the characteristics of any processor on the site:

Or just enter the model number in the search system of Google or Yandex (for example, "Ryzen 7 1800X").

5.2. Memory from a high frequency

Now I want to hit another ticking moment. For sale, you can increase the RAM at a high frequency, lower the level of any current processor (3000-3600 MHz and in). Clearly, richly koristuvachiv wondering about food, how can you be like that?

All on the right is the technology developed by Intel, eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP). XMP allows memory to work at a higher frequency, lower officially supports the processor. XMP can support memory itself, and the motherboard. Memory from a high frequency can simply be used without support of technology, but far from all mothers can boast of support. Basically, expensive models are higher than the middle class.

The essence of XMP technology lies in the fact that the motherboard automatically increases the frequency of the memory bus, the reason why the memory starts working at a higher frequency.

AMD has a similar technology called AMD Memory Profile (AMP), which was supported by older motherboards for AMD processors. Motherboards sounded and supported XMP modules.

Treasure the memory with a higher frequency and the motherboard with XMP support є sens for hard professional computers equipped with a top-end processor. The middle-class computers will have to spend pennies on the wind, so everything depends on the productivity of other components.

In games, the memory frequency can be a small influx and there is no special sensation to overpay, it will be sufficient to take it at 2400 MHz, or at 2666 MHz the price difference will be small.

For professional programs, you can take memory from a higher frequency - 2666 MHz, or if you want, you can allow 3000 MHz. The difference in productivity here is more low in games, but not cardinal, so there is no particular sense of memory due to the frequency.

Once again, I'll guess that your motherboard can support the memory of the required frequency. In addition, some Intel processors start to work unstable at a memory frequency of more than 3000 MHz, and Ryzen between them becomes close to 2900 MHz.

Timings are called jams between operations of reading/writing/copying data from operational memory. Vidpovidno, chim qi zatrimki less, tim better. Ale timings may have a little less impact on the speed of robotic memory, lower frequency.

There are less than 4 main timings, which are indicated in the characteristics of memory modules.

Of these, the first digit is the most important, as it is called latency (CL).

Typical latency for DDR3 1333 MHz memory is CL 9, for DDR3 memory with higher frequency is CL 11.

Typical latency for DDR4 2133 MHz memory is CL 15, for DDR4 memory with higher frequency is CL 16.

Do not varto buy the memory of the latency more than it is ordered, but it is not enough to talk about the blatant low level of technical characteristics.

Sound, memory from lower timings is more expensive, but if the difference in price is not significant, then the next thing is to remember the memory from lower latency.

5.4. Life pressure

The memory of the mother can change the tension of life. It can be standard (for the singing type of memory), so it can be promoted (for enthusiasts) or, navpaki, lowered.

This is especially important if you want to add memory to your computer or laptop. In such a time, the tension of new planks can be the same as in the new ones. Otherwise, there may be problems, but the majority of motherboards cannot set different voltages for different modules.

If the voltage is set behind the bar with the lowest voltage, then the other can get lively and the system is stable. As soon as the voltage is set behind the bar with a higher voltage, then the memory is charged for a smaller voltage and can be put into operation.

If you choose a new computer, it's not so important, but to solve possible problems of balance with the motherboard and replace or expand the memory in the future, it's better to choose the straps with a standard elastic life.

Memory, fallow type, may have the same standard life pressure:

• DDR - 2.5V
• DDR2 - 1.8V
• DDR3 - 1.5 V
• DDR3L - 1.35 V
• DDR4 - 1.2 V

I think you've changed your mind about what's on the list with DDR3L memory. This is not a new type of memory, but standard DDR3, but with a lowered voltage (Low). The same memory is needed for 6th generation Intel processors and more, like DDR4, and DDR3. But it’s better in such a state of mind to still choose a system with new DDR4 memory.

6. Marking of memory modules

Memory modules are marked according to the memory type and frequency. The marking of DDR memory modules starts from the PC, then there is a figure that indicates the generation of that speed in megabytes per second (Mb / s).

Behind such markings it is not easy to navigate, it is enough to know the type of memory (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4), frequency and latency. Ale іnodi, for example, on the sites are stunned, you can use marking, rewriting from the bar. In order for you to be able to orientate yourself in such a way, I will mark in a classic way, from the assigned memory type, frequency and typical latency.

DDR - obsolete

• PC-2100 (DDR 266 MHz) - CL 2.5
• PC-2700 (DDR 333 MHz) - CL 2.5
• PC-3200 (DDR 400 MHz) - CL 2.5

DDR2 - obsolete

• PC2-4200 (DDR2 533 MHz) - CL 5
• PC2-5300 (DDR2 667 MHz) - CL 5
• PC2-6400 (DDR2 800 MHz) - CL 5
• PC2-8500 (DDR2 1066 MHz) - CL 5

DDR3 - aging

• PC3-10600 (DDR3 1333 MHz) - CL 9
• PC3-12800 (DDR3 1600 MHz) - CL 11
• PC3-14400 (DDR3 1866 MHz) - CL 11
• PC3-16000 (DDR3 2000 MHz) - CL 11

• PC4-17000 (DDR4 2133 MHz) - CL 15
• PC4-19200 (DDR4 2400 MHz) - CL 16
• PC4-21300 (DDR4 2666 MHz) - CL 16
• PC4-24000 (DDR4 3000 MHz) - CL 16
• PC4-25600 (DDR4 3200 MHz) - CL 16

DDR3 and DDR4 memory can be used at a higher frequency, but it can also be used with top-end processors and expensive motherboards.

7. Design of memory modules

Memory bars can be one-sided, two-sided, or without radiators.

7.1. Placement of chips

Chips on memory modules can be placed from one side of the board (one-sided) and from two sides (double-sided).

It doesn't matter if you buy memory for a new computer. Well, if you want to add memory to the old PC, then it’s bad, if the chips were put on the new plan, it was the same, like on the old one. Tse dopomozhe to solve the problems of summancy and promote the efficiency of robotic memory in the dual-channel mode, about which we will talk more in this article.

At the same time, the sale can be done without any memory modules with aluminum radiators of various colors and shapes.

The presence of radiators can be true on the DDR3 memory with a high frequency (1866 MHz and more), the chips will heat up more strongly. At the same time, ventilation can be well organized in the building.

The current operating memory DDR4 with a frequency of 2400, 2666 MHz practically does not heat up and the radiators on it will be purely decorative. The stench can inspire respect, to that in a deaky hour they will be killed with a saw, which is important to clean up. Moreover, such a costly memory is more precious. So, if you want, you can spare someone, for example, by taking Crucial's miraculous memory at 2400 MHz without radiators.

Memory with a frequency of 3000 MHz can be increased by a voltage of life, but it will not be possible to heat up and in any case there will be radiators on it.

8. Memory for laptops

Memory for laptops is similar to memory for desktop computers, except for the size of the memory module and is marked SO-DIMM DDR. Like for stationary computers, memory for laptops may be of type DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4.

Behind the frequency, timing, that strained memory for laptops is not compared to memory for computers. Ale laptops are equipped with less than 1 or 2 slots for memory and may be more efficient for maximum storage. Before choosing a memory for a specific laptop model, please check the parameters carefully.

9. Working memory modes

The memory can be used in Single Channel, Dual Channel, Triple Channel or Quad Channel.

In single-channel mode, data recording is performed sequentially by the skin module. In rich-channel modes, data recording is carried out in parallel to all modules, which leads to a significant increase in the memory code of the memory subsystem.

The single-channel mode of memory replacement is no longer used by old motherboards with DDR memory and the first models with DDR2.

All modern motherboards support dual-channel memory robotic mode, and tri-channel and dual-channel modes support more than one single model of more expensive motherboards.

The head of the brain works in the dual-channel mode - the presence of 2 or 4 memory bars. For the tri-channel mode, 3 or 6 memory bars are needed, and for the choti-channel mode, 4 or 8 bars.

Bazhano, so that all memory modules were the same. Otherwise, dual-channel operation is not guaranteed.

If you want to add memory to an old computer and your motherboard supports dual-channel mode, try to choose the bar that is as identical as possible for all parameters. It's best to sell the old one and buy 2 new ones.

In today's computers, the memory controller has been moved from the motherboard to the processor. Now it is not so important that the memory modules are the same, so that the processor with a larger number of devices can still activate the dual-channel mode. This means that if in the future you want to add memory to a modern computer, then it will not be obligatory to say just such a module, it is enough to choose the most similar in terms of characteristics. But all the same, I recommend that the memory modules be the same. Tse give you a guarantee of її swedkoї and stable work.

Since the memory controllers have been transferred to the processor, two modes of dual-channel memory work have appeared - Ganged (pairings) and Unganged (non-pairings). If the memory modules are the same, the processor can work with them in Ganged mode, as before. Since the modules are dependent on the characteristics, the processor can activate the Unganged mode in order to fix distortions in the robot's memory. In general, the speed of robotic memory in these modes is practically the same and does not change.

The only shortfall of the two-channel mode is those that are more expensive in memory of modules, less one of the same obsyagu. But if you are not too tightly squeezed in the locks, then buy 2 planks, the security of the robot and memory will be significant.

If you need, say, 16 GB of RAM, but as long as you can’t afford it, you can add one bar for 8 GB, so that the future one can add one. But all the same, it’s better to combine two of the same planks in a row, so that later you may not know the same and you are stuck with the problem of wisdom.

10. Builders of memory modules

One of the best price / quality ratios for today can be remembered by the Crucial brand, which has shamelessly proven itself, which has modules from budget to gaming (Ballistix).

The Corsair brand is superb with it, which deserves its well-deserved popularity, the memory of which is dearer.

As an inexpensive alternative, I especially recommend the Polish brand Goodram, which has low timings for a low price (Play line).

For an inexpensive office computer, the simple memory of AMD or Transcend will suffice. The stench miraculously proved itself and there are practically no problems with them.

For starters, the Korean companies Hynix and Samsung are the leaders in memory. But at the same time, modules of these brands are mass-produced in cheap Chinese factories, and among them there is already a lot of stuff. That is why I do not recommend to build up the memory of these brands.

You can blame the Hynix Original and Samsung Original memory modules, which are made in Korea. Zі slats sound blue color, їх аkіst vvazhєєєєєєєєєє ієєє ієє ієєє ії ії ії ії і ії і і і і і і і і і а guaranty οn them ії vає vаєє vishchoy. But behind the swedish characteristics of the stench, the memory of the lower timings of other brands is given.

Well, for enthusiasts and lovers of modding, there are available overclocker brands GeIL, G. Skill, Team. Your memory is reminiscent of low timings, high potential, unparalleled stark looks and costs a fraction of the cost of promoting the Corsair brand.

For sale there is a wide range of memory modules similar to the popular Kingston recorder. The memory that is sold under the budget brand Kingston was by no means aroused by high quality. And yet they have the top HyperX series, which deserves a well-deserved popularity, as you can recommend before getting ready, the protection price on it is often dependent.

11. Memory packaging

It is better to buy a memory in an individual package.

Sound out more high quality and transportability is significantly lower during transportation, lower in memory, which is delivered without packaging.

12. Greater memory

If you are planning to add memory to your current computer or laptop, first find out what the maximum capacity of the straps and the maximum capacity of the memory is to support your motherboard or laptop.

Also specify the number of memory slots on the motherboard or laptop, how many of them are occupied and how the strips are installed in them. The best work is visually. Look at the case, take out the memory strips, take a look at them and rewrite the characteristics (or take a photo).

If for some reason you don't want to get into the case, you can look at the memory parameters in the program on the SPD tab. In this rank, you do not recognize a one-sided or two-sided bar, but you can recognize the characteristics of the memory, as there are no stickers on the plan.

Є base and effective memory frequency. The CPU-Z program and many similar ones show the base frequency, so you need to multiply by 2.

In addition, as you know to what extent you can increase your memory, how many free slots and how memory you have installed, you can proceed to increase the capacity to increase your memory.

If all the memory slots are occupied, then the only possibility of increasing the memory is to replace the main bars with new ones. And the old strips can be sold on the website for deafening or rented for exchange in a computer store, buying new ones.

If there are more slots, then you can add new memory bars. With all the trouble, the new planks were as close as possible to the previously installed characteristics. In this way, you can avoid various problems of coherence and increase the chances of remembering the pracciuvate in the dual-channel mode. For what is the fault of buti dotrimani, think like that, how important it is.

1. The memory type is responsible for the change (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
2. The pressure of life of all bars can be the same.
3. Mustache planks can be either one-sided or two-sided.
4. The frequency of all bars can be increased.
5. Usі slats mayut but the same obligation (for dual-channel mode).
6. The number of slats can be paired: 2, 4 (for dual-channel mode).
7. Bazhano, so that the latency (CL) increased.
8. Bazhano, so that the planks of the boules of the same virobnik.

The simplest way is to choose from a picker. Choose in the catalog of the online store the strips of the same picker, obsyagu that frequency, as installed in you. Check whether the voltage of life drops and check with the consultant whether it is one-sided or two-sided. As more latency increases, then it’s good.

If you didn’t know how similar the characteristics of the plank of the same picker are, then choose from the list of recommendations. Then again check the bars of the required frequency, check the voltage of life and specify one-sided stench or two-sided ones. If you didn’t know how to find similar strips, then look in another store, catalog or on the site it’s stunned.

The best option is to sell all the old memory and buy 2 new ones. Since the motherboard doesn't support the required slats, it's possible to buy 4 of the same slats.

13. Adjustment of filters in the online store

1. Go to the "Random Access Memory" section on the seller's website.
2. Select recommended picks.
3. Select form factor (DIMM - PC, SO-DIMM - laptop).
4. Select memory type (DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4).
5. Select the required storage space for slats (2, 4, 8 GB).
6. Select the frequency that is maximally supported by the processor (1600, 1866, 2133, 2400 MHz).
7. If your motherboard supports XMP, upgrade the memory to a higher frequency (2666, 3000 MHz).
8. Sort the selection by price.
9. Consistently look over all the positions, starting from the cheapest ones.
10. Choose a sprinkling of slats, how to change the frequency.
11. As the difference in price is acceptable to you, take the straps with a higher frequency and lower latency (CL).

In this way, you take away the optimal cost / quality / speed of memory for the least possible varity.

14. Posilannya

RAM Corsair CMK16GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Corsair CMK8GX4M2A2400C16
RAM Crucial CT2K4G4DFS824A

The market for operational memory should be considered conservative. Behind the blame appeared once every two or three years of other types of modules and regular updating of JEDEC standards, such that clock frequencies, whether technological innovations, are more rarely and more likely to go beyond the scope of changes in the cooling system, or more of a modern look. In connection with this varto add a lot of respect to Enhanced Performance Profiles (EPP) technology, recently announced by NVIDIA as a standard.

Any DDR2-compliant memory module includes a Serial Presence Detect (SPD) chip, firmware name and model name, serial number, as well as the nominal frequencies and timings, up to JEDEC. However, due to the method of ensuring the total amount of memory with motherboards, memory bins often indicate in the SPD the most secure jams, far from the real parameters of the modules - in this way, in order to achieve optimal swidcode (and more overclocking) I manually set the value On the other hand, the JEDEC specifications, instead of SPD, do not transfer the savings of such important parameters as the voltage of the Command Rate, as well as some fine adjustments, zocrema, and a number of Drive Strength parameters. With the initiative to create a unified industry-standard optimized automatic assignment of parameters in memory modules, the NVIDIA company acted jointly with Corsair.

Before the retailers stood the task of improving the staff productivity of the memory subsystem, so that it would be easier for the overclocking process - to make it more “clear” for newbies and to give a good base for experiments to reach overclockers. To achieve the goals of the SPD-microcircuits, with the addition of the necessary parameters, providing full intelligence with the JEDEC powers, including the saving of the explicit safe mode for the guaranteed passage of the POST procedure in any mind. The result of robotic official presentations on 15 May 2009 seems to have been approved by the Enhanced Performance Profiles (EPP) standard, which, side by side with NVIDIA, called "SLI-Ready Memory".

Corsair TWIN2X 2048-6400C3

Memory type PC2-6400 (DDR2-800)

About `em 2×1024 MB

nominal life pressure 2.2V

Regular timings for PC2-6400 mode 3-4-3-9

Reference price$440

Nadano Unikom Consulting www.unikom.com.ua

Different timings for DDR2-800 frequencies; trim EPP; SLI certification

Chi is not a record maximum clock speed

Optimal memory for working on low timings

From a technical point of view, the implementation of EPP is quite simple. To achieve this capability, it is necessary to have the available memory modules, as well as the motherboard with the BIOS, in order to read the extended information from the SPD. The amount of memory of the SPD-chip should be 256 bytes, for which there are more than 99 occupancy, it is possible to JEDEC. Additional parameters that are included before the EPP specification are located in the 99-127 bytes zone and do not affect the operation of modules on motherboards, as they do not support EPP.

NVIDIA nForce 590 SLI became the first chipset from the EPP support, however, this list may expand in the future. In accordance with the nature of the standard, the transmission of whether there are any licensed awards, and the creators to request the cessation of virobniks in support of their initiative. Regardless of that, the distribution was carried out by NVIDIA jointly with Corsair (as it introduced the first products with EPP on the day of the announcement of the standard), as of today, different kits with support for this technology are already also in the range of Kingston, Crucial and OCZ Technology, and other manufacturers are planning to announce their own EPP - Collect modules at the next hour. Optionally, the developer can send his own EPP-modules for NVIDIA certification for compatibility with SLI-systems, after which I waive the right to place the SLI-Ready logo on the product packaging - at the time of writing, the article in the list of certified products is already 17 sets in memory created brands. It is important that the EPP support is not responsible for adding to the price of modules, the shards of everyday technological changes are not transferred.

Let's take a look at the SPD supplementary information that is identified by the Enhanced Performance Profiles specifications. At the top level up to the name of the standard, the ability to transfer firmware to the module of a number of profiles for work in different minds, for example, is optimized for the maximum clock frequency or minimum timings. Introducing the EPP range of 28 bytes allows the selector to designate either two equal profiles, or some short ones. Detailed information about specific parameters is given in the tables, which is significant less than the most important moments. In the first place, the short-lived looking EPP profiles may have significant value, which is allowed to reach the maximum productivity of the memory subsystem without any manipulations with the BIOS settings. Vlasne, the promotion of EPP firstly gives to short-timers, who are not engaged in PC overclocking, the motivation for adding high-power modules from reduced timings or a high clock frequency potential. Particularly correct in this respect is the automatic setting in wide ranges of the voltage of life - a parameter that can be moved manually by hand, just like unprepared koristuvachiv. In a different way, it is a list of subtle tweaks, including up to a new EPP profile. Insanely, for the help of enthusiasts, they can maximize all the possibilities of memory. However, not according to the JEDEC standard, the value of Cycle Time = 1.875 ns was added to the list of parameters in EPP, which corresponds to DDR2-1066, but also to other non-standardized values ​​(for example, for already existing DDR2-1100 modules).

Corsair TWIN2X 2048-8500C5

Memory type PC2-8500 (DDR2-1066)

Volume 2×1024 MB

nominal life pressure 2.2V

Standard timings for PC2-8500 mode 5-5-5-15

Reference price$490

High potential for frequency overclocking; trim EPP; SLI certification

Universal overclocker memory kit of the highest class

We carried out a practical re-verification of the robotic EPP technology using the first modules of the same type that appeared in Ukraine - Corsair TWIN2X2048-8500C5 and TWIN2X2048-6400C3 (sorry, Kingston and OCZ Technology EPP-sum products are not represented on our market yet) nForce 590 SLI - Foxconn C51XEM2AA. Well, in spite of its hostile characteristics, Corsair's memory kits are worthy of honoring the EPP support without improving the SLI-certification. The older model of the DDR2-1066 type is focused on reaching the maximum clock frequency and, in practice, it can be expanded to frequencies over 1150 MHz at a voltage of 2.3 (standard - 2.2 V), and TWIN2X2048-6400C3 ensures the robot at a frequency of DDR 2 Latency = 3. A report of the results of testing both sets of memory is shown on the diagram.

After installing on the Foxconn C51XEM2AA motherboard ("Computer Review", No. 36, 2006) memory modules with Enhanced Power Profiles support, the BIOS POST procedure reports a report about the possibility of enabling the SLI-Ready Memory mode. At the bookmark, the memory is fixed - the main item, and when activated, it will appear in the window with the choice of the operating mode: simply increase the EPP settings without changing the frequency of the system bus; automatic change to 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16% of the nominal or MAX OC mode, when the system is forced to start at the closest to the clock frequency specified in the profile. In our case, when the TWIN2X2048-8500C5 kit is installed, the choice of the remaining item is adjusted to a lower processor multiplier and the installed memory frequency is 1062 MHz (the closest value to the value stitched in EPP SPD 1066 MHz). Unfortunately, it doesn't seem right to implement the EPP control interface on the motherboard we installed, regardless of those that the same BIOS was developed by the NVIDIA spinner. So, on the ASUS M2N32-SLI board, profile management and automatic overclocking are divided into two menu items - richer and more intuitive.

Instead of the EPP-segment, the SPD code can be looked over once the operating system is in use for the help of such utilities as Lavalys Everest or NVIDIA nTune. Probably, enthusiasts will be the optimal method of choosing EPP: using the recommended timings, setting all the values ​​manually and looking for more efficient options with a special warning. And the axis of overclockers-pochatkіvtsyam and tim, hto vzagalі not bazhає to be engaged in overclocking of the computer, flashed profiles are needed for direct recognition - for a safe increase in productivity of the PC.

Corsair TWIN2X2048-8500C5 modules support two different EPP profiles - Performance and Frequency. In the first mode, the timings are automatically set to 4-4-4-12-22-2T, which allows you to take the productivity boost from the standard DDR2-800 mode for the AM2 platform. For another, the timings are set to "relaxed" mode 5-5-5-15-23-2T for trouble-free access to frequencies over DDR2-1066 (manually or for the additional function of automatic overclocking MAX OC). In case you don’t set the voltage manually, when EPP is activated, it will automatically change to the recommended 2.2 V by the dialer.

With the help of our bags of EPP proofreading, you can make such visnovki. Technology is right to work on its own right, as it was said by retailers. Regardless of the lack of clarity, the BIOS has been fixed on the Foxconn board, you can improve the performance indicators of your PC, if you notice the overclocking of overclocker memory modules. Vіdsutnіst vіdsutnіst vіdsutnіst vіdatkovіh vitrate іn provodzhennya EPP vіdіnі memory module, ochіkuієєє, scho nezabara іnіst prodіktіі, scho pіdtrimuyut tsey standard, znоst zrost. And zavdyaki yogo vіdkritosіє є nadіya, so the list of summіsnyh z EPP chipsetіv became deshcho wide. For the time being, it remains to be recommended to the masters of motherboards based on nForce 590 SLI in the process of searching for memory modules and respecting the EPP-sum kits.