What is the eeprom controller. Internal independent EEPROM memory. Attach projects and sketches

Arduino is the whole birthplace of various attachments for the creation of electronic projects. Microcontrollers are more convenient for the user, available for learning to learn newbies. The leather microcontroller consists of a fee, software, security, memory. This article will have an energy-independent memory, as it is done in Arduino.

Description of EEPROM memory

The Arduino provides its cores with three types of built-in memory attachments: stationary RAM (random access memory or SRAM - static random access memory) - necessary for recording that data collection from the recovery process; flash cards - for saving already recording schemes; - for the sake of that distant vikoristannya danikh.

On the RAM, all data is erased, it is necessary to re-adjust the building, or the life is turned on. Other engines store all the information before overwriting and allow it to be used for consumption. Flash files Read more about taking a look at the EEPROM memory.

The abbreviation is deciphered as Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and translated into Russian literally means - programming memory that is electrically erased, only for reading. Virobnik guarantees savings of information for a decade ahead after the rest of the life is turned on (sound to suggest the term 20 years, lie down in the event of a decrease in the charge of the annex).

With whom it is necessary to know that the possibility of overwriting on the attachment is limited and does not transfer 100,000 times. It is recommended that you carefully and respectfully put before the data that is entered, and do not allow overwriting in kotre.

The amount of memory, in terms of current wear, is even small and different for microcontrollers. For example, for:

• ATmega328 - 1kB
• ATmega168 and ATmega8 - 512 bytes,
• and ATmega1280 - 4 kB.

So vlastovano that the skin of the microcontroller of appointments for the same task, may vary the number of connections for the connection, obviously, the necessary change of memory. With such a quantity, it is sufficient for projects that sound are being created.

It takes an hour to write to EEPROM - close 3ms. Even though at the time of recording live is turned on, data is not saved, otherwise it can be recorded amicably. It is necessary to check additionally the entered information in order to eliminate the problem during the working hours. The reading of data is richer, the resource of memory is not reduced.

library

A robot with EEPROM memory is built for an additional library, specially created for Arduino. The head ones are building up to the record and reading data. be activated by the team #include EEPROM.h.

• for record- EEPROM.write(address, data);
• for reading- EEPROM.read(address).

In these sketches: address – argument from given in the middle, where to enter the data of the other argument data; when reading a wink, there is one argument address, which shows the stars next to read the information.

Write whole numbers

It is easy to write down a whole number of numbers to a non-volatile EEPROM memory. Entering numbers is taken from the launch of the function EEPROM.write(). Necessary data are assigned to the temples. When the numbers are from 0 to 255, those numbers over 255 are written differently. The first ones are easy to add - they take 1 byte, that's one middle. To record others, you need to extract the operators highByte() the highest byte and lowByte() the lowest byte.

The number is divided into bytes and written down in the middle. For example, the number 789 is written in two middles: the first one has a multiplier of 3, the same for a friend - an insufficient value. The result will have the required value:

3 * 256 + 21 = 789

For « resurrection” of a great integer, the word() function is stopped: int val = word(hi, low). It is necessary to read that the maximum number for writing is 65536 (that is 2 in the 16th step). In the middle ones, which have not yet had other records, on the monitor there are numbers 255 in the skin.

Recording numbers with a floating lump and a row

Numbers with a floating clod and rows - the form of recording actual numbers, de stinks are given from the mantis and the indicator of the step. The recording of such numbers on the non-volatile EEPROM memory is carried out with the activation of the function EEPROM.put(), reading, evidently, - EEPROM.get().

When programming a number, the floating point value is assigned, like a float, next to indicate what the command is, the number itself. Type Char (character type) – wink over row values. The process of writing numbers on the monitor is started after the help of setup(), reading after the help of loop().

The process screen of the monitor may display the value ovf, which means "reordered", and nan, which means "in the daytime numerical value". It’s not worth talking about those that the information recorded in the commissary cannot be confirmed as a number with a floating point. Such a situation is not known, as it is reliable to know that some type of information is recorded in the middle.

Attach projects and sketches

Butt #1

Write the sketch up to 16 characters from the serial port and loop through 16 characters from the EEPROM. Zavdyaki data are recorded in EEPROM and controlled in non-volatile memory.

// Recheck robot EEPROM #include int i, d; void setup() ( Serial.begin(9600); // initialize port, speed 9600 ) void loop() ( // read EEPROM and see 16 data from the last port Serial.println(); Serial.print("EEPROM=" );i=0;while(i< 16) { Serial.print((char)EEPROM.read(i)); i++; } // проверка есть ли данные для записи if (Serial.available() != 0) { delay(50); // ожидание окончания приема данных // запись в EEPROM i= 0; while(i < 20) { d= Serial.read(); if (d == -1) d= " "; // если символы закончились, заполнение пробелами EEPROM.write(i, (byte)d); // запись EEPROM i++; } } delay(500); }

Butt #2

For greater understanding, we can create a small sketch, which will help the robot to understand energy-independent memory. Dear all the hearts of the memory. Yakshcho the center is not empty - it is sent to the last port. After what we remember the middle with gaps. Then we enter the text through the monitor of the serial port. It is written to EEPROM and readable when turned on.

#include int address = 0; // eeprom addresses int read_value = 0; // data read from eeprom char serial_in_data; // Data to the serial port int led = 6; // Line 6 for light int i; void setup() ( pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // line 6 is set to exit Serial.begin(9600); // transmission speed on serial port 9600 Serial.println(); Serial.println("PREVIOUS TEXT IN EEPROM: -"); for(address = 0; address< 1024; address ++) // считываем всю память EEPROM { read_value = EEPROM.read(address); Serial.write(read_value); } Serial.println(); Serial.println("WRITE THE NEW TEXT: "); for(address = 0; address < 1024; address ++) // заполняем всю память EEPROM пробелами EEPROM.write(address, " "); for(address = 0; address < 1024;) // записываем пришедшие с последовательного порта данные в память EEPROM { if(Serial.available()) { serial_in_data = Serial.read(); Serial.write(serial_in_data); EEPROM.write(address, serial_in_data); address ++; digitalWrite(led, HIGH); delay(100); digitalWrite(led, LOW); } } } void loop() { //---- мигаем светодиодом каждую секунду -----// digitalWrite(led, HIGH); delay(1000); digitalWrite(led, LOW); delay(1000); }

Butt #3

Writes two integers to memory, reads them from EEPROM and outputs them to the last port. Numbers like 0 to 255 take up 1 byte of memory for additional functions EEPROM.write() enroll in the required middle. For numbers greater than 255, it is necessary to divide by bytes for help highByte()і lowByte() and write skin bytes at your middles. The maximum number for tshomu is 65,536 (or 2 16).

#include // enable the EEPROM library void setup() ( int smallNum = 123; // integer number from 0 to 255 EEPROM.write(0, smallNum); // write the number to the file 0 int bigNum = 789; // number > 255 can be split by 2 bytes (max. 65536) byte hi = highByte (bigNum); // high byte byte low = lowByte (bigNum); // low byte EEPROM.write (1, hi); .write(2, low);/ / write to comm_r 2 low byte Serial.begin(9600);// initialize stop port) void loop() ( for (int addr=0; addr<1024; addr++) { // для всех ячеек памяти (для Arduino UNO 1024) byte val = EEPROM.read(addr); // считываем 1 байт по адресу ячейки Serial.print(addr); // выводим адрес в послед. порт Serial.print("\t"); // табуляция Serial.println(val); // выводим значение в послед. порт } delay(60000); // задержка 1 мин }

Butt #4

Recording numbers with a floating lump and a row - a method EEPROM.put(). Reading - EEPROM.get().

#include // include library void setup() ( int addr = 0; // float address f = 3.1415926f; // floating point number (float type) EEPROM.put(addr, f); // write number f to address addr addr += sizeof(float); // we can calculate the coming memory space char name = "Hello, SolTau.ru!"; // create an array of EEPROM characters. put(addr, name); (9600); // initialization stop port) void loop() ( for (int addr=0; addr<1024; addr++) { // для всех ячеек памяти (1024Б=1кБ) Serial.print(addr); // выводим адрес в послед. порт Serial.print("\t"); // табуляция float f; // переменная для хранения значений типа float EEPROM.get(addr, f); // получаем значение типа float по адресу addr Serial.print(f, 5); // выводим с точностью 5 знаков после запятой Serial.print("\t"); // табуляция char c; // переменная для хранения массива из 20 символов EEPROM.get(addr, c); // считываем массив символов по адресу addr Serial.println(c); // выводим массив в порт } delay(60000); // ждём 1 минуту }

Butt #5

Vykoristannya EEPROM like an array.

#include void setup() ( EEPROM = 11; // write 1st EEPROM comm = 121; // write 2nd EEPROM comm = 141; // write 3rd EEPROM comm = 236; // write 4th serial Serial .begin(9600); ) void loop() ( for (int addr=0; addr<1024; addr++) { Serial.print(addr); Serial.print("\t"); int n = EEPROM; // считываем ячейку по адресу addr Serial.println(n); // выводим в порт } delay(60000); }

Work with EEPROM

As it was guessed earlier, the resource of the EEPROM memory is occupied. To continue the non-volatile memory service term, replace the write() function with a record, or rather stop the update update function. With this, rewriting is carried out only for quiet middles, de meaning is taken into account in the recording.

Another core function of the memory of the microcontroller is the ability to select the middle bytes, like the details of a solid EEPROM array. For any format of victoria, it is necessary to constantly control the integrity of the recorded data.

Such a memory on Arduino is usually saved the most important for a robotic controller and I will add it. For example, as on such a basis, a temperature regulator is created and the data will be pardoned, if it will be practiced “inadequately” to the strong minds - to underestimate or to depend on the temperature.

There are some situations, if the memory of the EEPROM is to replace incorrect data:

1. At the beginning of the activation, there was no record yet.
2. At the moment of uncontrolled activation of life - part or all data will not be recorded or recorded incorrectly.
3. After the completion of a possible cycle of overwriting data.

In order to eliminate unacceptable traces, attachments can be programmed for a few options: disable the emergency code, turn on the system completely, give a signal about an error, and later make a copy or otherwise.

To control the integrity of information, the control code of the system is broken. Vіn sdvoryuєєtsya for a clear record of pochatkovyh data i, pіd the hour of rechecking, vіn again prorachovuє danі. If the result is resounding - it's a pardon. The most wide-ranging variant of such a reverification is the control sum - the standard mathematical operation is calculated by adding up all the values ​​of the averages.

Dodatcheni program add to the code of the addendum "turning on the ABO", for example, E5h. As if all the values ​​are equal to zero, and the system of pardons reset the data to zero - such a trick to show a pardon.

These are the basic principles of work with energy-independent EEPROM memory for Arduino microcontrollers. For singing projects, varto vikoristati is deprived of any kind of memory. If you have your pluses, so do your shortcomings. For mastering the methods of writing, reading is more often than simple tasks.

• tutorial

Summary: If you periodically update the value in the EEPROM of the skin of a few minutes (or a few seconds), you can get stuck with the problem of removing the middle of the EEPROM. In order to get rid of this, it is necessary to reduce the frequency of recordings at the office. For some types of EEPROM, setting the frequency to write more often, less than once a year, can be a problem.

If you write down the data, it's time to fly fast

But the problem lies in the fact that EEPROM can limit the resource of the number of records. After 100,000 or a million records (deposit in a specific chip), your system will begin to experience problems with the EEPROM drive. (Look at the datasheet to find out a specific figure. If you want to release a large number of outbuildings, the "biggest type", obviously, important for "typical"). A million records are given by a great figure, but in truth, the wines will end abruptly. Let's marvel at the butt, letting us know what we need to save the vimiryan voltage in one middle of the skin for 15 seconds.

1,000,000 entries with one entry in 15 seconds give entries for the whilina:
1,000,000/(4 * 60 years/year * 24 years/day) = 173.6 days.
In other words, your EEPROM draws a reserve from a million records in less than 6 months.

Below is a graph that shows the hour before the date (at the end), the foundations for the period of updating a particular EEPROM core. Intermediate line for a product from the trivality of life 10 years to become one skin update 5 minutes 15 seconds for a microcircuit with a resource of 1 million records. For an EEPROM with a resource of 100K, it is possible to upgrade a specific card no more than once every 52 times. This means that it doesn’t varto and spodіvatysya komirku komirku kolka seconds, if you want your product to work rocks, not months. The foregoing does not scale linearly, but it is true that this device has another secondary factor, such as temperature and access mode.

Change frequency

Pererivannya schodo lowering equal food

Kiltsevy buffer

A special case for the lichnik of the number of records

Note: for those who want to know more, Microchip has prepared a document that will provide detailed information about the attachment of the middle EEPROM and its data with diagrams:
ftp.microchip.com/tools/memory/total50/tutorial.html

Let me know if you have any ideas on how to deal with EEPROM removal.

Jerelo: Phil Koopman, "Better Embedded System SW"
betterembsw.blogspot.ru/2015/07/avoiding-eeprom-wearout.html

Примітка перекладача: в останні роки з'явилися мікросхеми EEPROM зі сторінковою організацією стирання (подібної до мікросхем FLASH), де логічно можна адресувати осередки (читати, записувати і стирати) побайтно, але при цьому мікросхема невидимо для користувача стирає всю сторінку повністю і перезаписує новими danimi. Tobto. Erase the files at address 0, we actually erased and overwritten the files with addresses 0 ... 255 (when the side is expanded to 256 bytes), the trick with the buffer in this case cannot be helped. When the recording resource is exhausted, such a microcircuit goes out of harmony not one middle, but the whole side as a whole. In datasheets for such microcircuits, the record resource is indicated for the side, and not for a particular center. See, for example, data on 25LC1024 from Microchip.

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Our oven controller may be ready - the rest of the time is filled with the controller - “golden fish”, which remembers everything about five more minutes before the first meal. In order to remember our settings, the value of the set temperature, and the calibration points, after the activation of the life, it is necessary to change the energy-independent memory - EEPROM.
Even better about the work of EEPROM is written by our comrades.

Golovne, what we need to know is that EEPROM memory is better seen not as “just a memory”, but as an internal microchip extension.
EEPROM okremy address space, there is no way to reach the address space of the processor (FLASH and SRAM); in order to allow access to data behind a single address in the non-volatile memory, it is necessary to delimit the sequence of low registers (address registers EEARH and EEARL, data register EEDR and control register EECR).
Zgidno with a dataset, to write a byte for a single address in EEPROM, you need to hit the step:

1. check for EEPROM readiness before writing data (passing the EEPE bit to the EECR register);
2. Checking the completion of writing to FLASH-memory (passing the SELFPRGEN bit to the SPMCSR register) - it is necessary to record, as the program has to take advantage of;
3. write a new address to the EEAR register (for consumption);
4. write bytes of data to the EEDR register (for consumption);
5. set to one bit EEMPE register EECR;
6. With a stretch of several cycles after the EEMPE ensign is set, it is recorded in the EEPE bit of the EECR register with a logical unit.

The next time the processor skips 2 cycles before the next step instruction.
Another point needs to be checked for the presence of the driver in the program - on the right, in the fact that the record from the EEPROM cannot be changed overnight from the record to the FLASH-memory, before writing to the EEPROM it is necessary to re-convert, since the programming of the FLASH-memory is completed; However, the microcontroller cannot be zavantazhuvach, vіn in no way change in FLASH-memory (remember that avr has Harvard architecture: program memory (FLASH) and data memory (SRAM) are separated).
Trivality to the cycle of recording to lie in the frequency of the internal RC-oscillator of the microcircuit, voltage and temperature; For ATmega48x/88x/168x models it should be 3.4 ms (!), for some old models - 8.5 ms (!!!).
In addition, during an hour of writing to EEPROM, problems can be caused due to quick interruption in the process of recording sequences more - so rewriting in the process of recording in EEPROM is more efficient.
Reading the energy-independent memory is a trifle easier:

1. check for EEPROM readiness before reading data (passing the EEWE bit to the EECR register);
2. write the address to the register EEAR;
3. set to one bit EERE register EECR;
4. data is read from the EEDR register (actually, if the requested data will be moved to the data register, the EERE bit will not be sent by the hardware; otherwise, it is not necessary to read the station bit, since the operation of reading from the EEPROM needs to be done for one cycle).

After setting the EERE bit to one, the processor skips 4 cycles before the cob of the offensive instruction.
Yak bachimo, a robot with an energy-independent memory is an hour-consuming process; As we will often read and write data from the EEPROM, the program can be a bit hacky.

However, we write the program in the middle of IAR, and we were lucky: all the work with the read-write from EEPROM is the middle of the distribution - iar - the modifier "__eeprom", which makes changes in the non-volatile memory - and then we will need to just read it constant” changes at “inline” (when the controller is initialized), or write from “inline” changes at “permanent” - that is, when changing the inline value, it is necessary to change the value of the change in the non-volatile memory.
Look at the new changed axis like this:

eeprom uint16_t EEP_MinTemperature;

A few more important words: if we don’t want to send messages to eeprom-changes, it’s necessary to remember that eeprom is an address space, and to create a custom eeprom file (if you allow us to build a compiler), you need to tell us what you want to the address in eeprom:

Uint16_t __eeprom *EEP_MinTemperatureAddr;

Turning to the oven controller and EEPROM. In our case, for the EEPROM of any virtual machine, obviously, it is not transferred; more than that, think about it, what kind of library is needed for work with an energy-independent memory - it’s necessary to “spread out” for the program the recording of important ones; If you need to work around the library, then you will have to work cross-enabled: at the library for EEPROM, connect the ADC library, heating element, global settings; and in these libraries of the periphery, connect the EEPROM library - such a pidhid is not kind.
The second option is to add to the skin library, where you need to save the settings, eeprom-change, and save the settings directly from the virtual machines. We implement this option.
It’s safe to change it, so you need to save it in EEPROM:

1. calibration points
2. the value of the maximum-minimum temperature, which is set, and to adjust the temperature
3. set temperature value
4. PID controller coefficient

The value of the kitchen timer is not taken care of - it is important that the timer is responsible for setting the timer himself.
All the adjustments are made with a short press after an additional turn of the encoder and a long short press on the button of the brush. If you keep in mind that the number of read-write cycles of EEPROM is still obscured, do not overwrite the same information once (for example, if you select the same value as the settings that it was). Therefore, before the skin change __eeprom-change, it is reverifiable, and what is needed to be rewritten:

//how the value has changed - overwritten in non-volatile memory if (ADCTemperature.atMinTemperatureValue != (uint16_t)VMEncoderCounter.ecntValue) ( ​​ADCTemperature.atMinTemperatureValue = (uint16_t)VMEncoderMuture

To read the EEPROM, everything is simple - with the initialization of the "stream" ones, we simply read the value of the energy-independent memory:

ADCTemperature.atMinTemperatureValue = EEP_MinTemperature;

In order to make our attachment from the very beginning, whether it be in EEPROM, the project for the first investment can be compiled with the initialization of these changes:

eeprom uint16_t EEP_MinTemperature = 20; … // array for storing the calibration point in non-delimited memory __eeprom TCalibrationData EEP_CalibrationData = ((20, 1300), (300, 4092));

In some way, the compiler will initialize the change of __eeprom to the beginning of the work with the main function. To remove the file from the independent memory (.eep), it is necessary to download it in the next step:
Project->Options..->Linker->Extra Options
If the checkbox "Use command line options" is not varto, check її and add a line
-Ointel-standard,(XDATA)=.eep
Compiling the project back to back with the initial changes, save the eep-file okremo; then we will pick up the initialization of the hour of the creation of the change.

Axis and that's it - our pіchka is ready!

The past time, when I wrote my "opened opinion on food" about those, how to backup the firmware from "Mega" I was told that I did not guess about the EEPROM backup. At that time, I didn’t know what I knew, because. rightly judging that it’s not a good idea to put everything together at the stage of the first “approach to the projectile”. On the right, it is not obvious to everyone that the EEPROM is not flashed when compiling and uploading the firmware from the Arduino IDE. This does not mean that absolutely nothing is loaded into the EEPROM if the firmware is loaded from the IDE. And the manipulations with the EEPROM (which is the same as the other one is included in the firmware) are viroblyayutsya absolutely on a different level. And then, for backup of bare firmware without thin patches, it is POSSIBLE (only possible) can be saved in EEPROM, it was enough to save only the bare firmware. Ale, if it’s already fed up, then why not “chew” yogo. Let's go through in order. What is EEPROM and what are you talking about now?
EEPROM - (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) - an area of ​​\u200b\u200bnon-volatile memory of the microcontroller, in which you can write and read information. Most often, it is necessary to win in order to save the program, which can be changed in the process of operation and how it is necessary to save it when the life is switched off.

How does a 3D printer use EEPROM?
Let's take a look at Marlin's buttstock. Marlin Firmware does not have EEPROM out of the box.

#define EEPROM_SETTINGS
#define EEPROM_CHITCHAT

If the EEPROM change is noted, then the printer can save and change the next step (suggested by the bourgeoisie):

• Quantity of grains per millimeter
• Maximum/minimum feed speed [mm/s]
• Maximum acceleration [mm/s^2]
• priskorennya
• Faster during retract
• PID settings
• Access to home position
• Minimum flow rate per hour of movement [mm/s]
• Minimum hour of the lot [ms]
• Maximum speed cutting along the X-Y axes [mm/s]
• Maximum speed cutting along Z-axis [mm/s]

• Store memory
• Load memory
• Restore Failsafe

• M500 Preserve thread settings in EEPROM before the next launch or after the M501 command.
• M501 Read config from EEPROM.
• M502 Skip the lock-in from Configurations.h. As soon as the M500 is replaced, the value for the lock will be entered into the EEPROM.
• M503 Show current settings - "Ti, which is written in EEPROM."

How do you want to write data to EEPROM?
Similar to that described in the firmware backup method, the key -U. Tіlki in tіlky vіpadku pіdlya nіgo bude pokazhchik scho zchituvati nіbіbіbі EEPROM.

avrdude.exe -p atmega2560 -c wiring -PCOM5 -b115200 -Ueeprom:r:"printer_eeprom".eep:i

The record itself is not anything foldable and is victorious by a similar command, as only those who are in the key -U cost not "r", but "w".

avrdude.exe -p atmega2560 -c wiring -PCOM5 -b115200 -Ueeprom:w:"printer_eeprom".eep:i

Programming permanent memory microcircuits (EEPROM) are electrically erased by metal conductor oxide computer microcircuits, as if they are chipped on a different board. This type of chip can be erased and reprogrammed with the aid of a strong electronic signal. Shards can be broken without seeing the chip in the outbuilding, such as connections, EEPROM chips are found in the rich galuzahs.
The EEPROM chip replaces non-volatile memory, so data is not wasted if the chip is damaged. A microcircuit of this type can be programmed randomly, which means that part of the memory can be changed to help a new overwrite, without overwriting the memory. The information that is stored in the middle of the EEPROM chip is permanent, until it will be erased or reprogrammed to become a valuable component in computers and other electronic devices.

EEPROM microcircuits based on floating gate transistors. The EEPROM chip is programmed with a primus-programmed information circuit as electronically through the gate oxide. Let's keep the floating gate safe for saving these electronics. The middle of the memory is taken into account by the programmed one, if it is charged with electrons, then zero. Like the middle of the memory is not charging, not programming, and not performing alone.

For a wide range of outbuildings, memory is needed, so EEPROM chips can be impersonally stuck in the closet of the on-board electronics. The stench vikoristovuyutsya in game systems, televisions and computer monitors. Hearing aids, digital cameras, Bluetooth technology and gaming systems also use EEPROM chips. The stink victorious in telecommunication, medical and general industry. Personal and business computers are subject to the ESPCR.

The EEPROM chip can also be used in a wide range of car storage areas. Vіn vikoristovuєtsya in anti-blocking systems, airbags, electronic stability control, transmissions and engine blocks. EEPROM chips are also found in air conditioners, accessory panel displays, chassis control modules and keyless entry systems. Qi chips help to control the visualization of the palate, and also vicorate in various diagnostic systems.

Іsnuє zamezhennya kіlkostі repetition, yak can be overwritten by chip EEPROM. The ball in the middle of the chip is progressively reduced by numerical rewriting. This is not a big problem, because the EEPROM chips can be changed up to a million times. Further successes in the halls of technology, better for everything, to stick to those who can support microcircuits of memory in the future.