Vimiryuvalni heads _indicators equal to the sound. Arrow indicators. Indicators of external tension of the patient

Today, as an indicator of the level of the output signal for various sound-creating techniques, it is possible to vicorize the number of electronic attachments, which reflects not only the level of the signal, but also other basic information. And earlier, for which victors, arrow indicators were used, which were a microammeter of the type M476 or M4762. Wanting to watch out for the warning: today the retailers also vicorist arrow indicators, wanting to see the stench where the cicavishe and look not only at the lightness, but also at the design. Get the old arrow indicator at once, maybe a problem. Ale, I had a pair of M4762 in me, looking like an old Radyansky pidsiluvach, and I virishiv їх zadіyati.

The setting of the display of the indicator, which corresponds to the nominal level, is carried out by the substroyuvalny resistor R2. The hour of indicator integration is 150-350 ms, the hour of the turn of the arrow, which is determined by the hour of the discharge of the capacitor C5, becomes 0.5-1.5 s. Capacitor C4 one for two outbuildings. Vіn vykoristovuєtsya for smoothing pulsation pіd hіvіmknennya. In principle, the type of capacitor can be removed.

Arrow indicators are the simplest. For their preparation, a minimum of details and qualifications are required, especially, as a way to beat the "firm" vimiruvalny prilad іz garnoy scale. Vtіm, in our hour of preparing a self-made scale, it is not difficult to imagine - її it is possible to encroach on the printer and stick it on top of the old one. As the basis for the simplest vikoristovuvaty arrows in the form of tape recorders of the old types or small-sized shields and mimicry devices of the magnetoelectric system with a stream of total ventilation of 0.25 ... 1 mA. Attach an electromagnetic system (for example, car voltmeters) and miliammeters with a stream of total ventilation over 5 mA for our purposes.

Shards of simple schemes of arrow indicators do not affect liveliness, they can be connected to the outputs of the switch behind the "mixed mono" scheme, which allows the speed of the number of details (small 1).

Fig.1

Fig.2

On fig. 2 shows the scheme of the simplest indicator. If necessary, the number of channels can be increased by adding resistors and diodes, as shown by the dotted line. For all indicators of the indicator at once from the power magnetol, in series with the resistors R1, R2, it is necessary to turn on the electric capacitors with a capacity of 47 ... 100 μF ("plus" to the magnetol). It is also possible to select "mixed mono" (div. small.1), in which case the capacitors are not required, and the R2VD2 lanyard can be switched off.

Opir of the resistor, connected in series with the attachment, lie in the stream of total respiration. Approximately the value of the support can be assigned to the small formula indicated. Precisely, the value of the following should be corrected when the necessary ventilation of the arrow is set when the pressure is set. Other details can be vindicated of any type. The electrolytic capacitor, which is smoothed, is responsible for the risk of operating voltage not lower than 25 volts when the pressure is reduced to 15 W and not lower than 50 volts - with a greater strain. The voltage reserve is needed for the fact that the capacitor is victorious in the lance of the coiled stream. Podbirayuchi yogo єmnіst at the borders of 1 ... 100 microfarads, you can adjust the hour of the turnaround for any relish.

Not enough circuits - a small dynamic range, which does not exceed 10 dB. For the magneto to be tapped, but when working with a great tension, the arrow is less likely to move at the peaks of the signal. І here it is better to draw the circuit, shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3

The main feature is expanding the dynamic range on VD1 diodes and HL1 light diodes. As soon as the voltage on the capacitor C1 is rectified, it reaches a value of 0.7, the diode is curved and further the voltage increase is increased by the resistor R3. Pіdbiaryuchi yogo opіr no more than 100 Ohm...10 kOhm, it is possible to regulate the "hіd" of the scale at the middle part. The cold weather sets in at the moment the light is ignited, and the voltage rises further away, it is practically pinned down. Svitlodiod can be victorious as an indicator of overwhelm. Opir resistors at the input are determined by the maximum tension of the power supply and the strum of the blocked light. Rozrakhun's formula is pointed at the little one, more precisely, the value of the support should be adjusted at the time of the light irradiation at the maximum tension.

Opir resistor, included in series with an attachment, can be known for another formula. Precisely, the value of the next shift should be corrected when the necessary ventilation of the arrow is reached at the moment the light is ignited. The voltage on the red light should be approximately 1.6 V, on the bright yellow-orange - approximately 2.5 V. Other details can be changed to any type. The electrolytic capacitor, which is smoothed, is responsible for the insurance of the working voltage of 6.3 ... 10 V, the voltage spikes on the new one are surrounded by light. The indicator is connected just like the front one.

The dynamic range of such an indicator can be easily brought up to 20 dB, for a further expansion of the dynamic range, a special control circuit with a logarithmic switch is needed, and such a circuit is already beyond the scope of the simplest.

I have been firmly violating the need for 8-10 average light indicators of external tension on the skin channel (4 channels). There are a lot of schemes of similar indicators, it is only necessary to choose according to your parameters. At the present time, there is a choice of chips, on which one can choose an indicator of the ventricular tension of the ULF, even great, for example: KA2283, LB1412, LM3915 and so on. How can you be simpler, buy such a chip and choose an indicator scheme)

Peredmova

On the preparation of indicators of exhaust pressure for ULF, I drew a circuit on transistors. You sleep: why not on microcircuits? - I will try to explain the pros and cons.

Z Plusyv is able to vіdnobesye, Shchobychi on transistors is able to maximize the gonoricity of the Indicator PID TREBNI Parameters, Vistaviti Trinbai Diapason іndikatsya, yak to you, kilkiy, and so, it is like a seal of the same.

Likewise, it is possible to vikoristovuvat whether it’s a strain of life (in the boundaries of the reasonable), to burn such a scheme even more smoothly, in the case of a fault in one middle, you can quickly correct everything. From minus I want to point out those who have spent a little time to pay for their schemes for their tastes. Robiti on microcircuits and transistors - virishuvate you, depending on your abilities and needs.

Indicators of exhaust pressure are selected on the widest and found transistors KT315. I think that the leather radioamator, even once in your life, sticking out of these miniature color radio components, in rich stinks, packs of hundreds of sprats are lying around and without a hitch.

Rice. 1. Transistors KT315, KT361

The scale of my ULF will be logarithmic, depending on the fact that the maximum output pressure will be close to 100W. If you work linearly, then at 5 watts, nothing will light up, or you will have to work the scale by 100 cents. For exhausting ULF, it is necessary to have an exhaustion at the exit of the pidsiluvach and a large number of middle ones that shine, a logarithmic fallow.

Schematic diagram

The scheme is simple to the point of dissimilarity and is composed of the same averages, the skin of which is adjusted to indicate the required voltage level at the output of the ULF. Axis diagram for 5 centers of indication:

Rice. 2. Scheme of the indicator of the exhaust pressure of the ULF on transistors KT315 and light diodes

More specifically, the circuit is directed to 5 middle indications, having cloned the middles, you can take the circuit to 10 middles, I chose the same for my ULF:

Rice. 3. Scheme of the indicator of the ventilatory tension of the ULF for 10 middles (click to enlarge)

The ratings of the parts for this circuit are rozrakhovanі pіd vrugu zhivlennya about 12 volts, krіm resistors Rx - yakі need to pick.

Let's talk about those how to practice the circuit, everything is simpler: the signal for the output of the low-frequency power supply goes to the resistor Rin after which the D6 diode lets you drink and then the constant voltage is applied to the input of the skin center. The middle of the indication is a threshold key extension, which ignites the light at the reach of a level at the entrance.

Capacitor C1 is used in order to ensure that, with a large amplitude of the signal, the smoothness of the mid-width was maintained, and capacitor C2 realizes the dimming of the light of the remaining light for a fraction of a second, to show that the maximum level of the signal is reached - the peak. The first light means the cob of the scale and that shines steadily.

Details and installation

Now about radio components: you take capacitors C1 and C2 to your taste, I took leather at 22MkF at 63V (I don’t take a lower voltage for ULF with an output of 100W), resistors are all MLT-0.25 or 0.125. Transistors are all - KT315, with the letter B.

Rice. 4. The board of the indicator of the exhaust pressure of the ULF for 10 seredkіv (click for more)

Rice. 5. Variation of the components on the other plate of the indicator of the exhaust pressure of the ULF

All the components on the other board did not show the shards of the middle are identical, and without special considerations, you yourself will figure out where to solder.

As a result of my work, chotiri miniature khustki came out:

Rice. 6. Prepared 4 channels of indication for ULF with an intensity of 100 watts per channel.

Nalashtuvannya

On the back of the head, the brightness of the light of the light of day has been restored. It seems that we need an opir resistor, in order to achieve the necessary brightness of light diodes. We connect sequentially to the light diode a change resistor of 1-6 kOhm and apply it to this lance of life with such a voltage, whichever way the whole circuit lives, I have 12V.

Cool changer and achieve that beautiful light. Including everything and using the tester of the opir of the changer, the axis to you and the ratings for R19, R2, R4, R6, R8 ... This method is experimental, you can also marvel at the maximum direct stream of light and check the opir according to Ohm's law.

The most important and most important stage of improvement is the improvement of thresholds of indication for the skin center! Nalashtovuvatimemo komirku pіdbiaryuchi opіr Rx for her. Since I will have 4 such schemes with 10 centers each, then I will give a scheme for one channel, and on the basis of її, it will be easier, vikoristovuyuchi I will remain as a standard.

We put the Rx in the first place, change the resistor by 68-33k and switch the design to the power switch (shorter to some stationary, factory de є its own scale), apply voltage to the circuit and turn on the music so that it was a bit, ale for a small amount of noise. With a change of resistor, it is possible to reach the light-emitting diode, after which the circuit is switched on, and the replacement of the changer, soldering the replacement of the new resistor Rx to the first room.

Now let's go to the rest of the middle and rob those same ones who only got the pidsilyuvach to the maximum distance.

Respect!!! If you have more "good" judges, then you can not beat the acoustic systems, but connect the speaker system with a resistor of 4-8 ohms, if you want to be satisfied with the sound, you will not be the same))

Domagaєmos by changing the resistor of the instilled light of the light in the rest of the room. All other middles, the first and last ones (we have already adjusted them), set up as you should, on the eye, depending on what for the skin middle, the meaning of tightness on the indicator of subsilience. Nalashtuvannya that graduation of the scale is over for you)

Vіdlagodivshi scheme for one channel (10 seredkіv) and soldering a friend happened to also conduct a pіdbіr resistorіv, oskolki kozhen transistor maє svіy coefіtsієnt posilennia. It’s not necessary to take a small time-out just for the sake of it – just soldering two circuits and supplying them with a voltage, for example, from the block of life, picking up the Rx support, increasing the symmetry of the light of the indicators.

Visnovok

Axis and all that I want to tell you about the preparation of indicators for the visual tension of the ULF from the light sources and cheap transistors KT315. Write your thoughts and notes in the comments ...

UPD: Yuriy Glushnev paid his own fee for the SprintLayout format - Zavantage

When sorting out the motlohu in the hat, I clearly know my own story (Autumn 2013) - the arrow indicator of the equal sound on the K157UD2 microcircuit. For some reason, I didn’t want to practice, and I threw it far away. And at the same time, having virіshiv, the rest of the rozіbratisya - why on the right? I will add the first copy of the first copy of the same to the right work.
In the article, in which the circuit of the feeder on the microcircuit is described, there is option 2, “Scheme for unipolar eating”. There you can also see the pinout of the K157UD2 microcircuit. Well, I'm adding the scheme with my own denominations, the head part of which is the indicator M68501 and that binding.

I’ll respect that you can connect like on leave pіdsilyuvacha sound, so i on Enter. In the first case, the arrow indicator shows the tightness of the output signal (i, obviously, when the intensity is changed by the regulator, the arrow “padtime”), and in the other case, the tightness of the inlet, which is sometimes more correct (for example, visually control the tightness of the signal, let the signal come a little too rich, then the signal may be twisted a bit). In the circuit, the numbers of the lower microcircuits are indicated in the arms - tse means that it is possible to select two identical signals on one microcircuit, and, obviously, switch two indicators: on the right and left channels (or on the input and output).
It turned out that the garmaty did not shoot for twenty reasons, and the first of them did not have shells. And if you talk about a microcircuit, then there were serious problems with eating. So I had a chance to replace the electric capacitors (I haven’t bought them with buckets yet, I put the stars on it), pick up a 22 nF capacitor with a falling foot and plug it in correctly. After all, the scheme has worked, although I still don’t know where it can be attached.
Diodi - D311. Trochs will be D18.
Resistor R5 substroyuvalniy and zі "zіrochkoyu" - tse means that not only that, but it is not enough to turn the signal on (for example, with a normal volume of the pidsiluvach, the arrow was in the region of 75% of the scale), so it’s not a fact, it’s 47 kOhm pidide for all vipadkiv.
If you increase the value of the resistor R4 (470 - 910k), then you can increase the coefficient of strength of the microcircuit and the noise and “feel” more weak signals entrance pіdsilyuvacha sound). For example, to keep the sound out of the player, I had to install a 1 MΩ resistor.
Not a lot of photos of my scheme:





І demonstration of the robot, if you see through the guard behind the exit of "VEF 216":

The peculiarity of the circuit is low sensitivity to high-frequency signals (the arrow with great satisfaction begins to collapse in the form of drums and bass guitars, lower in the voice and guitar solos).
And at nothing, I wondered at the case of the indicator two blue p'yatimilimeter light. It is normal to shine at five volts, if less - then only one works, the other appears under the fire. For consistency with lower voltages, the power supply is switched on through a 500 Ohm substring resistor - you can easily power the entire circuit with 5 - 9 volts, you just need to adjust the voltage.

Accuracy is great on the right. From the wisdom of the people, it seems: - “Better once again, don’t feel a hundred more.” And in the electronics, de processes that run through the robot of the one I build, are often confirmed side by side, otherwise they may be on the verge and take on the virus, at first it’s easy to reevaluate. It is not for nothing that oscillographs are corroded by the middle radioamators to give the ability to “look” at the middle of the process. Ale, I won’t talk about folding - we’ll forgive you. Having installed maybe a dozen different chargers, and for charging the batteries, more and more simple laboratory block of life, which can change the voltage and strum. Vimiryuvalny heads clearly inform, how many volts and milliamps go to the battery, which is being charged. The axis is far from skrіz є mozhlivіst їх vikoristovuvaty, navit least of them, often all the same will be unbearably large for rich radio amateur self-contained. And the axis of arrow indicators in the form of tape recorders and other radio-technical outbuildings of the past century, as they have not been transferred to the bazaars of dosi, will be here again. Axis of action from them:

Appointments for work in the lancets of a constant strum at any scale position. Strum of total respiration (deposit according to the model) 40 - 300 µA. Internal opir 4000 Ohm. Dovzhina scale - 28 mm, weight 25 gr.

Appointments for work in the vertical position of the scale. Strum ventilation 220 - 270 µA. Internal opir 2800 Ohm. Rosemary 49x45x32 mm. The scale length is 34 mm.

assignments for robots for whatever position of the scale. The strum of total ventilation is not more than 250 µA. Internal opir 1000 Ohm. Rosmіri 21.5 x 60 x 60.5 mm. Masa 30 gr. Qi indicators and similar to them are united:

• small rozmir
• simplicity of design
• low varity
• i, obviously, principle dії

The principle of division is based on the interaction of two magnetic fields. The fields of a permanent magnet, which is a field made up of a strum, which passes through a frameless frame, which is formed from a large number (115 - 150) turns of a medium drotu with a total diameter of 8 - 9 microns. Without delving into the nuances, we can name two main ones, which are necessary to work in order to make it possible to win a clear indicator:

1. Equip it with a shunt or an additional support (stop to change the upper boundary of the winding), depending on how you will measure it (voltmeter / ammeter).
2. Prepare a new scale.

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