A short history of Linux. Operating systems Linux What is linex

In this fate, the FAS found out that Microsoft dominating the market of operating systems (OS) for personal computers (PCs) in Russia. Behind the data of 2015, as operated by the FAS, 95.6% of desktop PCs and laptops were running Windows. 2.5% of the market was occupied by Apple, but it's not easy to install Mac OS anywhere, except for Mac computers. Microsoft's right-hand competitors, the most powerful of all Linux, occupied only 1.9% of the market.

It would have been used, the project from the creation of a cost-free OS has failed. Truly wins Shvidko won the world. "They don't suspect a lot of people that they win Linux," said Finus creator Linus Torvalds in an interview with Linux magazine. Get your hands on a smartphone - just like Android, without prompting on the Linux kernel. Go to the sites of giants on Google, Amazon, Facebook otherwise, there are some other unknown companies - the stench of Linux victorious. Linux manages the International Space Station, stands on the top of supercomputers, on it in 2007. moved to the New York Stock Exchange. Tens of thousands of programmers from all over the world are working on the post-improvements of the cost-free system without cost.

Spivrobitnik Microsoft as if rozpov_v Torvalds, scho yogo portrait vikoristovuyut in their office as a target for darts. Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft, publicly attacked Linux. Hardly the one who won bula youmu baiduzha. Zvіlnivshis, vіn vyznav rozmovі z Fortune: Linux carried a greater threat to Windows and already "loom at the rear view mirror". Ballmer's successor Satya Nadella takes a different path: by launching the Microsoft Loves Linux initiative to adapt software one to one.

And the Apple axis, navpak, like the past fate, hindered the installation of Linux and other operating systems, okrim Mac OS and Windows 10, on its new computers. And earlier, Steve Jobs, having taught Torvalds to become one of the distributors of Mac OS, and to carry out the same principles of distribution, like Linux, in the process. Ale Finnish programmer spoke. "I think [Jobs] is already arguing that he didn't make this argument about part of the Apple market," said Torvalds.

Have a look at those who play such a role in the computer world. Having created the PZ, as if it were without cost and for whom I didn’t secure the income of a cent (it’s true, I took millions from the result). But remember, if it was hard for a penny like the 1990s, Torvalds got $ 10 million, as if he had taken away bi for entry to the sake of directors in one of the newly born Linux companies.

In this fate, Torvalds launched the distribution of the 5th version of the Linux kernel. “Changing the number means especially. Just as you need an official reason - I ran out of fingers on my hands and feet, so “4.21” turned into “5”, - quoting InternetUA.

Enchantments calculator

Linus Torvalds was born on December 28, 1969. in Gelsinka and maw bi become a journalist - like mayzhe all yogo relatives. My father was a radio journalist, my mother was an editor at the news agency, my uncle worked at the Finnish television station, and I was the head editor of the newspaper, and my sister, a spokesman for the news agency, in parallel, worked in the translation bureau, which specializes in translation of new reports.

Family legend to tell that Linus's great-grandfather, journalist and writer Ernst von Wendt, in 1917. having fought for the whites and the boons at the full of red ones. Batko Nils, now, he was an ideological communist. Deyakim children were fenced off by Linus, and Yogo himself was teased at school through the radicalism of Yogo Batka. If the fathers parted, the children did not remember anything: the father is alive for a long time in Moscow.

A rare culprit from the family profession was Leo Waldemar Turnkvist, professor of statistics at the University of Helsinki. The grandchildren should have been posterigat for yoga robot on the calculator. At the sight of today, these calculators needed an hour to calculate, moreover, the stench blazed with light bulbs. The sight fascinated young Linus. 1981 r. did zam_st calculator by buying the first computer Commodore VIC-20.

Rіdkіsne prizvische

Biography Just for Fun. Rozpovіd nenavmisnogo revіlіonіon” (Moscow: Eksmo-press, 2002)<...>having prepared it myself, vikoristovuyuchi as a handy material to his friend im'ya. At the hour of the people of yoga they named Ole Torvald Elis Saksberg. I was born without a father (Saksberg is a girl's name for my mother) and then I took away the name of Karanko as a human being, for which my great-grandmother became a foreigner. Farfar (this is the name of the children from the father’s side. - “Vidomosti”), not loving his vitch, he changed his name: before the name Torvald, he added the letter “s”, so that he could give the name more solidly - how it was given to you - sounding. Im'ya Torvald means "volodinnya Thor". It would be better if you made a name from scratch, and not engaged in rework: adding a “s” allows the word of a casual sense and beats a pantelic like a Swede, so a Finn, like they can’t understand, like a name. Stink and write її I want not Torvalds, but Thorwalds. The world has less than 21 Torvalds, and all of them are relatives. Usі stikaєmosya іz tsієyu motherland problem.

Torvalds guessed that at school they didn’t have a chance to do it and they wanted to do it - they were willing to take the Finnish version of the vibival to the team. Ale, when he was a typical botanist: “Having waved at a beaver, wearing eyepieces, dressed unsavoryly, for most of the hour my hair looked nasty, and in other days it was stingy.” Not surprisingly, scho vin zahopivsya computer. Tse zakhoplennya did not pass, if he became a senior. Through the Finnish weather in the country of nothing to work, let's work like a programmer, have sex and drink, jarring Torvalds. With others, it didn’t work out very well for him - hackers in the world have not yet reached the point of fashion, drinking wine is not even fond of. Stopped writing code.

Investment in computer

If I died, yoga computer for locking the transition to Linus. Let's buy a Sinclair QL. Sim'ya didn't show off: Torvalds guessed that my mother periodically pawned a single value - a share of the Gelsinskaya telephone company (seen by the skin manager of the phone) worth close to $500. Having become famous, win a single blame for this company and see it for the sake of the directors.

Have 1990 r. Torvalds joined the University of Helsinki. I bought a computer with 386th Intel processor, for which I had a chance to get a bank loan on credit. There it was warping: the car was too tight for its time.

The university had a Unix operating system. On Torvalds' computer, the Minix OS is free. Torvalds did not like it, no way it was connected from home via modem to the university yard, no way it worked out of the bay of the yogo computer. For example, Minix was designed for 16-bit processors, and Intel 386 for 32-bit.

Torvalds, having written a small program for the solution of these problems. But for them, they needed other programs: for example, it was not possible for them to write files to disk. With good, additional functions, styles were created that before Torvalds had gone: in the hands of a new one in his hands without a five minutes' worth of replacement for Minix. Ale vin all the same pratsyuvav s Minix, while vipadkovo її not zіpsuvav: writing a command, yak bugged hard drive there, de bula recorded OS. Todi Torvalds started to win as the main OS of his Linux.

Ideologists of a cost-free software

It is impossible to say that Torvalds created the operating system from scratch. Vіn having created the core of the system, to those that pov'yazuє programs from the computer's entrance and allow them to work. This is the base, so you can hang impersonal surpluses. There is no single Linux operating system analogous to Windows 10, and there are no other operating systems based on the Linux kernel, some of which have the word Linux in the name.

Torvalds himself, in order to create a complete OS on his own kernel, typing other people's programs under the Universal Public License (GPL) distributed by Richard Stallman. Yogo Torvalds reverently calls "the god of free PZ".

Stallman born in 1984 becoming a pratsyuvati over the cost-free alternative to Unix. "Neckless" was the key word. Yogo zavdannyam bulo, so that no one could give their own vacation codes and charge for them. Stallman, having created an ideological and legal basis for such a PZ - the Manifesto of Free Software Security, and writing the Universal Public License (GPL) together with lawyers. Vaughn to say that as a programmer, having conquered the code, licensed for the GPL, then he is guilty of squeezing all the source code for the product, that is, the right to modify and expand it. The same will be the responsibility of the attacking programmer, who has won software for his programs with a GPL license, etc.

Torvalds, who became the director of Stallman, also licensed his kernel under the GPL. Therefore, in 2001. CEO Microsoft Balmer barking: “Linux is a piece of crap, like it devours all the intellectual power, until it gets stuck. According to the rules of the license, as you win over whether or not the components of the software security with the open source code, you are responsible for the code of all the software that you have” (cited by Cnet).

Why Linux is popular

On the other hand, Torvalds doesn't want to give up on his work. Ale, having boasted of his successes on the Internet forums and, so that they didn’t respect Yogo with a talker, turned the code.

Yogo tvorinnya zahopil Іnshih programmers, yakі began to put yogo sobі on the computer and proponuvat doopratsyuvannya. The truth was far from being perfect. Yakos Torvalds, having taken off the sheet, the author of such a long time praising Linux, and in the end, having mentioned that a pardon is in the drive driver, it was like a hard disk was destroyed.

The system became popular. At that time, Torvalds had long been working on Linux, not on his own. More and more people were figuring out the code and pronouncing their abbreviations, moreover, they worked absolutely without cost. This system allows volunteers to work on a new version of Linux at the same time with other retailers, change what is brought in by others, and in times of pardon turn back to the previous versions of files. If Linux had 10,000 rows of code. Narazi rahunok go to tens of millions. In 2017 Approximately 80,000 credits were requested for Linux, 90% of them by paid programmers, with 30% of them working for Intel, writing The New Yorker.

Torvalds knows Linux so well that he often takes proponed changes or misunderstands them: “Why marvel at the book and don’t read the letters of the word, but hoard all the propositions” (Bloomberg quote). But if you change seriously, then you will need 10-25 minutes for their test. Although Torvalds may be impersonal assistants, as if they were propositions, I have to look at 30 shifts a day for an hour.

The origins of such a system Linux has turned the respect of the great graves. The first among the great companies to install software based on the Linux kernel on their own is Sun Microsystems, then IBM, Informix, Oracle ... Small companies also got stuck. The rise of online commerce in the 1990s. giving rise to the need for software for servers. Previously, thousands of dollars were needed for stained glass, now you can put yoga for a penny, adapting Linux. Be a kind of bazhayuchy zmіg vіdkriti svіy biznes at the merezhі.

Torvalds is aware that the foundation of Linux's success is that it can't do its own thing. If Unix increased its bet on the supercomputers of the Russians, banks, financial organizations, wine lists in their autobiography Just for Fun. Rozpovіd navmisnogo revіlіvіonі”. Tse PZ costed chimalih pennies. Then came Microsoft s її visibly inexpensive rozіnami and began to pratsyuvati skrіz. “Ale to reveal a rare organism, which floods the open space. For example, one of the niches spent is not a bet. The organism fills the whole world, shutting up all the dirks. Those same at the same time vydbuvaetsya s Linux. Won show up here, de to her є іnteres<...>Її can be known on supercomputers in some cool places at the station of the National Laboratory. Farms and NASA. Ale, there it has flowed from the server space. And in the new, my black, I spent the world of desktop computers - then I started. At the same time, Linux should be on the vbudovanih outbuildings - like galms with an anti-blocking system until the birthday. Marvel at how it looks like light.

Obviously, another reason for its popularity is the image of Robin Hood. From one side - a monster corporation Microsoft, a little bit about the stiffness behind the coristuvaches, but for the rest - without a cost of PZ and a modest fіn.

Jak Torvalds became a millionaire

“I have scraped together pennies on a thousand payments for my computer, as if they were insured for three years,” said Torvalds at the biography book. Ale take pennies for Linux wine vvazhav for wrong. The reason for this is Finland, which is set to greed, and the father-communist is stuck, and the careless zmushuvat pay quietly, who, having helped his work program better, mirkuvav Torvalds.

On the Internet, this is the name of bloomers (from English shareware) - free of charge PZ, like asking: "Like I'm like you - send pennies to the author." Linux didn’t have such a mess, but a lot of people wrote to Torvalds that, out of satisfaction, they supported it financially. At that time, on the Internet, I walked a sheet from the “maximum repost” series: nibito boy Craig, having died in the form of cancer, but yogo, you can p_dbadjoriti, having sent the leaflet. Torvalds zhartomy asked the deputy of the currency to scribble some sprats of rows. If the postal screen began to break through the leaflets from the sides of the world, the households suspected that Linus was doing something important. Vin himself did not particularly tell about Linux, without regard for everything, that his modem constantly borrows a telephone line.

Live and live Torvalds with his mother. On the new one hung close to $5,000 credits for training, about $50 per month was spent on credit for a computer, and some pennies were spent on beer. The problem of the loan was virulent on its own: a friend voted on the Internet for a subscription to pay for Torvalds' computer, and accepted the pennies like that. And I repaid the reshta from the salary. In Finland there is a minority to speak Swedish, to which Torvaldsi lies. In 1992 at the Faculty of Informatics, I needed an assistant who could speak Swedish and know it on computers. There were only two such people at the faculty.

Three years later, Torvalds became a full-time scientific assistant to the university: having paid pennies of wine for work, like a great rahunka, they spent until Linux was reduced.

Zavdyaki vikladanny Torvalds made friends. Kindergarten teacher and six-time champion of Finland in karate Tuva signed up for a yoga special course "Introduction to Informatics". The first tasks were to be sent the voucher sheets by electronic mail - it was not so easy, like at once. From the leaf, Tuve asked for yogo bacchiti. On the back of the head the stench did not separate, and Torvalds started programming.

In 1997 Torvalds moved from there to the USA to work at Transmeta, as a developer of low-energy processors. One of the spіvvlasnikіv ієї kompanії - Paul Allen, who at once fell asleep with Bill Gates Microsoft. Torvalds was in charge of maintaining the Linux infrastructure for the project.

There was never more than $5,000 for a rahunka in a Torvalds jar - until the beginning of the century, if you once became a millionaire. Just because Linux is cost-free, it doesn't mean you can't work on it. As soon as the project is just born, the core can be purchased without cost from the Internet - or buy from the smart lads a record on a floppy disk or a CD. You can make money on the services of installing Linux, you can for a fee work on Linux for the needs of a particular company. The rest will be taken over by Red Hat, which went public on 11 April 1999. And before this sign, I saw Torvalds an option for a block of shares.

On the first day of trading, the quotation went up twice. Ale sell papers vin mav right no earlier than 180 days. Luckily, the stench grew for the whole hour (2009 Red Hat will go up to the S&P 500), and the price of Torvalds' package was $5 million.

Unexpectedly, another company, VA Linux, entered the stock exchange, and so it gave Torvalds an option. In the midst of optimism, the shares suddenly went up 10 times to $300. Ale tse appeared with a bust, that y mikhur dotcomiv began to puff up. Three $300 shares began to fall, and at least $6.6 were given for them. Torvalds knows how greedy it was for 180 days to marvel, how cheap your package is, but you can't sell it.

On the basis of a share of pennies, my family (the author of Linux has three daughters at the same time) bought a house in America, and Torvalds became addicted to trimming a family Pontiac cabriolet in the garage, as a rule, in yellow color.

In 2012, Rotis Torvalds became the laureate of the world's largest technology award, the Millennium Technology Prize. The prize of 1.2 million euros of wine was shared with the other laureate of that year, the Japanese graduate of Stovbur klitins Sinya Yamanaka.

Ale, the main source of income for Torvalds, after that, since 2003. Vіn pіshov z Transmeta, becoming the foundation of the Linux Foundation (their name was Open Source Development Labs). Yogo robot - evaluate other people's propositions of how Linux is improved: “I myself have not written code for a long time. Everything that I write is just a correction of the pardons of other people, I make changes in one or two rows, my contribution is to combine different things in the code ”(quote from The Register Internet site). A fund for additional donations is being created, including companies that victorious Linux. Behind The New Yorker tribute, 2017 Yogo has a budget of $50 million, and Torvalds has a 2016 budget. having taken $1.6 million from the fund.

Rule for a rude person

“Managing a project from hundreds of thousands of retailers, I work the same way, like a student’s hour: I don’t entrust anything to anyone, but I just check until I can call myself,” Torvalds said at the biography book. - I will affirm or I will let go of my work, but otherwise I will allow the bottoms to go on their way. If two people lead similar straight lines, then I will accept both to marvel at whose more victorious. Sometimes vikoristovuyutsya insults, but the stench begins to develop at different sides. As if there was a strong competition between the two people: leather from them, having attacked the fact that they were vikoristan yoga patches, they clashed with superman's patches. I stopped accepting patches from both, until one of the retailers got interested. So having killed king Solomon, yakbi cheruvav with a childish garden.

Tsey pіdhіd dovіv іv іn effektіvnіst іn the scale of Linux. And if Torvalds was entrusted with the axle from the Transmeta company, he was handed over from 15 spivrobitniks, showing his complete incompetence. Three months later, yogo, without a zayvoi galas, was paid back to the programmer.

However, as the head coordinator of Linux wines, not everyone fits in, but the style of his collaboration with his colleagues for a long time became “student”: the programmer did not stream at the vislovlyuvannyah.

In 2013 one of the retailers to write to Torvalds on a sheet of papers, do not show and do not slander colleagues. “If you want me to “practice professionally”, I can tell you that I don’t have a hiccup,” Torvalds said. - I'm sitting at home in the office, clothes at the dressing gown. I'm not going to start wearing a bed, and so I'm not going to get involved in false vvіchlivistyu, deceitfulness, office politics and psijuvannyam, passive aggressiveness and other fashionable words. To that CE and є those who wiggle “professionally”: people go into various unacceptable speeches, to that they are embarrassed by the most spontaneous unnatural rank” (quote by The New Yorker).

In 2015 Torvalds' closest colleague, programmer Greg Kroah-Hartman, wrote the Code of Conflict Resolution - a framework to protect other types of sharp conflicts. Torvalds praised the innovation, but did not start streaming. For example, Sarah Sharpe and Matthew Gareth led the Linux kernel distribution team through a rough trick. “I really don’t accept specialness. Someone thinks that I'm so nice, and someone else is shocked, having cheered іnshe. I'm not a nice person and don't give a damn about you. The technology is less praised by that core, ”reacted Torvalds (quoted by The Register).

In the past fate, the kernel vendors are going to attend the Linux Maintainer Summit conference. Torvalds in view of її 20 years of life. Alecia once confused the date and planned the repair from the family. Tse appeared in the distance, but vin moved to change the plans for the sake of the summit and went to Scotland. On the same day, the participants did not pick up at Vancouver, but at Edinburgh, closer to Torvalds, so that it would not be too soon to come to them. The story was boisterously discussed in the programmer's stakes, and The New Yorker journalists reached out to Torvalds and told him about the incident and about him and his colleagues. Spring 2018 - even before that, how the article was written, - Torvalds rebuked for his behavior, saying to think about how to change it, voicing that for some time now you are getting used to coordinating Linux.

In the same month, a new code of conduct for Linux retailers was adopted, and in the same month Torvalds turned to the team (the forum was also published).

Now spіvtovaristvo is alive for new rules. Previously, bezpersednist and directness in the case of expressive thoughts were respected as natural and corny in the case of open-minded development of PZ. Now it is necessary to express criticism in a constructive way, and having felt it, it is necessary to dim it. Weaknessful comments, special attacks, and sexual implication are defended. Torvalds is still trying to stream.

Following the tradition of dermal rock, the CRN editors name 25 of the best "captains" of the US IT business. Have 2004 r. To this list, the most important leaders of the zbutu channel, kerrivniki of low-providing companies-vendors, as well as people - generators of ideas, visionaries, zavdyakim like these companies are rapidly developing and prospering at important times. Linus Torvalds was the first on this list, who won the Linux project by typing in 2004. nebachenu mіts.

Linus Torvalds is not the head of the head, nor the head of the company. Vіn does not have the status of a kerіvnik. Liche 2003. Vіn was already waiting to pay for the planting at the gallery of Linux, having created vin.

Ale, according to CRN, Torvalds herself, a 34-year programmer from Finland, the creator of the Linux OS kernel, a well-known title of the most successful kerivnik in 2004. Whose title of wine deserved mayzha 15-year self-imposed practice over his child. Minuliy rіk turned out to be a turning point for Linux and for all open source. I Torvalds played an important role for whom.

The creation of the Linux kernel 2.6 brought the OS to a new level, it was added to the corporate legacy, which made Microsoft, Sun Microsystems and other post-workshops radically rethink their sales models.

In the rest of the hour, a lot has changed in Torvalds' life: he finished working on the Linux 2.6 kernel and first took off the official status of full Linux retailers, becoming a partner of the Open Source Development Labs (OSDL). Tsya organization takes a neutral position at least among the leaders, and the initiative is to be held by IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Computer Associates International, Intel and NEC.

Now Torvalds can land a business card, which confirms his official status. Ale didn’t get stuck in Yogo’s primary way of life. The work of Torvalds with the company Transmeta, which develops microprocessors, and the robot in OSDL allowed him to dedicate all his time to the development of the Linux kernel, as well as sim's, oscilki pratsyuє vіn at home.

“I’m planning to take Transmeta a permit to the river for my lunch – to get more excited about the work on version 2.6 and don’t worry anymore,” Torvalds said. “Posada in the OSDL turned out to be a miraculous way to save health insurance, pay back wages and get independent on a post-employment note.”

For the full development of open source, this podia played an important role. Linus's decision to take away official status at an important time for Linux retailers - during the period of severe criticism of open source and recent revisions, the drive for some of which served as a judge's postures of the SCO Group company to the IBM corporation - instilled in his successor the upliftment of the future. Tse once again to bring the majestic infusion of Torvalds to the share of Linux.

At the red past fate, Linus with his retinue Tove and three daughters (three, six and seven years) left California and ruled the quiet frontier of Portland (Oregon). You live in a new booth, furnished simply, without frills, with elements of Danish modernity. Clothes Torvalds also does not think of great significance: on the other hand, the photographers who ruined his recognition, blamed on shabby jeans. Yogo, it seems, add all the hype for a new one.

Linus's home office can be easily entered at the back of the hut, there is a small kitchen and a police station for books, the "opening" has not yet been filled. When the office walks out on the back door, de Torvalds will be a toy booth for her daughters. Far away is a view of the forest. In this situation, everyday problems of business and office order are not disrupted, and priesthood is required - a robot over Linux OS.

Call Linus to sit in front of the monitor and, like a child, play on the keyboard - may be like in 1991, in Gelsinka, if you don’t have more to do with the core of your OS. And this year, Torvalds conducts the all-world orchestra from thousands of roster and selects a masterpiece, which feeds the entire software establishment, mostly on the Sun, brings IBM to you and reminds Microsoft to doubt the power of immortality.

Kudos to Torvalds' Zusillas Linux, the greatest project in the world of open source. Vіn throwing a viklik to ambush the software gallery”, - a reliable retailer of another successful Open Source project.
Linus is demonstrating an example of how to declare himself a serious opponent of strong gravitational galleys, respecting the fullness of the retailers and arrogating to himself the whole of his right. Vіn showing the way to rich professional Open Source retailers. JBoss started working on it directly,” said Marc Fleur, JBoss CEO, J2EE add-on server vendor.

Erik Raymond, the author of the open source treatise "The Cathedral & the Bazaar", notes that the talent and organizational skills of Torvalds allowed the Linux OS, in spite of the forecasts of experts, not only to survive, but to flourish. “Linus is arguing about the purpose of directing. Vіn standing in front of indomitable ambitions, who have not one project of a similar scale, - like Raymond. - The most important official came up with the decentralized model of code development. Vaughn іsnuvala і to Torvalds, but zumіv її systematize.

For Torvalds, this work is simply in love with the right: all the rights to own the Linux trademark, I don’t take a penny from them. It’s paradoxical for a galusi, like to produce millionaires: having created a coup in the software business, we shouldn’t be talking about business.

“I don’t think I could be Bill Gates for the first ten years,” Torvalds seems. - For whom it is necessary to stand for a turn of a new technical one directly. The OS has not been new for a long time. Possibly, even more important than the mother's commercial vein. І tse in me? I think about business the least.”

With all his modesty, Torvalds, having made a test of the robot, turned the stagnant market of the OS to life and zmusilstvo zamislitsya over the philosophical and social aspects of nutrition about those, for whose sake software products are created. A lot of representatives of the open source community are aware that software is one of the blessings of civilization, like electricity, and therefore it may lie not for the reaper of capitalists, but for the entire industry and vikoristovuvatitsya for the core of the industry. Є th radicals, yakі look at the growing competition between Linux and branded OS like a struggle between good and evil, and Torvalds is considered to be the liberator of the world from slavery in Microsoft Windows.

Truthfully, Linus needs to talk about it anyway. “I have a non-philosophical view of open source. I'm more of a pragmatist for whom I'm sorry. I honestly believe that the work done and the exchange of knowledge in the result will ensure a higher quality of development. And yet, sometimes, for such a style of work, you have to go into licensing, because you always know people who can easily attract someone else's work. "The idea of ​​the possibility of exchanging knowledge with knowledge can be called "philosophy", but such an exchange is true," Torvalds says. - Tse y vіdrіznyає science vіd alkhіmії chi chaklunstva. I think those who don’t believe in it just don’t want to know shori.”

It’s a bit of a hoot, like Linus writes code, to rob yoga as the number one retailer among open source programmers.

Linus is not only a flashy programmer: he has a good taste, - says Dirk Hondel, director of Linux OS and open source strategies at Intel, as well as one of the first Linux kernel distributors from the very moment the project was born in 1991. - Torvalds to know simple and sensible ways to solve problems, while “spreading everything out in the open”. Folding speeches is simple. In my opinion, the main thing is the recognition of a wonderful programmer as just a good one.

Andrew Morton, "right hand" of Torvalds and the number two retailer of the Linux project, is also acknowledged today for working on the Linux kernel at OSDL. It seems that Torvalds "trim the bar high", and it is also a guarantee for the success of the entire project. “Yoma was far away from reaching such a state, if everyone works without haste and in equal minds. There is a need for self-organization of all the splits and distribution of roles among the members... if any special divisions cannot cause serious harm to the entire project,” Morton says.

Even though it's no easy task, consider Alan Cox of Red Hat, one of the key Linux retailers. “Linus may be two strong characters: he is honest and he does not infringe on his point of view, as if she showed a pardon,” says Cox. -Torvalds builds a lead, he has a miraculous intuition when choosing technical solutions and a reasonable approach to work with people. Vіdomo, scho cheruvati programmers - all the same scho "graze a series of guts." Ale Linus copes miraculously with them, without interfering with any interests.

Torvalds stays calm and natural, so it is practical not to chirp at the troubles of hell, but for all your gnuchkost veins, keep your eyes open and don’t be afraid to speak your voice. Vin criticizes the Microsoft Windows code, and SCO calls a company that is weaker, as if attributing other people's merits to itself.

Torvalds is written with the Linux 2.6 kernel; This version is ready before the stopover at the enterprises. For equal productivity, reliability and scalability, commercial operating systems are not compromised. It will fit both for work with corporate programs, and for any kind of managers, connected with the work of great obligations of data. The pride of Torvalds is the procedure of a formal inquiry, which he developed jointly with Morton, as it facilitates the introduction of an update to the OS kernel.

At the same time, Linus vvazhaє for better care for safe work in the face of any commercial and legal problems, like Stuart Cohen, head of the OSDL. “Yogo absolutely does not squawk the position of the head officer of the vice president of technology,” Koen baldly. - Torvalds is right enough without that. We try not to overwhelm you, giving you more freedom - you can work for those who are too busy for you.

Torvalds does not like buti at the center of respect, but at other times takes the fate of the Galuzevs. Trying to be marginally accurate in everything - and in the created code, and in the assigned role of power, Linus calls himself the main technical ceramics specialist, and not the main architect, the shards are not so written by himself, but the control of the work of other retailers. I'm always ready to serve programmers, as they played a commemorative role in the establishment of open source, the secret to the authors of the movie C and OS Unix from Bell Labs - Brian Kernigan, Dennis Rich and Ken Thompson.

Torvalds does not consider himself a hero, but, in the opinion of his friends, he is far from being the best example for succession. Hondel knows, like once at the LinuxWorld Expo conference, Torvalds was getting ready to perform at the promo, but he signed before entering the stage. Panic and confusion were snarled, and then Torvalds' team tumbled in, as if together with his daughters it was not uncommon to travel from him, and calmed down, saying that he ran to the car for a pelushka.

Everything is typical for Torvalds, even Hondell. Ignoring worldly glory, Linus calls for permission to see the power of greatness and not to go to the polished mail of assistants, like a lot of celebrities. “Torvalds is a madman, worse than that, a vindictive madness. Ale, for good luck, no matter what, vin is an absolutely normal person, that kind friend, - like Khondel. - To finish the yoga once with children - and you will understand that you have run out of wine tim, kim bov, - just a kind lad.

Many people who have switched to Linux now do not want to turn back to the Windows operating system. The price is related to the availability of the operating system to navigate for corystuvachiv-pochatkivtsiv. If you want to install Linux, you need to get one of the rich distribution kits, which are written on the basis of the Linux kernel. We will point out the best of them and tell you about the features of the system.

What is Linux and why are there so many operating systems based on yoga?

GNU/Linux has been decomposed as a richly developed and richly tasked kernel for various operating systems. For some programmer, they created anonymous graphic managers and software shells. Type of distribution kit (operating system) to lay, for which you need a computer. Skin operating system based on Linux is resurrected by its own functional part. The only part of all distribution kits is "Terminal", the main part. With yoga, you can help:

• carry out the installation and launch of programs;
• add collections for savings;
• carry out the configuration of the configuration files of the same distribution.

At the same time, the system can be especially popular among programmers, and it is also often victorious for servers.

Widely spread in home computers, it began to be recently, having won the love of koristuvachiv for wide possibilities of development: some versions of distribution kits can be run directly from a flash drive, others are suitable for weak computers. Distribution kits resonate with their functionality, their size and their familiar look.

Not all operating systems based on Linux can be taken advantage of. For example, Google Chrome OS (so-so, such an operating system, not just a browser) can be installed on some models of Samsung, HP and other laptops. Do not have access to official distributions of the operating system. Natomist and rich forks and copies. We will not in any way look at giving advice on such sites. For a skin distribution kit, in a glance, we give a request for promotion to the official site or official information.

Why do the greedy people turn Windows to the greed of Linux?

The most popular way of operating systems based on Linux is called:

1. Visibility. It's impossible to say that the system is unimaginably vicious, but hackers rarely show interest in Linux. Є kіlka rutikul, yakі help to penetrate to the server, and in home PCs stench practically does not start. About those that the system is safe to talk about and those that the anti-virus utility does not have databases specifically for Linux. In the main program, it was updated to search for a shkidlivy code, which would be transferring for additional flash drives or disks.
2. Almost all distributions expand without cost which allows people with small household outbuildings not to spend a lot of pennies on licenses. With this, you can regularly re-install distributions, test them and change them. The good news is that Linux software is also expanding without a hitch. І accepting bonus - the presence of advertising inserts and third-party programs, like zavantazhuyutsya on the riddle about the PC at once with the main utility.
3. The system is different and boundless with the ability to improve the modern look. There are many distribution kits, you can install different working tools on your PC. Tse help you change them according to your needs.
4. The system has a repository. Yogo idea formed the basis of the Google Play software store. In this way, you can install different programs without going to the help of sites and third-party programs. The only thing that is not handy, as a reminder, after the transition from Windows, is the presence of primary names of utilities.
5. The system is manual behind a callable interface that razdelennya programs at the menu. The skin utility borrows its share from the menu, which makes it easier to search. Such small moments help to grow the robot richly handy.
6. The Linux kernel has almost all necessary drivers for peripheral possession, you can install any kind of attachment, and win against a different robot. You won't be able to find drivers like for Windows, get them on another computer, so that we can start working without problems. Nonsense cannot be caused when a new card is connected.
7. For locking, the system independently encrypts disks, which allows you to steal files for an hour of using your computer to the wrong hands. For Windows, a similar option is available only for the help of third-party programs.

There are enough positive sides for you to want to try out the operating system on the Linux kernel. But before that, how to choose a distribution kit, varto familiarize yourself with the peculiarities of the skin membrane and carefully overcome the nedolіki OS.

Linux bugs

For the beginning, we will introduce situations, with which the programs could not get in the way, as Linux distributions did. Such inacceptability is rarely blamed, but for corystuvachs-pochatkivtsiv, the stench can be fatal.

1. Filthy madness from the low modern outbuildings. Most printers, scanners, routers and other add-ons created for Windows. Therefore, the stink can not be practiced correctly. Koristuvachchi can independently change the distribution kit, so that the connected attachments are processed correctly. If you can't independently fix the OS on the same terminal, just download and grab the current version of the distribution kit.
2. Incorrect work of the graphics subsystem. After exiting the sleep mode, if you use discrete video cards, you may be afraid of freezing. Pozbutis tsієї problems can be only a way to re-advantage. Problems with video cards are most often blamed after updating the core of some components, further rendering graphics.
3. Regardless of those that are richly sewn into the core, the stench can stop restarting automatically or you can see it after the system is updated. Tsya problem virіshuєtsya vіdkat on the front version of the distribution kit, or the installation of a new shell.
4. Incorrect operation of the cooling system in laptops. Through improper management, the coolers start making noise, otherwise it’s bad to cope with your work.
5. Steam for Linux is developing properly, coristuvachi cannot zavantazhuvat and bathe whether it be music or programs. If you get a paid program, then you may find problems when entering data cards (not all plastic is accepted by the store). If you want to know that the Windows software store is no better, you can fix problems if you do this. But in the rest of the day there are a lot of alternative dzherel for programs.

In order not to run into these problems, varto install newer versions of operating systems. For more ordinary koristuvachiv, such inaccuracies can be the cause of a change in Linux OS.

I want to show that for the rest of the years the interface of the shells is becoming more and more friendly. Listed more problems and retailers are trying to find fault, but for the time being, I’ll tell you not to go out.

A look at the best Linux distributions with the help of lucrative offers from official sites

Before you install Linux, be sure to familiarize yourself with the features of yoga distributions. Skin problems have their pluses and minuses.

elementary OS

If you have an important design of the operating system, please make your choice on Elementary. Visually, the working style reminds Mac OS, which allows you to look expensive and beautiful. Among other distribution kits, this option is seen only by design and it is not enough. Even the most koristuvachs fell in love with Elementary.

That handy system is easy, which is suitable for low-power machines. For the locks, he does not have the greatest, but good thoughts, a set of programs:

• Midori browser;
• file manager Pantheon Files;
• media player Totem;
• mail client Geary;
• Shotwell photo manager.

Every day, the system is 100% corrected. Until then, the support of fans of the OS caused to the fact that in the middle of the shell they were splitting up their software products. But with all this, the coristuvachs still have no opportunities for customization and fine tuning of the shell.

Linux Mint

This variant is convenient for adaptation of coristuvachs, for a long time they worked with Windows OS. The stench is similar to the area of ​​the control panel, the navigation system and the work table. Before the end of the system, a few working media were released, for which you can turn your hand. Mint is the lesser version of Ubuntu. Vіn maє kіlka wins over other distributions:

• this collection is widened, it is possible to garnu pidtrimka from the side of the coristuvachіv and rozrobnikіv;
• bezkoshtovne rozpovsyudzhennya;
• sprats of working environments easily permekayutsya behind the help of a lightened and handy graphical interface;
• є kіlka vbudovannyh funktsіy: plug-ins for swedish zavantazhennya programs, їх launch that novlennya;
• frequently updated and modified.

There are two shortcomings: it is distributed by a team of enthusiasts and public safety bulletins in the system daily. Don't put money on the work of the operating system. The presence of the company, which is acclaimed for the development, can be called a success - the creators of the system are close to ordinary coristuvachiv.

Manjaro Linux

A handful of operating systems have been released based on Arch Linux. One of them was Manjaro. Won maє low features:

• simple installation process;
• automatic detection of hardware security;
• great nalashtuvannya working table;
• work stability;
• the possibility of installing a number of cores;
• special scenarios.

For the working table, two versions are proposed, one of them is victorious for modern coristuvachs. This is a popular system with a large number of coristuvachs, which allows you to take a good boost of sleep. Chi not dosvіdchenim koristuvachami tsіy sistemі bude zruchny іnstrument іnstrument zavantazhennya program – AUR. Vin allows you to uninstall repositories.

ubuntu

The distribution kit is the most wide and the most popular. May all Linux geeks want to try yoga once. The system is ideal for beginners who want to learn about the possibilities of distributions. In the interface there is nothing zayvogo, among others, the retailers were called to the terminal. For nedosvіdchennyh koristuvachіv can become a short span of command line for robots with the system.

Ubuntu Pros:

• bezkoshtovne rozpovsyudzhennya, program and components can also be freely zavantazhuvati;
• the installation process does not take over 10 patches;
• in the interface it is easy to understand, to be smart;
• without the permission of the koristuvach, nothing is seen in the system, so the risk of infection with viruses is minimal;
• you can win on one computer with Windows, the system has a built-in multi-capability;
• at the warehouse to enter a sufficient set of programs;
• spilnoti that forumi allow virishiti be-yaku problem.

The main shortcoming of this version is the instability of the robot. Depending on the distribution kit, there are a lot of people who are guided through troubles, as they support a practical skin update of the system. New versions often see pardons, which other coristuvachs have not met before. If you have a different version of Linux, it will be important to chime in with other distributions.

openSUSE

This version is most often victorious for commercial purposes. The retailers have unlocked the output code of their system, so that programmers in the world could do a good job of it. Tse allowed to release new versions frequently. We are looking forward to the openSUSE product for beginners who have never played Linux before.

You can install the system on weak computers. Її minimal support є: 3 GB of free space on a hard drive, Pentium 4 1.6 GHz processor and a total of 1 GB of RAM. The management of the system is centrally located at the center of YaST. Incorrect shortlisted users should not install the Tumbleweed version, shards often blame problems. The best practice is on Leap, which is more stable and more stable.

Steam OS - Linux for igor!

The great problem for hardcore Linux and those that have released few games on the operating system. That's why Steam OS for gamers was released on the basis of Debian. Їy koristuyutsya tі, hto bazhaє skoroti spozhivannya resursіv pіd hіgor. This version of the shell will have more capabilities and features of the Steam platform. You can use the help of the keyboard or joystick.

A short version of the version can be called those that the computer cannot win for the typing of different tasks. After the installation of the operating system, the wines are transferred to the game machine. You can install the security software for other tasks, otherwise it will not work correctly. Another shortcoming is the small breadth of the system and the weak support. Until then, your processor is responsible for supporting the 64-bit architecture.

Tails - for complete anonymity on the Internet

On the basis of Debian, one more system was released - Tails. Vaughn is recognized for quiet, for whom it is important to preserve anonymity from the border. The advantages of the system are: it doesn’t need much more possession, it’s stable. Tails is ideal for surfing the Internet and is a perfect example of everyday business.

CentOS 7

If you want to know a cost-free alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux, try it out on your CentOS 7 PC. Most of the time, the choice on this system falls into that trap, if you have already corrected Red Hat, but if you have troubles, you can get into it through it. If you wish, you can win in both versions of the same program. You won't be able to upgrade the system, or else replace it like a utility.

Debian

This version is loved for the sake of its stability and safety. The distribution team is hostile, but system updates are rarely released. Tsya system is handy for remote administration, so often put on the server. For beginners, the selection is foldable; With which distribution kit can have a few positive features:

• stability;
• impersonal architectures are supported;
• security for the hour of wailing;
• over a thousand packages of programs;
• easy to upgrade;
• quickly and effectively works on old computers.

On vіdmіnu іnshih іnshih versіy distributions, once after the installation of Debian happen to be upgraded. Expanding in the number of options may be less than necessary. The popularity of the distribution kit is saved only for the stability of the distribution, but for the sake of the interface and the stability of the vineyards. Updates to the operating system are rare, but if there is a complication, the installation is very simple.

Fedora

If you want to be one of the first to protest new things in the world of Linux, you can install the Fedora distribution. Vіn also po'yazaniya z Red Hat, like vikoristovuє tsyu version like bezkoshtovny testing ground for running new products. The founder of Linux Torvalds Linus himself vikoristovuє tsey distribution kit as the main one, and do not trust your choice not varto.

The only shortfall in the system is less than a small number of pardons after the renovation. The distribution kit is good for vikoristannya at home. Vіn do not get out of tune after the introduction of new products. Vіn ide in step with the hour and go for computers from different pressures.

Choose a distribution kit varto, walkers of their own favors. The skin version of Linux is good in its own way, but not spared the shortcomings. You can write about the dosvіd vikoristannya distribution kits for the operating system in the comments. As if you were honored with an article, share it with friends.

Oh, how to recognize the details and details of something so already remarkable, on which respect you don’t know how to figure it out by itself. Adzhe if it didn’t happen. If it’s necessary to start creating and vigaduvati!

Axis of cicava history , prote under the cat on you checks a lot of text :-)

Surprised by the respect to the past, we would like to know that the place dominating the OS on the market as a whole could take UNIX, moreover, from Microsoft Corporation. Prote s low environments were developed for a different scenario: CP/M -> QDOS -> 86-DOS -> MS-DOS -> Windows.

The "genealogical" line of Linux looks different: Multics -> UNIX -> Minix -> Linux. It is hardly clear that in the lower world of Windows, the "wine" secret IBM project under the code name Chess is a project created on the basis of the Intel 8086 processor of the IBM PC personal computer with the working name Acorn.

Historical contract between IBM and Microsoft signed on the 6th leaf fall, 1980. Apparently, for the first industrial 16-bit PC, Microsoft is guilty in the shortest term of preparing an operating system and some programming systems (Basic, Fortran, Cobol and Pascal).

What did Microsoft itself say? The head spontaneous motive of IBM's kerіvnitstva served as a hostile pledge to zbut Microsoft's programming systems, moreover, there are more than a wide number of platforms. Until 1979, close to 1 million copies of a single Microsoft Basic were sold. Not surprisingly, both IBM and Microsoft looked at the operating system for the new computer as a different row, playing an additional role. Everything was in a terrible hurry. To understand how Microsoft was bluffing in the autumn of 1980, when IBM announced until September 1981 (!) to prepare the first version of its DOS with a working BASIC interpreter, to say that there was no OS written at Microsoft either. Fierce 1980 p. Microsoft, as part of the fight against Digital Research for the programming market for everything, gave a license for UNIX to AT & T Corporation (the year of Microsoft's creations of the dialect of UNIX operating system, naming Xenix). However, there were no changes for UNIX - the base platform for Microsoft products was the OS CP/M.

Just like Windows and UNIX at a glance, development, then Windows was like a commercial product, working for the minds of hard time trouble and market bluff, UNIX grew up in a calm environment, in the silence of university and educational centers. The commercialization of the project made a far less favorable impact on UNIX, while Microsoft did not spend an hour and directed all the potential of its favors to the improvement of the quality of the Windows implementation. Yak bi was not there, the development of both OS was written with different paths.

People of Linux

Linus Benedikt Torvalds was born in Helsinki in 1970. Even at the age of 10 years, I began to start programming, actively working on my home computer Commodore VIC-20. In 1989, when Linus was preparing to enter the university, at the Usenix Association conference in Toronto, representatives of the AT & T corporation announced a new pricing system for UNIX System V: about 40 thousand. USD at a rozrahunka for one processor (7.5 thousand dollars for initial mortgages). That was a big penny. Professor of the University of Amsterdam, Endrew Tanenbaum, took up the writing of Minix, a shortened version of UNIX, to be developed on a PC.

In the spring of 1991, while still a student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds undertook to rebuild Minix, rewriting the kernel and adapting it for robots on i386. Vіn vyrіshiv rozіbratisya at that, as pratsyuє OS, just rewrote її. Axis is the title of that historical note about the beginning of the Linux era. ——- Begin post from Linus ——— From: [email protected](Linus Benedict Torvalds) Newsgroups: com.os.minix Summary: small poll for my new operating system Message-ID: Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT Organization: University of Helsinki Vicorist Minix! I'm building a (no-cost) operating system for AT clones with 386 (486) processor upgrades. It's just a hobby, but not a great profession for the GNU kshtalt. Dali Linus, calling out to the robot of all those who deserve it. (Recent text marvel)

In sich-fierce 1992 At the comp.os.minix teleconference, a discussion broke out about the shortcomings of Linux between Tanenbaum and Torvalds. Professor Tanenbaum, having introduced Linux, has made an old approach to us forward through Linus's guide from the microkernel to the cost of the monokernel. “Tse great crock back,” Tanenbaum wrote. - It's all the same, take a working program in Cі and rewrite it in BASIC. Linus, having waited a while, that the microkernel is a garne of solution, but he has attacked his own: a monokernel, which is more efficient, does not cause a serious problem of portability.

More zhorstko hanging 1998 the great-grandfather of UNIX - the legendary Ken Thompson: “I look at Linux as those that do not belong to Microsoft. Tse blow at the top of the Microsoft team - no more no less. I don't think there's a great success on the new check. I have a lot of texts, there are a lot of decent components, but there are no adjuncts anywhere. Shards from the creation of these texts took the fate of different, vipadkovy people, then the sameness of okremikh yogo parts is signifi- cantly resurrected. With my knowledge and the knowledge of some of my friends, I can say that Linux is a bad system. Microsoft releases no other software products, but Linux is the largest of such systems. Tse middle dovgo not protrimaєtsya.

As you can see on the same computer - one on the right. PZ for installing Linux on firewalls, gateways, in budding systems and so on. So it's not the technological perfection of the project, but the very atmosphere of robotic enthusiasts over the core project and the expansion and variety of external texts became the basis for the Linux phenomenon. In 1998 The authoritative American Forbes magazine, under the heading "Icons of the Net" ("Legends of Merezhya"), published the names of the most prominent people, as if they made a great contribution to the development of the Internet network:

Linus Torvalds (28 years old) is the creator of Linux.

Richard Stallman (aged 45) is a founding member of the Free Software Foundation.

Tim Berners-Lee (43 years) is a World Wide Web retailer.

Rob Glazer (age 36) is the founder of RealNetworks.

Jerry Yang (29 years old) - co-founder of Yahoo! The first time they saw Torvalds unsurprisingly. Nedolіki Linux radically change the camp of rights in the software industry. Availability wast on the Apache server and the OS paid for the entire Internet. The statistics seem to speak for themselves. Seen to the sky Netcraft (www.netcraft.com/survey/) near the leaf fall 2000 rub. share of Apache among us Web servers to become 59.69%. Dali go Microsoft Internet Information Server - 20.08% і Netscape Enterprise - 6.74%.

Nina Torvalds works at Transmeta on an ambitious project, until recently kept secret. One of the most important elements is the release of the OS and VLIW processor under the code name Crusoe, which is designed to run the x86 command and is recognized for the development of systems. It's funny that one of Transmeta's masters is none other than Paul Allen, who fell asleep with Microsoft at the same time as Bill Gates. Standardization and distribution of Linux Linus Torvalds, having developed not the OS itself, but rather the kernel, having already included the obvious components created within the GNU project, and the emacs editor and the gcc compiler. Third-party companies, having given good prospects for the development of their business, have not hesitated to become full of OS utilities and applied software. Among them are Red Hat Linux 6.2, GNU/Linux 2.2 from Debian, Linux-Mandrake 7.0, SuSE Linux 6.4, TurboLinux 6.0, OpenLinux 2.4 from Caldera, Conectiva Linux 5.1, Corel Linux OS Second Edition.

A small share of such "complex complaints" is the presence of a unified and well-thought-out procedure for installing the system, and the price of dosi is one of the main streaming factors for the widest Linux extension. Until then, the retailers of the applied "boxed" software have to test their programs for a few popular distributions, which makes life easier. Standardization is always a painful process, and even if it is carried out in the community of "free artists", it is more difficult for them. Ale first crumbs already crushed. Zhovtni 2000 r. published by the Linux Development Platform Specification, prepared by the Free Standards Group, and out loudly called polar assessments. To the point, standardization group certifier David Quinlan, like Torvalds, works for Transmeta. Putting before Linux the great corporations Such giants as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Sun Microsystems, Oracle and a number of the largest gravitators of the computer market, the remaining two rocks have markedly activated their support of Linux. Have 2001 r. IBM plans to invest $1 billion in Linux development. What is the reason for such an incredible generosity of corporations that they decided to launch a serious commercial product for "amateur" Linux on a cost-free basis? Why the stench is ready to stained forces that are ready for the development of an alternative that is far from the most technologically perfected UNIX language to fail its dialects: AIX, HP-UX, Solaris and others?

The first thing that falls into thought is the bazhannya vikoristovuvat Linux like a wall-to-wall zbroyu, building a breach at the gates of the fortified kingdom of Microsoft. It's obvious, but how many of them are on the right? Another reason may be a trend to develop the retail sector of education and consulting. The complexity of technologies is growing, and with it, growing and expanding between the quality of products and equal drinking. Clients may be prepared to pay a small amount of money for an intellectual service. Another possible reason is that for economically viable large-scale projects, for which it is inevitable to spend on the purchase of the possession of such application programs, they could be compensated by the low varity of the system software.

In a recent interview with VARBusiness magazine (falling leaves, 2000), IBM President Sam Palmisano specifically commended IBM's position on Linux development: so spіvpratsya z spіlnotoyu, as pіdtrimuє іdіv vіdkritih tekіv, it will be pіdnou like for IBM, and for the entire industry as a whole. It is especially important for companies that they are ready to give solutions, how to support, what potential they have with their Linux. One of the last great successes of IBM was the Lawson project - installed before June 2001. 15,200 Linux-servers (RedHat distribution kit) in a number of Japanese shopping centers, which provide the IBM eServer xSeries robot.

Naprikintsi 2000 r. Hewlett-Packard came before IBM. Offended by the giants, we may try to win over Linux-additions in the middle of their UNIX dialects (let's talk about IBM AIX and HP-UX, as well as about IBM Dynix / ptx). One more reason for the power supply, which is now necessary for corporations to support someone else's UNIX dialect, free of charge. Two birds with one stone are being driven in — a part of the Windows clients in Linux is pulled on the heels, and then we will show them how much of the rest is given to the dialects of UNIX, which is spread by the giant. This technique can be called the effect of awakening. Linux is not selfish When talking about Linux, don't forget that the OS is not so single and unique. Not less than thought out non-commercial OS, just talk about the Intel platform and the dialect of UNIX. Let's just say: FreeBSD (FreeBSD Core Team with BSD4.4-Lite improvements), NetBSD (NetBSD Foundation, BSD4.4-Lite + Mach core), OpenBSD (Theo de Raadt, BSD4.4-Lite), 386BSD ( BSD4.3 Reno), Hurd (Free Software Foundation, BSD4.4 + Mach 4.0).

New Philosophy of Programming The phenomenon of Linux has spoken to life about those who were born a new philosophy of programming, which is shocked by the fact that it was earlier. Indeed, the product can be commercial and cost-free, and the process of its manufacturing can be artisanal. New people can be employed just the same, so are the teams, amateurs and professionals. But in any case, it was not clear that all the traditional stages of the life cycle of a software product were inherited: analysis, development of specifications, design, layout, writing of the visual text, adjustment, documentation, testing, and support. Golovnya, which opposes this process, is the centralization of the management of various stages and the more importantly “low” development (constant detailing). Prote Linux was doing differently. The ready-to-use prototype was gradually fully developed and developed by a decentralized group of enthusiasts, who coordinated more than a few.

In the presence of anarchic character and "viskhidna" technology: the folding of more and more blocks from the earlier creation of others. Here you can name something else. With traditional development, the basis is the design and writing of texts, with the development a la Linux - layout design, improvement and testing. The first two stages of rozparaleliti smoothly, and z nagodzhennyam i testuvannyam on the right easier. Two reasons for this in his interview to Computer magazine, the creator of UNIX Ken Thompson, stating that he is a fan of "visionary" programming: If I have a “low” description of the system or a movi, which is to avenge innumerable libraries that describe one row after another, I blame myself for being shaky.” Thompson navit proponuvav tsіkavy term: computer Darwinism. In other words, development a la Linux is a method of trying and pardoning, prompting for intensive testing. At any stage, the system can be practiced, but it is still a mini-version of what the retailer is not. Natural vidbіr fills life less.

About those that such programming - science, art and craft - have been discussed for a long time. Although the basis of traditional software development lies in our craft, then development by the method of computer Darwinism is undoubtedly a piece of art. It is not important to remember that "visionary" development characterizes the so-called advanced programming, if the system will be close to the key components of the programs that are created at the early stages of the project, and then gradually modified. Naprikintsy born in 1999 The publisher O'Reilly & Associates received a large book by Erik Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Її the author is the main ideologist of the movement of the texts. In the book of wines he writes the idea of ​​self-organized anarchic programming, which he called "bazaar", contrasting it with the traditional centralized one, which he called "cathedral". On the basis of Linux, and other similar developments of a non-commercial software development that takes its own cob from the GNU project, Raymond tries to comprehend the nature of a new phenomenon from the reader, which took away the name of the collapse of the texts. The presence of a clear plan, minimal project management, a large number of third-party territorial distributors, a free exchange of ideas and codes - these are all the attributes of a new programming. Often the "new" looks good let's forget the old. The mustache (let it go on such a scale) has long been stagnant in programming. However, the phenomenon of Linux, giving the urge to voice a new faith, helping to gain more and more favors from one's own. Few articles have been written about the peculiarities of previous programming. So, the Swiss professors A.Kiralf, K.Chen and J.Nivergelt saw such important moments: * the retailer clearly imagines a straight joke, but you don’t know how far you can get to the point; * there is no possibility of transferring resources to reach that other result; * technology is not subject to detailed planning, it is carried out by way of trials and pardons; * such robots are related to specific vykonavtsy and reflect their special qualities. The main achievement of the new philosophy is the organization of long-term collaborative work of great teams of third-party programmers on important projects, the key role is played by the Internet and the right to freely dispose of a common product.

I can't help but tell you about the growling company VA Linux. It maintains an online repository of open source software called SourceForge (). There are already a few hundreds of projects that are standing in front of the development of Linux. First Berlin Project (graphics system) is a new generation of Perl movie programming system. Okrim Linux repository SourceForge provides projects for Windows, Mac OS, BeOS, PalmOS. One of the most important projects of VA Linux is the MySQL DBMS, which has gained the status of a free software, which is licensed under the GPL (General Public License, www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html). The plan to push the idea of ​​VA Linux programming is not self-evident. The competitors here are OpenAvenue and Asynchrony. Turning back to Raymond's book, one can say that the metaphors of "sobar" and "bazaar", perhaps, are not far away. Ale hiba rich in metaphors?

Regardless of the skepticism of critics of Linux and the non-streaming euphoria of yoga shakers, the operating system became a memorable milestone in the 1990s, marking the way for the development of the industry on the cob of a new century. Can you replicate the success of Linux and is there a new technological streak of this magnitude? Let's not talk about Ken Thompson: “Whether innovation becomes a reality, only a path of revolutions of this type, as UNIX created. The IBM Corporation did not threaten doty in any way, the docks turned out to be those that made the system unacceptable. The stench paid off the mainframe market for the most part; The same will happen with Microsoft: doty, docks will not show up soon, building up these products with inappropriate products, raising the price threshold for entering the market will be even more foldable and it will be impossible to find them.

Well, nazdogin, 22 reasons to switch to Linux. Spirnі reasons? For sure...

1. The reason is persha, won't be a headache. Being a free system, Linux is available to the core without cost. "Vis" can be easily downloaded from the Internet or get a CD or a box at a reasonable price. One copy of the operating system can be installed on a large number of computers without any brains.

2. Other Linux code is critical, the system can be modified and expanded on a commercial basis. The ability to freely experiment with the code of the operating system, voluntarily only for its own purposes, has made Linux so bad and efficient solutions for low great companies like Google.

3. There are no particular problems with technical support for Linux cores, so you can easily see it on forums or other conferences. Rich koristuvachіv zavnyayut, scho such tehnіdtrimka аnіtrohi is not worth more for the one that can be otrimati for pennies. Obviously, Linux technical support is paid. In such services, the system relay is switched on, the upgrade of new programs is installed with the method of protection against hackers, and the correction of bugs. Luckily, the rest in Linux don't get caught very often.

4. There is no chance that the technical support of Linux, if you stumble, may not be, because the code adds greatness to the number of coristuvachiv: a lot of them gladly help their "sopingwine" solve the problem. From the other side, there are always people who can help them professionally, to help. for pennies.

5. Do not be afraid that Linux is in the future. On the right, in that UNIX, on which the OS was, it was tested for 35 years, optimizing it for 35 years, achieving extreme efficiency, reliability and security. Work on Linux does not stick for a second, and new versions of the operating system, as it seems, "trim the brand."

6. Coristuvachi "Linux" do not know the totalitarian pressure from the side of the ruler of the operating system, for whom the ruler himself is not known. As an example, you can bring Microsoft to the forefront: the company just stops supporting old versions of the OS, and at the same time zmushuyuchi koristuvachіv kupuvachіv novі (innode buvaє, scho to bring the new “zalizo” through an unplanned OS update). In addition, new versions of Linux are also expanding absolutely cost-free.

7. Everything related to the transition to a new version of the OS will cost you a penny. The new version itself is cost-free - not once. In a different way, the initial programs, installed just then. koshtuyut inexpensively. Thirdly, Linux is not too powerful to the extent of a computer's fatigue, so an upgrade is obladnannya - as it will be necessary - even a lot of money from the budget is not worth it.

8. Companies that have hundreds of thousands of computers that have switched to Linux, think like a nightmare that they are also responsible for the license of the skin component of the software on the skin machine. And in order to reconsider the validity of the software license on all points of the EULA (End-User License Agreement - the license of the end-user licensee), it is necessary for the mother to have full-time employment and, no wonder, pay them for the pennies. In addition, these companies are no longer afraid of the rapt “gaining” of BSA (Business Software Alliance - Alliance of Software Developers for Commercial Organizations; created in 1988 by Microsoft), which requires the translation of a language license for MS Windows, MS Office. . Knowing the least inconsistencies - and the stench of knowing them - zabahayut great fines.

9. Linux has long been famous for being a little slick to the point of viruses, trojans, worms, spyware and other shkidlivy PZ. The secret to the success of retailers lies in the fact that the stinks on the cob focused their system security, and they did not think about it, if real problems arose. The axis, for example, is one of the original methods of zahistu: the Linux hacker does not have authorizations from the system as an administrator, thereby protecting the life of the necessary system files from the attacker's penetration. Until then, the most popular versions of Linux go at once through the firewall, which showed even the highest efficiency of the robot for the whole hour. Nareshti, the topic of voicing the code, which I don’t blame myself, is playing into our hands again: thousands of people all over the earth have taken over the OS, and there are absolutely no problems with patches.

10. Linux robots may never experience fatal crashes, after which the computer has to be rebooted. If you guess about the great companies, then here you stink in an insane vigrash, and even literally a sprinkling of hvilin of the idleness of all the pov'yazanoy system can hang out at the great crowd. It doesn’t matter the reason for the new one: from the very beginning, the retailers tried to make the OS robot as stable and efficient as possible, and I can say with confidence, the stench did their best.

11. So far, Linux cannot compete with Windows for the number of creations and well-established programs. There are a lot of people to take care of correcting the situation. The future programs for everyday needs will have more and more. Not only that, most Linux programs are expanding without cost, but for functionality, superiority and efficiency, they are not compromised by their counterparts in the Windows environment. Varto already indulges the stereotype, saying “you don’t know anything about Linux!”.

However, it is necessary to make a note: people who are professionally employed in music, photos and videos are unlikely to switch from Mac OS or Windows to something else, take it for now.

12. The choice of middle Linux distributions is significant - a few hundreds of versions, and the skin may have its own specific characteristics. When all systems are summed up one with one. All the same, let the koristuvachev choose the version that suits you the most. Until then, if one of the post-employees of Linux sees the green light, then you won’t bring the ostentatious shkodi a new operating system - there’s still a lot of post-appointments. It is impossible not to point out the fact that such a situation creates healthy competition, which is signified by increased productivity. Obviously, for the rich choose the required distribution from a few hundreds, it is important to appear. In such a way, choosing one of the most popular versions, on Red Hat or SuSE, you will not have mercy.

13. As another feature of Linux, it needs to be able to be finely tuned. All the same, I decided to build Linux for myself, no more than everyday problems for a larger-less informed koristuvach. For the hour of installation, you can specify different parameters, which will help you choose the configuration that suits you. Whether it's a turnkey computer for work, a media center, a laptop, a web server, a server for collecting data, or a network router. In the form of a drunken koristuvach, it is not attached and nailed to the sound-looking operating system, which can be nailed in thousands of variations. Dream about Apple Mac or do you feel nostalgic for Windows? With Linux, you can do it visually. All are zavdyaks to the code that is supposed to be coristuvachevi truly boundless opportunism.

14. For "Linux", as well as for all other freeware software, the format of the files that are victorious is recognized. On vіdminu vіd filesіv closed format stinks vіdpovіdat zagalnopriynyatnym standards і can zastosovuvatisya be-like retailers of PZ to create crazy programs with them. The problem of software security is broken if the files can close the extension and may be broken more than the same software security. Until then, the Koristuvachevs no longer wart about those who can use valuable data, as if they were rapt retailers, as they created software security, to go out of business or to adopt the support of their early products.

15. Linux is famous for its miraculous summation with other operating systems. For example, "Pіnvgin" can read, write, copy, copy, copy and paste other files without any problems, as well as sorting on hard disk partitions, deinstalling Windows. In addition, in Linux, you can tweak Windows clients and work with programs that are the main rank of OS under Microsoft. And Windows is not only not able to work with HDD partitions, on which other operating systems are recorded, but it also cannot format disks for installation on another OS. By the way, Linux can be conceived like a Live-CD - that's it. the settings actually do not matter.

16. As much as we can get into your favour, the US hasn't had a good time yet if there were antitrust cases before the Federal Court against the "perfidious" Linux victoria. Navpaki, antimonopoly favors were created to regulate activity and reduce economic monopolies for the sake of free competition in the market. Linux, as we already understood, we don’t have a monopoly, because we don’t impose on anyone: everything is for the power

17. If you have a different Linux, you need to have a major upgrade, so you have to install the latest version. Navit on old computers, zavdyaki even well-written code, Linux pratsyuvatime without any hesitation.

18. Linux scales well and can be used on systems not only based on Intel solutions or, say, AMD. Yoga can be practically installed on all electronic devices, starting with supercomputers and robots, finishing with medical devices, mobile phones and winding with a wrist year.

19. For technical universities, Linux becomes a good know-it-all. I will add a computer to the code, and not just for the sake of how it is necessary to work with it. It is worth emphasizing that I will learn richer and more complex basics of computational technology, as they will serve to create more and more advanced computers in the future, and not the practice of such programs, like Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint, like a skin new version, but change through sprat of old.

20. Let's arrange Linux installations, as well as bezkoshtovne PZ, secure t.z. transparency of software security, shards of information in Linux are taken from various formats that comply with globally accepted standards. Opposite to this come forward, obviously, closed formats, victorious rich commercial programs. Vzagali, like the transparency of the PZ to talk about those who in the company do not have any data, and access to all information can be absolutely all coristuvachі and їm do not need to use expensive programs, as they can understand the required formats.

21. I think that in rich paid programs they use the songs "dirki", through the hackers of a competing company, or they can create valuable tributes. So from, ymovirno, it will not be loudly said that Linux is a good head for hackers, more it is impossible to get into the system through loopholes through those that the system's original code is more accessible for scanning for evil attacks.

22. Linux, running under Windows, will not require disk defragmentation. Let this process of not laying folds and overlays for vikonannya, which needs to be carried out not too often, but the fact is that for a well-organized operating system, for example Linux, defragmentation is not needed.

Axis mi i overhauled all statements 22 reasons, through yakі varto change your operating system. Choose yours, or else deprive you of yoga Linux else food;)

I would have urged you to guess what the bula

Koristuvach, if you want to know about operating systems based on the Linux kernel, you can easily find yourself in the assortment of all distribution kits. This difference is due to the code of the kernel, so the retailers all over the world are diligently popovnyuyut rows already in the OS. These articles will look at the most popular of them.

In fact, a different distribution kit is not at hand. As soon as you grow up in the rices of singing OS, then go ahead and choose that system, as if it were the same for your computer. The weaknesses of the PC are especially important. Having installed the distribution kit for a weak launch, you can get a full OS, like a computer is not installed, and provide the necessary software.

To try one of the lower distributions, just grab an ISO image from the official site, burn it to a USB drive and start the computer from a USB flash drive.

As far as manipulations from writing the ISO image of the operating system to the storage device can be done, you can find a guide on our website for installing Linux on a VirtualBox virtual machine.

ubuntu

Ubuntu is rightfully considered the most popular distribution on the Linux kernel in SND. Wine splitting on the basis of another distribution kit - Debian, the prote looks like there is no similarity between them. To the point, superstitions are often blamed on koristuvachiv, which distribution kit is shorter: Debian or Ubuntu, but all converge on one thing - Ubuntu is definitely suitable for beginners.

The retailers systematically release updates, so as to improve and correct її nedolіki. Merezha expands without cost, including security upgrades, as well as corporate versions.

Three things can be seen:

• simple and easy installer;
• there is a large number of thematic forums and articles from the study;
• the Unity interface, which looks like a native Windows, but is intuitively intelligible;
• a great deal of pre-installed add-ons (Thunderbird, Firefox, games, Flash-plugin and a lot of other software);
• There may be a large number of PLs, both in internal repositories and external ones.

Linux Mint

Irrespective of those that Linux Mint is an okremy distro, base wines on Ubuntu. This is different for popularity, and also a product suitable for beginners. May be larger than the front software, lower at the front OS. Linux Mint is practically identical to Ubuntu, except for the internal system aspects, which seem to be familiar to the eyes of the savvy. The graphical interface is more similar to Windows, which without a doubt hacks to the choice of operating system.

The benefits of Linux Mint can be seen coming:

• є mozhlivіst when zavantazhennі choose the graphic shell of the system;
• when installing the koristuvach, we remove not only software security with a free code, but also proprietary programs, such as building security, to ensure the optimal operation of video-audio files and Flash-elements;
• retailers will thoroughly improve the system, periodically issuing updates and correcting pardons.

CentOS

As it seems to the CentOS retailers themselves, the main meta is the development of a viable and, importantly, stable OS for various organizations and businesses. Later, having installed the distribution kit, you will take into account the stable and protected system for all parameters. However, while carefully preparing and maintaining the CentOS documentation, the shards may not be strong enough for other distributions. From the main point: the syntax of most commands is different, like the commands themselves.

CentOS advances can be seen coming:

• there are a lot of functions that will ensure the security of the system;
• include more stable versions of add-ons that reduce the risk of critical pardons and other types of problems;
• on the OS, corporate level security updates are released.

openSUSE

openSUSE is a bad option for a netbook or a low pressure computer. This operating system has an official website that works on technology wikis, a portal for koristuvachiv, a service for retailers, projects for designers and IRC channels on dekilkoh mov. In addition, the openSUSE team will send a message to the mail of the correspondents, if there are any updates or other important calls.

The advantages of this distribution kit are as follows:

• There may be a large number that can be delivered through . It's true, yoga is a little less, lower in Ubuntu;
• I have a graphical KDE shell, which is similar to Windows in many ways;
• maє gnuchki nalashtuvannya, yakі vykonuyutsya for help programs YaST. With help, you can practically change all the parameters, starting with the trellis and finishing with the adjustment of the internal system components.

Pinguy OS

Pinguy OS rozroblyavsya s method zrobiti system, yak bula would be simple and beautiful. Vaughn is recognized for an ordinary koristuvach, who, having ventured to switch from Windows, to that one can know a lot of primary functions in it.

The operating system is based on Ubuntu distributions. Either 32-bit or 64-bit version. Pinguy OS can be a great set of programs, from which you can practically use it on a PC. For example, turn the standard Gnome top bar into a dynamic one, like in Mac OS.

Zorin OS

Zorin OS is another system whose target audience is newcomers who want to switch from Windows to Linux. This OS is also based on Ubuntu, but behind the interface there is a lot of sleeping Windows.

PROTECTION RICE Zorin OS is a package of installed programs. For pіdbags you will once again take away the possibility of launching more and more Windows programs and running the Wine program. You will also be pleased with the installation of Google Chrome, which is in this browser for promotions. And for fans of graphic editors, GIMP (similar to Photoshop). Dodatkovі programs koristuvach can zavantazhit independently, vikoristovuyuchi for this Zorin Web Browser Manager - a kind of analogue of the Play Market on Android.

Manjaro Linux

Manjaro Linux is based on ArchLinux. The system is also easy to install and allows you to start working immediately after the installation of the system. Both 32-bit and 64-bit OS versions are supported. The repositories are constantly synchronized with ArchLinux, so one of the first ones will take new versions of the software. The distribution kit, once installed, may have all the necessary tools for interfacing with multimedia content and third-party owners. Manjaro Linux supports some kernels, cores and rc.

Solus

Solus is not the best option for weak computers. At the very least, this distribution has only one version - 64-bit. However, the natomist koristuvach removes the garne of the graphic shell, with the possibility of a flexible lashing, impersonal tools for robotics, and the arrogance of the vikoristan.

It also shows that in Solus, for the work with packages, there is a wonderful eopkg manager, which offers standard tools for installing / removing packages for those requests.

elementary OS

The Elementary OS distribution kit is based on Ubuntu and is a miracle starting point for newcomers. Cicavi design, which is similar to OS X, there is a large number of PZs - there is a lot of other stuff that needs to be installed, having installed this distribution kit. Vіdmіnnoyu rice tsієї OS є those scho, scho more additions, scho enter to її komplektsiї, rozroblenі specially pіd tsey project. Looking back at the stinks, they are ideally placed from the system's fundamental structure, through which the OS works richly for the same Ubuntu. Until then, all the elements of the zavdyaki to whom the voice will be called.

Visnovok

It's easy to objectively say which of the distributions is the best and which is the worst, so you can't figure out whether you can install Ubuntu or Mint on your computer. Everything is individual, so the distribution kit itself is mostly decided by you.