Linux - what is it? Linux OS: a look, instructions, tips How to get started Linux The history of Linux creation

Golovna / Contacts

At this article, I will try as simply as possible that I have learned to tell you about those what is linux, what is a linux distribution, let's talk about the peculiarities of Linux and the particularities of the Windows operating system, we will also talk about the graphical interface of the koristuvach in Linux and a lot more.

linux– a cost-free operating system for a computer based on the Linux kernel.

Linux kernel- This is the main component of the operating system, which is the center of the entire system, how everything will be. The Linux kernel coordinates everything between the hardware part of the computer and all the components of the operating system, including programs. Thus, the Linux kernel is the base, the basis, on which the Linux operating system is inspired.

The Linux kernel first appeared in 1991, having been developed by the Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds.

Linux official symbol– Tse penguin on im'ya Tux "supernatural" penguin in yellow color joba and paws. Do not be surprised that practically all riddles about Linux are accompanied by such a penguin.

The Linux operating system is a modular system and will not expand, so the Linux operating system is composed not only of the core, but also includes a graphical shell. graphical interface of the koristuvach), a set of add-ons, and other components that are connected and interact with the Linux kernel.

Software for Linux is expanded as packages and is collected from special, pro, repositories.

Repository- this is a collection in which software packages are saved, or just packages for expanding the functionality of the Linux operating system. You can freely access the repository from the operating system, so you can easily install add-on programs.

Note! Yakshcho Wee want to learn how to write Linux on a home computer without using the command line, I recommend reading my book - »

Graphical interface of the Linux box

The main ones that are popular in Linux are:

KDE (K Desktop Environment) - one of the most popular and popular graphical shells, may be handy, handy and functional interface, for the account of which you can transfer the power to the resources of the computer;
GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) - another middle of the working table, as wide as wide and also more popular and functional. Starting with version 3, GNOME technology has become stagnant "GNOME Shell", which made the middle of it absolutely new and definitely looks like a classic version. The very fact that, before the creation of new shells, they continued the classic GNOME middleware, but already with a different name;
MATE- Maє іntuїtivno zrozumіli і, golovne, zruchny іinterfeys koristuvach, for rahunok kogo won more priblivaya. The core is the continuation of the classic GNOME interface;
Cinnamon- another continuation of the classic GNOME from the stagnation of modern technologies. Dzhe zruchne, functional and beautiful middle of the working table;
xfce- simple, functional and at the same time a lace-up coat and a light graphic shell;
LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) is one of the lightest and most visible, not capable of up to the resources of a computer, the middle of a working table, so there can be a more conservative interface.

Linux features and Windows features

The main feature of Linux in relation to the family of Windows operating systems lies in the fact that in Linux there is a different approach to the organization of the file system and the blocking of other types of file systems.

For Windows, we have logical disks C, D and so on, Linux does not have such disks. Linux's natomist is the root (/) as everything grows. All addresses of files in that directory start from the root itself, all splits are mounted to the root, including physical disks ( USB flash drives and so on).

In this way, absolutely all physical disks were combined into a single file structure, which starts from the root (/).

Linux, as it was intended, has other file systems, such as, for example, Windows - NTFS or FAT, although Linux can work with these types of file systems.

On Linux, the following types of file systems are actively tagged:

ext4- modern journal file system, as standard for Linux;
btrfs- Add a new file system, based on B-tree structures, in some tests it won't show better performance of ext4;
xfs– to increase the productivity of a part of the recording and reading of data to the file system. However, due to the peculiarities of the file system in case of serious failures, there is a risk of losing data.

In general, the internal operation of the Linux and Windows systems, obviously, is significantly disturbed, but on this day for an ordinary home computer, there is practically no memory. Today's Linux is already a handy operating system, as it is already focused on a great hard worker.

Prote Windows is all the same overwhelmed by the most popular operating system, and for the most part, the most diverse. More viruses are being created today "bad" retailers are joking about the quirks of the operating system with the method of creating one virus.

Linux has a better way to deal with viruses, tobto. under Linux viruses are created less richly, and as a result Linux is considered more secure and virus-resistant operating system.

If we are talking about software security, then Linux has become more widespread, so that a large number of programs are being expanded into the system, including the most popular ones, like those in Windows. I, to the point, the installation of add-ons for today's Linux has become much simpler, lower for Windows. The installation process is similar to the installation of add-ons on smartphones, tobto. everything is installed from one point on one click. Then you launch the system component that goes to the repository and reads the list of available packages ( with description, with estimates, with comments of other shortlisted students), and you just push on the one you need and that's it. Obviously, this functionality is not available in all Linux distributions, but in the most popular installations it seems to be like this.

Also, the head office of Windows is those that Linux is absolutely cost-free operating system with a clear code. Any retailer can doopratsyuvati її and create on її osnovі your own power system on absolutely legal rights. All software security in Linux is basically free. Linux can be freely expanded and twisted. That's why there are impersonal Linux distributions, but what about that, I'll tell you at once.

What is a Linux distribution?

Linux distribution- A different type of Linux operating system. Linux distributions are plentiful, so that any retailer can tweak the Linux kernel and create a powerful operating system. In this way, the retailers unite in a single order and create operating systems based on the Linux kernel, like distributions. The distribution includes all the necessary software for robots, and most of the distributions include everything that is needed to start working with the system immediately after installation, on Windows Windows .

Similarly, distributions can be created by different companies, and such distributions can also be paid.

A Linux distribution can be founded on another distribution, and, in this way, it is born without many different distributions, as if it were founded one on one and all of them may have one base, one basis.

Practically, the skin distribution kit has its own repositories, in which all sums and packages are saved by the distribution kit, obviously, when the programs are installed from the standard repositories, you will have to install any more altered versions of the programs.

Linux distributions can be smartly divided into two great developments, two straight. Here I may, on the other hand, rozpodil at the method of organizing and managing software security, tobto. packages.

Use two popular systems of care packages:

DEB– package file format, which is shared by Debian distributions and by all foundations on new distributions;
RPM- a package manager that wins for Red Hat distributions, as well as for many other popular distributions.

If you're starting Linux, then you don't need to marvel at a distributive that is based on a distribution package, you need to marvel at a distribution as a final product, tobto. for any purposes of expansion. I navіv tse podіlki just so that you know what it is, it's practically in no way possible to show up on your knowledge of the Linux operating system. The only thing, if Wi z zim zіtknetesya - tse todi, if you install third-party software security, which is not available in standard repositories. Oskіlki You will need to choose the type of package to install, which suits your system.

Before you switch to Linux, you need to know why a particular distribution was created and recognized. Oscilki use, for example, distribution kits, like making graphic shells, tobto. server systems, use distributions, which can be controlled on a command line, and are created for stumbling bugs, and at the same time, use the most simple way to orient yourself to buggy distributions, so Windows doesn't compromise.

We will talk about Linux distributions in the upcoming material.

I have everything for today, for now!

The Linux world often misleads the diversity of Linux distributions. It is often difficult for them to comprehend what it is and the stench to be ruined by their greatness. But really, here everything can be grouped and revealed by looking at the whole picture, so that it would be easier to understand and orientate everything.

We already talked about those in the okremіy statti. In fact, the same kernel of Linux and a set of various software, the same can be on the side of the Linux operating system. The operating systems of Linux change the Linux kernel permanently, otherwise they change it for greater security or implementation of the necessary functions. The advantages of this other operating system on Linux lie in a set of software, like a victory. In these articles, we can look at the main types of Linux operating systems, like at the same time.

All systems in this list are sorted out in a vipadical order, just because the system is in the rest of the field, it still does not mean that there is no respect for it.

1. Debian and other Deb systems

This group includes distributions that are based on Debian and others, such as wrapping the system around with Deb packages. This system has been packaged for Debian and is often downloaded at the same time on popular distributions, such as Debian, Ubuntu, LinuxMint, AstraLinux, Elementary and many others. The distribution kits vicorist the original Linux kernel with decalcom changes, so that you can see no more pardons.

2. Red Hat and other RPM systems

While they were developing the Deb package management system, Red Hat created their own package manager, Rpm. Just like all traditional Linux distributions, they were divided into two camps - deb and rpm. Once offended, the package management systems are good and I can't say it's worth it. You can read the report at the article for assistance. For example, the RPM package management system is used by such distributions as CentOS, Fedora, Red Hat, OpenSUSE and other less popular ones.

3. Arch Linux and based on new

A few hours later, more distribution kits showed up, yakі not vikoristovuyut ні Deb ні Rpm. One such distribution is ArchLinux. Here zastosovuetsya vlasny package manager pacman, which allows you to work all the same and deb, but on top of that, a simple system of code releases is implemented. Start your distribution with the latest software security. Arch quickly gaining popularity and new distributions were founded on the new one - Manjaro, Antergos, Cinnarch and many others.

4.Gentoo

Rich mothers wanted to be able to compile their system themselves, to choose how to install software security, and also to optimize optimization for their own possession. This is why the Gentoo distribution is based on the Linux kernel, and it uses the emerge package manager. Here you can also take away the releases, as well as the ability to simply compile your operating system on your computer. The emerge package manager already has ready-made warehouse scripts, so you won't have to write anything yourself.

5. Linux From Scratch

Not a well-known distribution, LFS - a set of tools that allow you to choose an authoritative distribution based on the Linux kernel. You just take the core, take the rest of the programs you need, start all the programs from the initialization system and the command shell and finish polishing the desktop, take everything, install and remove your distribution.

6 Chrome OS

More recently, Google released its operating system for netbooks on the Linux kernel. In fact, ChromeOS is based on Gentoo, but the stench of the tiles is different, which is impossible to get together in one place. In this system, Google implemented such an idea as a lousy Linux operating system. Your working space is your browser. Here you all need to work in the browser - edit documents, work with videos and navigate the Linux terminal in the browser. Files are most importantly saved from the darkness. And yet Linux.

7.Android

Not everyone knows, but the most popular operating system for mobile phones is also the Linux kernel. Only the kernel and a few more moments have been left out of Linux here, yet Google has filled it with its various frameworks, Java and so on. The possibility of Linux is surrounded by the Bionic security system, which protects dynamic libraries, and in the terminal you can work with re-selected Linux commands, and in a polished chroot you can run a full Linux distribution.

8 Slackware

To finish the old distribution kit of Linux, which in its time was taken in by Unix itself. Previously, a small number of distribution kits were founded on the new one, such as Blacktrack, Slax, VectorLinux and others. does not reach deb and rpm. The distribution of fallows is not supported, and the commands for removing and installing packages are found in other utilities.

9. OpenWrt and based on new

OpenWrt is the Linux 2017 operating system for routers and routers based on the Linux kernel. Let's look at the Linux kernel itself, it is supplied with a short version of the C library, standard Linux utilities and BusyBox. The system takes up little space and is optimized specifically for routers. Most installations are ticked in the command line.

10. Tizen and other IoT

The operating system based on the Linux kernel is recognized for various TVs, smart birthdays and other smart gadgets. The system is being developed on the basis of the Linux kernel by Samsung and is frequently downloaded at the same time. Іsnuyut your software and SDK for their distribution.

11. OS for supercomputers

As of 2017, Linux-based operating systems are most often deployed on supercomputers. The leather company creates its solution on the basis of the core, as it is optimized for all necessary needs. Of the 500 most advanced supercomputers, 498 operate on Linux and two more on UNIX-like IBM AIX systems.

In this fate, the FAS found out that Microsoft dominating the market of operating systems (OS) for personal computers (PCs) in Russia. Behind the data of 2015, as operated by the FAS, 95.6% of desktop PCs and laptops were running Windows. 2.5% of the market was occupied by Apple, but it's not easy to install Mac OS anywhere, except for Mac computers. Microsoft's right-hand competitors, the most powerful of all Linux, occupied only 1.9% of the market.

It would have been used, the project from the creation of a cost-free OS has failed. Truly wins Shvidko won the world. "They don't suspect a lot of people that they win Linux," said Finus creator Linus Torvalds in an interview with Linux magazine. Get your hands on a smartphone - just like Android, without prompting on the Linux kernel. Go to the sites of giants on Google, Amazon, Facebook otherwise, there are some other unknown companies - the stench of Linux victorious. Linux manages the International Space Station, stands on the top of supercomputers, on it in 2007. moved to the New York Stock Exchange. Tens of thousands of programmers from all over the world are working on the post-improvements of the cost-free system without cost.

Spivrobitnik Microsoft as if rozpov_v Torvalds, scho yogo portrait vikoristovuyut in their office as a target for darts. Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft, publicly attacked Linux. Hardly the one who won bula youmu baiduzha. Zvіlnivshis, vіn vyznav rozmovі z Fortune: Linux carried a greater threat to Windows and already "loom at the rear view mirror". Ballmer's successor Satya Nadella takes a different path: by launching the Microsoft Loves Linux initiative to adapt software one to one.

And the Apple axis, navpak, like the past fate, hindered the installation of Linux and other operating systems, okrim Mac OS and Windows 10, on its new computers. And earlier, Steve Jobs, having taught Torvalds to become one of the distributors of Mac OS, and to carry out the same principles of distribution, like Linux, in the process. Ale Finnish programmer spoke. "I think [Jobs] is already arguing that he didn't make this argument about part of the Apple market," said Torvalds.

Have a look at those who play such a role in the computer world. Having created the PZ, as if it were without cost and for whom I didn’t secure the income of a cent (it’s true, I took millions from the result). But remember, if it was hard for a penny like the 1990s, Torvalds got $ 10 million, as if he had taken away bi for entry to the sake of directors in one of the newly born Linux companies.

In this fate, Torvalds launched the distribution of the 5th version of the Linux kernel. “Changing the number means especially. Just as you need an official reason - I ran out of fingers on my hands and feet, so “4.21” turned into “5”, - quoting InternetUA.

Enchantments calculator

Linus Torvalds was born on December 28, 1969. in Gelsinka and maw bi become a journalist - like mayzhe all yogo relatives. My father was a radio journalist, my mother was an editor at the news agency, my uncle worked at the Finnish television station, and I was the head editor of the newspaper, and my sister, a spokesman for the news agency, in parallel, worked in the translation bureau, which specializes in translation of new reports.

Family legend to tell that Linus's great-grandfather, journalist and writer Ernst von Wendt, in 1917. having fought for the whites and the boons at the full of red ones. Batko Nils, now, he was an ideological communist. Deyakim children were fenced off by Linus, and Yogo himself was teased at school through the radicalism of Yogo Batka. If the fathers parted, the children did not remember anything: the father is alive for a long time in Moscow.

A rare culprit from the family profession was Leo Waldemar Turnkvist, professor of statistics at the University of Helsinki. The grandchildren should have been posterigat for yoga robot on the calculator. At the sight of today, these calculators needed an hour to calculate, moreover, the stench blazed with light bulbs. The sight fascinated young Linus. 1981 r. did zam_st calculator by buying the first computer Commodore VIC-20.

Rіdkіsne prizvische

Biography Just for Fun. Rozpovіd nenavmisnogo revіlіonіon” (Moscow: Eksmo-press, 2002)<...>having prepared it myself, vikoristovuyuchi as a handy material to his friend im'ya. At the hour of the people of yoga they named Ole Torvald Elis Saksberg. I was born without a father (Saksberg is a girl's name for my mother) and then I took away the name of Karanko as a human being, for the sake of my great-grandmother she became a foreigner. Farfar (this is the name of the children from the father’s side. - “Vidomosti”), not loving his vitch, he changed his name: before the name Torvald, he added the letter “s”, so that he could give the name more solidly - how it was given to you - sounding. Im'ya Torvald means "volodinnya Thor". It would be better if you created a nickname from scratch, and not engaged in rework: adding a “s” allows the word of a casual sense and beats a pantelic like a Swede, so a Finn, like they can’t understand, like a name. Stink and write її I want not Torvalds, but Thorwalds. The world has less than 21 Torvalds, and all of them are relatives. Usі stikaєmosya іz tsієyu motherland problem.

Torvalds guessed that at school they didn’t have a chance to do it and they wanted to do it - they were willing to take the Finnish version of the vibival to the team. Ale, when he was a typical botanist: “Having waved at a beaver, wearing eyepieces, dressed unsavoryly, for most of the hour my hair looked nasty, and in other days it was stingy.” Not surprisingly, scho vin zahopivsya computer. Tse zakhoplennya did not pass, if he became a senior. Through the Finnish weather in the country of nothing to work, let's work like a programmer, have sex and drink, jarring Torvalds. With others, it didn’t work out very well for him - hackers in the world have not yet reached the point of fashion, drinking wine is not even fond of. Stopped writing code.

Investment in computer

If I died, yoga computer for locking the transition to Linus. Let's buy a Sinclair QL. Sim'ya didn't show off: Torvalds guessed that my mother periodically pawned a single value - a share of the Gelsinskaya telephone company (seen by the skin manager of the phone) worth close to $500. Having become famous, win a single blame for this company and see it for the sake of the directors.

Have 1990 r. Torvalds joined the University of Helsinki. I bought a computer with 386th Intel processor, for which I had a chance to get a bank loan on credit. There it was warping: the car was too tight for its time.

The university had a Unix operating system. On Torvalds' computer, the Minix OS is free. Torvalds did not like it, no way it was connected from home via modem to the university yard, no way it worked out of the bay of the yogo computer. For example, Minix was designed for 16-bit processors, and Intel 386 for 32-bit.

Torvalds, having written a small program for the solution of these problems. But for them, they needed other programs: for example, it was not possible for them to write files to disk. With good, additional functions, styles were created that before Torvalds had gone: in the hands of a new one in his hands without a five minutes' worth of replacement for Minix. Ale vin all the same pratsyuvav s Minix, while vipadkovo її not zіpsuvav: writing a command, yak bugged hard drive there, de bula recorded OS. Todi Torvalds started to win as the main OS of his Linux.

Ideologists of a cost-free software

It is impossible to say that Torvalds created the operating system from scratch. Vіn having created the core of the system, to those that pov'yazuє programs from the computer's entrance and allow them to work. This is the base, so you can hang impersonal surpluses. There is no single Linux operating system analogous to Windows 10, and there are no other operating systems based on the Linux kernel, some of which have the word Linux in the name.

Torvalds himself, in order to create a complete OS on his own kernel, typing other people's programs under the Universal Public License (GPL) distributed by Richard Stallman. Yogo Torvalds reverently calls "the god of free PZ".

Stallman born in 1984 becoming a pratsyuvati over the cost-free alternative to Unix. "Neckless" was the key word. Yogo zavdannyam bulo, so that no one could give their own vacation codes and charge for them. Stallman, having created an ideological and legal basis for such a PZ - the Manifesto of Free Software Security, and writing the Universal Public License (GPL) together with lawyers. Vaughn to say that as a programmer, having conquered the code, licensed for the GPL, then he is guilty of squeezing all the source code for the product, that is, the right to modify and expand it. The same will be the responsibility of the attacking programmer, who has won software for his programs with a GPL license, etc.

Torvalds, who became the director of Stallman, also licensed his kernel under the GPL. Therefore, in 2001. CEO Microsoft Balmer barking: “Linux is a piece of crap, like it devours all the intellectual power, until it gets stuck. Vіdpovidno to the rules of the license, as you vikoristuєte be-yakі components of the software security with the open source code, you are responsible for the code of all the software that you have explicitly" (cited by Cnet).

Why Linux is popular

On the other hand, Torvalds doesn't want to give up on his work. Ale, having boasted of his successes on the Internet forums and, so that they didn’t respect Yogo with a talker, turned the code.

Yogo tvorinnya zahopil Іnshih programmers, yakі began to put yogo sobі on the computer and proponuvat doopratsyuvannya. The truth was far from being perfect. Yakos Torvalds, having taken off the sheet, the author of such a long time praising Linux, and in the end, having mentioned that a pardon is in the drive driver, it was like a hard disk was destroyed.

The system became popular. At that time, Torvalds had long been working on Linux, not on his own. More and more people were figuring out the code and pronouncing their abbreviations, moreover, they worked absolutely without cost. I have a system that allows volunteers to work on a new version of Linux at the same time with other retailers, bachiti other changes that are made by others, and at times pardons turn to the previous versions of files. If Linux had 10,000 rows of code. Narazi rahunok go to tens of millions. In 2017 Approximately 80,000 credits were requested for Linux, 90% of them by paid programmers, with 30% of them working for Intel, writing The New Yorker.

Torvalds knows Linux so well that he often takes proponed changes or misunderstands them: “Why marvel at the book and don’t read the letters of the word, but hoard all the propositions” (Bloomberg quote). But if you change seriously, then you will need 10-25 minutes for their test. Although Torvalds may be impersonal assistants, as if they were propositions, I have to look at 30 shifts a day for an hour.

The origins of such a system Linux has turned the respect of the great graves. The first among the great companies to install software based on the Linux kernel on their own is Sun Microsystems, then IBM, Informix, Oracle ... Small companies also got stuck. The rise of online commerce in the 1990s. giving rise to the need for software for servers. Previously, thousands of dollars were needed for stained glass, now you can put yoga for a penny, adapting Linux. Be a kind of bazhayuchy zmіg vіdkriti svіy biznes at the merezhі.

Torvalds is aware that the foundation of Linux's success is that it can't do its own thing. If Unix increased its bet on the supercomputers of the Russians, banks, financial organizations, wine lists in their autobiography Just for Fun. Rozpovіd navmisnogo revіlіvіonі”. Tse PZ costed chimalih pennies. Then came Microsoft s її visibly inexpensive rozіnami and began to pratsyuvati skrіz. “Ale to reveal a rare organism, which floods the open space. For example, one of the niches spent is not a bet. The organism fills the whole world, shutting up all the dirks. Those same at the same time vydbuvaetsya s Linux. Won show up here, de to her є іnteres<...>Її can be known on supercomputers in some cool places at the station of the National Laboratory. Farms and NASA. Ale, there it has flowed from the server space. And in the new, my black, I spent the world of desktop computers - then I started. At the same time, Linux should be on the vbudovanih outbuildings - like galms with an anti-blocking system until the birthday. Marvel at how it looks like light.

Obviously, another reason for its popularity is the image of Robin Hood. From one side - a monster corporation Microsoft, a little bit about the stiffness behind the coristuvaches, but for the rest - without a cost of PZ and a modest fіn.

Jak Torvalds became a millionaire

“I have scraped together pennies on a thousand payments for my computer, as if they were insured for three years,” said Torvalds at the biography book. Ale take pennies for Linux wine vvazhav for wrong. The reason for this is Finland, which is set to greed, and the father-communist is stuck, and the careless zmushuvat pay quietly, who, having helped his work program better, mirkuvav Torvalds.

On the Internet, this is the name of bloomers (from English shareware) - free of charge PZ, like asking: "Like I'm like you - send pennies to the author." Linux didn’t have such a mess, but a lot of people wrote to Torvalds that, out of satisfaction, they supported it financially. Walking on the Internet a sheet from the “maximum repost” series: nibito boy Craig, having died in the form of cancer, but yogo can be pidbadjoriti, having sent the leaflet. Torvalds zhartomy asked the deputy of the currency to scribble some sprats of rows. If the postal screen began to break through the leaflets from the sides of the world, the households suspected that Linus was doing something important. Vin himself did not particularly tell about Linux, without regard for everything, that his modem constantly borrows a telephone line.

Live and live Torvalds with his mother. On the new one hung close to $5,000 credits for training, about $50 per month was spent on credit for a computer, and some pennies were spent on beer. The problem of the loan was virulent on its own: a friend voted on the Internet for a subscription to pay for Torvalds' computer, and accepted the pennies like that. And I repaid the reshta from the salary. In Finland there is a minority to speak Swedish, to which Torvaldsi lies. In 1992 at the Faculty of Informatics, I needed an assistant who could speak Swedish and know it on computers. There were only two such people at the faculty.

Three years later, Torvalds became a full-time scientific assistant to the university: having paid pennies of wine for work, like a great rahunka, they spent until Linux was reduced.

Zavdyaki vikladanny Torvalds made friends. Kindergarten teacher and six-time champion of Finland in karate Tuva signed up for a yoga special course "Introduction to Informatics". The first tasks were to be sent the voucher sheets by electronic mail - it was not so easy, like at once. From the leaf, Tuve asked for yogo bacchiti. On the back of the head the stench did not separate, and Torvalds started programming.

In 1997 Torvalds moved from there to the USA to work at Transmeta, as a developer of low-energy processors. One of the spіvvlasnikіv ієї kompanії - Paul Allen, who at once fell asleep with Bill Gates Microsoft. Torvalds was in charge of maintaining the Linux infrastructure for the project.

There was never more than $5,000 for a rahunka in a Torvalds jar - until the beginning of the century, if you once became a millionaire. Just because Linux is cost-free, it doesn't mean you can't work on it. As soon as the project is just born, the core can be purchased without cost from the Internet - or buy from the smart lads a record on a floppy disk or a CD. You can make money on the services of installing Linux, you can for a fee work on Linux for the needs of a particular company. The rest will be taken over by Red Hat, which went public on 11 April 1999. And before this sign, I saw Torvalds an option for a block of shares.

On the first day of trading, the quotation went up twice. Ale sell papers vin mav right no earlier than 180 days. Luckily, the stench grew for the whole hour (2009 Red Hat will go up to the S&P 500), and the price of Torvalds' package was $5 million.

Unexpectedly, another company, VA Linux, entered the stock exchange, and so it gave Torvalds an option. In the midst of optimism, the shares suddenly went up 10 times to $300. Ale tse appeared with a bust, that y mikhur dotcomiv began to puff up. Three $300 shares began to fall, and at least $6.6 were given for them. Torvalds knows how greedy it was for 180 days to marvel, how cheap your package is, but you can't sell it.

On the basis of a share of pennies, my family (the author of Linux has three daughters at the same time) bought a house in America, and Torvalds became addicted to trimming a family Pontiac cabriolet in the garage, as a rule, in yellow color.

In 2012, Rotis Torvalds became the laureate of the world's largest technology award, the Millennium Technology Prize. The prize of 1.2 million euros of wine was shared with the other laureate of that year, the Japanese graduate of Stovbur klitins Sinya Yamanaka.

Ale, the main source of income for Torvalds, after that, since 2003. Vіn pіshov z Transmeta, becoming the foundation of the Linux Foundation (their name was Open Source Development Labs). Yogo robot - evaluate other people's propositions of how Linux is improved: “I myself have not written code for a long time. Everything that I write is just a correction of the pardons of other people, I make changes in one or two rows, my contribution is to combine different things in the code ”(quote from The Register Internet site). A fund for additional donations is being created, including companies that victorious Linux. Behind The New Yorker tribute, 2017 Yogo has a budget of $50 million, and Torvalds has a 2016 budget. having taken $1.6 million from the fund.

Rule for a rude person

“Managing a project from hundreds of thousands of retailers, I work the same way, like a student’s hour: I don’t entrust anything to anyone, but I just check until I can call myself,” Torvalds said at the biography book. - I will confirm my mind to my work, but I will allow the pods to go their own way. If two people lead similar straight lines, then I will accept both to marvel at whose more victorious. Sometimes vikoristovuyutsya insults, but the stench begins to develop at different sides. As if there was a strong competition between the two people: leather from them, having attacked the fact that they were vikoristan yoga patches, they clashed with superman's patches. I stopped accepting patches from both, until one of the retailers got interested. So having killed king Solomon, yakbi cheruvav with a childish garden.

Tsey pіdhіd dovіv іv іn effektіvnіst іn the scale of Linux. And if Torvalds was entrusted with the axle from the Transmeta company, he was handed over from 15 spivrobitniks, showing his complete incompetence. Three months later, yogo, without a zayvoi galas, was paid back to the programmer.

However, as the head coordinator of Linux wines, not everyone fits in, but the style of his collaboration with his colleagues for a long time became “student”: the programmer did not stream at the vislovlyuvannyah.

In 2013 one of the retailers to write to Torvalds on a sheet of papers, do not show and do not slander colleagues. “If you want me to “practice professionally”, I can tell you that I don’t have a hiccup,” Torvalds said. - I'm sitting at home in the office, clothes at the dressing gown. I'm not going to start wearing a bed, and so I'm not going to get involved in false vvіchlivistyu, deceitfulness, office politics and psijuvannyam, passive aggressiveness and other fashionable words. To that CE and є those who wiggle “professionally”: people go into various unacceptable speeches, to that they are embarrassed by the most spontaneous unnatural rank” (quote by The New Yorker).

In 2015 Torvalds' closest colleague, programmer Greg Kroah-Hartman, wrote the Code of Conflict Resolution - a framework to protect other types of sharp conflicts. Torvalds praised the innovation, but did not start streaming. For example, Sarah Sharpe and Matthew Gareth led the Linux kernel distribution team through a rough trick. “I really don’t accept specialness. Someone thinks that I'm so nice, and someone else is shocked, having cheered іnshe. I'm not a nice person and don't give a damn about you. The technology is less praised by that core, ”reacted Torvalds (quoted by The Register).

In the past fate, the kernel vendors are going to attend the Linux Maintainer Summit conference. Torvalds in view of її 20 years of life. Alecia once confused the date and planned the repair from the family. Tse appeared in the distance, but vin moved to change the plans for the sake of the summit and went to Scotland. On the same day, the participants did not pick up at Vancouver, but at Edinburgh, closer to Torvalds, so that it would not be too soon to come to them. The story was boisterously discussed in the programmer's stakes, and The New Yorker journalists reached out to Torvalds and told him about the incident and about him and his colleagues. Spring 2018 - even before that, how the article was written, - Torvalds rebuked for his behavior, saying to think about how to change it, voicing that for some time now you are getting used to coordinating Linux.

In the same month, a new code of conduct for Linux retailers was adopted, and in the same month Torvalds turned to the team (the forum was also published).

Now spіvtovaristvo is alive for new rules. Previously, bezpersednist and directness in the case of expressive thoughts were respected as natural and corny in the case of open-minded development of PZ. Now it is necessary to express criticism in a constructive way, and having felt it, it is necessary to dim it. Weaknessful comments, special attacks, and sexual implication are defended. Torvalds is still trying to stream.

linux- a common name for UNIX-like operating systems based on a one-name kernel and selected for a new library of system programs developed within the framework of the GNU project.
GNU/Linux works on PC-mad systems of the Intel x86 family, as well as on IA-64, AMD64, PowerPC, ARM and others.

Before the GNU/Linux operating system, there are also often programs that supplement this operating system, and application programs that work with a full-fledged richly functional operating environment. Considering most other operating systems, GNU/Linux does not have a single "official" package. On the other hand, GNU/Linux is supplied by a large number of so-called distributions, in which GNU programs are linked with the Linux kernel by those other programs.

Rozrobka

On the view of Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and commercial UNIX-like systems, GNU/Linux does not have a geographic distribution center. There is no organization, as small as the system; there is no way to create a single coordinating center. Programs for Linux are the result of thousands of projects. Deyakі z tsikh projektіv tsentralіzovanі, deyakі zozeredzhenі firms. A lot of projects to unite hackers from all over the world, as you know only from listing. Create your own project, or come to the already very possible, if you succeed, the results of the work will become home to millions of coristuvachi. Coristuvachi take part in the testing of new programs, communicate with retailers without intermediary, which allows them to quickly know and correct pardons and realize new opportunities.

The very same gnuchka that dynamic system of development is impossible for projects with closed code, it signifies the vinyatkovo economic efficiency of GNU/Linux. Low variability of free developments, improvement of testing mechanisms and rozpovsudzhennya, educating people from different countries, raising a variety of problems, defending the GPL license code - all this became the reason for the success of free programs.

Obviously, such a high efficiency of development could not help but attract great companies, as they began to develop their projects. This is how Mozilla (Netscape, AOL), OpenOffice.org (Sun), a free clone of Interbase (Borland) - Firebird, SAP DB (SAP) appeared. IBM adopted the GNU/Linux port to its mainframes.

On the other hand, open source code significantly reduces the complexity of developing closed GNU/Linux systems and allows you to reduce the price of a solution for a coder. This is why GNU/Linux has become the platform often recommended for products such as Oracle, DB2, Informix, SyBase, SAP R3, Domino.

GNU/Linux distributions

More koristuvachiv for installing GNU/Linux vicorist distributions. The distribution kit is not just a set of programs, but a number of solutions for different managers of coristuvachivs, united by single systems of installation, management and updating of packages, customization and support.

The widest distributions in the world:

ubuntu

The distribution kit, which has quickly won popularity, focuses on the ease of mastering and versatility.

openSUSE

The version of the SuSE distribution kit, which is available for free, is owned by Novell. Responsible for the maintenance and service of the YaST utility.

Fedora

Supported by the same corporation RedHat, forwarding the release of the commercial version of RHEL.

Debian

An international distribution kit that is distributed by a great number of retailers for non-commercial purposes. Served as the basis for the creation of rich other distributions. Vіdrіznjaєtsya suvorim pіdkhodny nіvіlnogo PZ.

Mandriva

French-Brazilian distribution kit, combining many Mandrake and Conectiva.

Slackware

One of the oldest distributions, it seems to be a conservative approach among distributors and vice versa.

Gentoo

Distribution kit, which is selected from external codes. Allows even gnuchko nalashtovuvat kіntsevu system and optimize productivity, often called a meta-distribution kit. Orientation to experts and reports of coristuvachiv.

archlinux

Orientation to the development of the remaining versions of the programs and constant updates, which are nevertheless supported as a binary, as well as the installation of external codes and inducements to the philosophy of simplicity "KISS" ("Keep it simple, stupid" / "Don't complicate"), the distribution kit of orientations to competent koristuvachіv, yakі want to mother all the power of that modification of Linux, but not at the sacrifice of an hour of service.

Krіm relisted, іsnuє impersonal іnshih distribution kits, which are based on refurbishment, so they were created from scratch and often recognized for vikonannja obrazhennoї kіlkostі zavdan.

Leather from them maє your concept, your set of packages, your advantage and shortfalls. Joden is incompetent to please all the coristuvachiv, he instructed them to successfully establish other companies and software associations as leaders, to show their solutions, their distributions, their services. Use an anonymous LiveCD based on GNU/Linux, for example Knoppix. The LiveCD allows you to run GNU/Linux directly from a CD without having to install it on a hard drive. Most of the great distributions, including Ubuntu, can be beaten like a LiveCD.

For those who want to thoroughly explore GNU/Linux, be it any of the distributions, try often for those who want to win the so-called "source-based" distributions, so that they transfer the self-folding of all Gen components from the source codes, so, like FS CRUX.

Zastosuvannya

The area of breadth of Linux is large, richer, lower for all other operating systems. In addition, Linux miraculously works on the best home and work computers and servers, it is necessary to adapt Linux to more modern processors, which allows you to beat the system with the Linux kernel in the least possessed, home "intelligent" portable technology, robots, mobile phones outbuildings and other installations that support programming operations.

At the end of the bag, the flooring is wide around the top of the outbuildings, which means miraculous program portability. For example, the same add-on can often be run with minimal speed on a desktop computer, and on a Linux-based mobile phone. For example: Windows is the younger brother of Windows Mobile and it's the most insane platforms.

If you are choosing to switch to Linux first, then you speak like you know it. Tsey helper to avenge important information, as it will help you to start earning.

You know what Linux is, why you are responsible for tweaking it, how to build distributions, how to install it, how to tweak the terminal, how to set up hardware security and a lot of other key aspects.

Linux - the whole operating system is victorious in robotic systems from light bulbs to fire, from laptops to great computing centers.

Everything works on Linux: from your phone to your smart fridge.

The middle class Linux is an alternative to commercial operating systems such as Windows.

How to win over Linux instead of Windows?

There are a lot of reasons why varto vikoristovuvat Linux instead of Windows, and the axis is less effective than them.

Linux OS is supported on older computers. Although Windows XP, like before, works on the old system, it is no longer supported, so there is an update for the security system every day. There are a number of Linux distributions that are created specifically for the old possession and are regularly updated and upgraded.
Some Linux distributions and desktop environments are now more suitable for the most basic computers, such as Windows 8 and Windows 10. You should like the old-fashioned look of Windows 7, why not try Linux Mint, for example.
Obsyag, which borrows Windows 10, majestic. A typical Linux distribution takes up a few more than 1 gigabyte, while others can take up less than a hundred megabytes. Also, Windows will need to accept the bandwidth of the DVD.
Linux ships with free software, and you can change that software security at your own discretion.
Linux must be secure, lower Windows, so for the new one there are already few viruses, wanting Internet speeches and being under threat for the rest of the hour.
Linux works better, lower than Windows, has rich features, and you can change all the resources from the new one to the last drop on the old installation, which may be deflated.
Confidentiality. Windows regularly collects data, taking Cortana for help and asking for help. If it's not new, Google's shards can be robbed by yourself, but you can be more confident that Linux can't be robbed like that, especially if you choose a cost-free distribution.
Hopefulness. If the program freezes in Linux, you can close it easily. If the program hangs on Windows, then if you are prompted to start the Task Manager, to close the program, do not have to log out.
Update. Windows is more intrusive with its update policy. How many times did you use the computer to arrange tickets for the concert or other important information, to clear the screen from the installed updates 1 of 450?
Variability. You can look at Linux, look around, and behave yourself the way you want. With Windows, the computer behaves like Microsoft thinks what you want.
If you still haven't signed up, read this guide, which will help you learn what Linux suits you.

Which Linux distribution varto vikoristati?

First of all, as a varto, put "what is a Linux distribution?" It's just that the Linux kernel is similar to a dvigun. Distribution - tse actually transport zasіb, who knows dvigun.

Which Linux distribution should you choose? The axis of the main ones:

Linux Mint: do not need to know how to work with a computer, easy to install, easy to use and may know a working style for Windows 7
Debian: If you are looking for a cost-free Linux distribution without proprietary drivers, firmware or software, then Debian is for you. Didok among distribution kits.
ubuntu: a modern Linux distribution that is easy to install and use
openSUSE: stable and hard Linux distro Not so easy to install like Mint and Ubuntu, but still a great alternative
Fedora: the most recent Linux distribution with new concepts to turn on for the first time
Mageia: standing up from the ashes when the great Mandriva Linux
CentOS: Fedora, CentOS based on commercial Linux distribution, Red Hat Linux. On vіdmіnu vіd Fedora, vіn creations for stability
Manjaro: based on Arch Linux, Manjaro ensures the balance between simplicity and modern software security
LXLE: Based on the lightweight Lubuntu distribution and a full-featured Linux distribution for older owners.
Arch: rolling release distribution means that it is not your fault to install new versions of the operating system, so it will be independently updated. Folding for a new coristuvach, ale tighter
Elementary: Linux for people who need a Mac-style interface

You can read a report about the best distributions for beginners at.

What is the middle of the working table?

A typical Linux distribution is made up of a number of components.

Use a display manager to help you get into the system, a widget manager to help you navigate windows, panels, menus, main interfaces and programs.

There is a lot of someone who combines these elements at once, to create the so-called middle of the working table.

Some Linux distributions ship with more than one desktop environment (although others are available in the software repositories), but there may be different versions of the distribution for different desktop environments.

The largest width of the working table includes Cinnamon, GNOME, Unity, KDE, Enlightenment, XFCE, LXDEі MATE.

Cinnamon- the most traditional desktop environment, similar to Windows 7 with a panel at the bottom, menus, icons in the system tray and icons for a quick launch.
GNOMEі Unity get similar. The stench is the current middle of the working table, like a vicarious concept of launcher icons and a display in the style of the monitoring panel for the selection of add-ons. It is also used by the main programs, which are well integrated from the central theme of the middle of the working table.
KDE- to finish the traditional middle of the working table, but there is a great number of functions and the main set of add-ons, which are easily customizable by a large number of customizations.
Enlightenment, XFCE, LXDEі MATE- Finish the lungs of the middle of the working table with panels and menus. Usі stink easy nalashtovuetsya.

How to connect to the Internet

At that hour, as a connection to the Internet, it is necessary for the skin environment of the working table, the principle for all the same.

Here on the panel there is an icon of a fence. Click on the new one, and you will get a list of non-dart nets.
Click on the required security key and enter the security key.

The best system for reviewing web pages

On Linux, all the best browsers, including Chrome, Chromium, Firefoxі Midori.

I don't have Internet Explorer on a new one, do I need it for someone else? At the browser Chromeє everything you need.

What are the current office packages for Linux?

There are no reasonable sums Microsoft office- this is a premium product, and this is also a good tool, which is important to repeat and change the quality of this product.

For a special variant and for small and medium businesses, you can confirm that Google Docsі libreofficeє good alternatives for less variety.

libreoffice Comes with a text editor with more features, so you can appreciate the benefits of a text editor. It also comes with a guide spreadsheet, as well as a fully functional and navigable core engine for programming, although it won't work with Excel VBA.

Other tools include presentations, math puzzles, data bases, and chair packs, which are just as good.

How to install programs in Linux?

Corylists of Linux do not install software in such a way, as if they were corrupted by corystuvants of Windows, wanting the daedals to become smaller.

As a general rule, when a Linux native wants to install a package, they run a tool called the package manager.

The package manager goes to the repository, where packages are saved so that they can be installed.

The tool for keruvannya in packages, sound the best way to search for software security, install software security, support software security in the current state of software security.

In the world of technology development, Linux distributions should introduce new types of packages, which are self-sufficient, just like programs for Android.

The skin distribution kit has its own graphic tool. Іsnuyut zagalni zasobi command line, like in different distributions.

For example, Ubuntu, Linux Mintі Debian tag the package manager apt-get.
Fedoraі CentOS tag the package manager yum.
Archі Manjaro vicorist pacman.

Report about the installation of programs in Linux you can find out.

Linux Command Row

Although it was said by the Linux masters, it is very necessary to win the terminal, which does not allow the system to become massively popular. Vtіm, ce marna discussion.

If you want to know the basic Linux commands (the same can be said about the DOS commands in Windows), there is no need to work.

First, what you need to know, obviously, like a terminal, and, wisely, impersonal ways to grow.

Why is it called a terminal? Terminal is actually a short name for a terminal emulator, and it turns us around when people logged into the system on physical terminals. Now all you need to know is that if the terminal is in the right place, you can enter Linux commands.

As soon as you see the terminal, you can tell the truth in the new one. Back to you varto dіznatisya about rights. You can read a report about you.

A team that sounds like a good one is recognized at an early stage - the whole team sudo, but don’t start mindlessly enter commands for help sudo not rozumіyuchi, scho rob it, to that scho everything can end in disaster.

At that hour, as you work in the terminal, you are also guilty of understanding in peremikann koristuvachiv for an additional command su.

Essentially, the team sudo allows you to move the rіven right, then you can run commands in the name of another koristuvach. For zamovchuvannyam another koristuvach є koristuvach root.

Team su peremikaє context such a rank, scho you practice in the name of the ordered koristuvach. In the name of the koristuvach, a number of commands can be vikonat.

More facts about Linux

Live Linux DVD or USB allows you to run Linux without having to install it on a hard drive. This allows you to test a Linux disk before switching to a new one, as well as for a vipadkovy koristuvach.
A skin Linux distribution is installed for the help of its installer, which is a program that will help you install that Linux installation.
If you install Linux, you can install it with a single system, or install it all at once from Windows.
Linux take the palm of your hand, if on the right you get to the creation of audio files. There are dozens of popular sound programs, and you can choose one or more, as you like.
Unfortunately, there is no Outlook on Linux.
The best things about Linux are the ones that you can think of, look and feel the way you want.
The skin of the middle of the Linux desktop works a little differently, and knowledge of all the bases takes an hour.

Summary

With this helper, we told you what Linux is, why you should try yoga, how to learn Linux distributions and how to choose from them, how to try Linux, how to install yoga, how to fix Linux, how to move Linux, how to tell about the best programs, how to install program that yak vikoristovuvati command line.

Tse can give a good basis for a distant move.

Did you know a friend's pardon? View text and type Ctrl+Enter