Installation of inductance coils on simple other boards. Drukovani kotushki by the method of "laser cleaning". One-balloon double pay

Golovna / Additional functionality

"Pure-laser" technology for manufacturing other boards(ULT) literally in a couple of years has expanded widely at the radio amateur stakes and allows you to take other payments to achieve high quality. Drukovani pay s "manual promiscuity" at the expense of great spending time and not insured in the form of pardons.

Particularly, to the accuracy of the little one, they are presented under the hour of preparation of other coils of inductance of high-frequency lances. The edges of the conductors of the coils are due to be as even as possible, to the fact that the quality factor is added to them. It’s even more problematic for Vikonati to hand over the little ones of a bagatovіtkovoї spiral cat, and here the ULT can fully say its word.

Rice. one

Rice. 2

Otzhe, everything is bad. We start the computer program SPRINT-LAYOUT, for example, version 5.0. It is installed in the customized programs:

Coordinate grid scale - 1.25 mm;

Line width - 0.8 mm;

Rosemary pay - 42.5x42.5 mm;

Zovnishhnіy diameter "pyatachka" - 1.5 mm;

The diameter of the opening in the "pyatachku" - 0.5 mm.

We know the center of payment and the template of the conductor of the cat is small (Fig. 1)according to the coordinate grid for the help of the PROVIDNIK tool, spinning the coil in the direction you need (for the template, you need a mirror image, but you can also take it later, every other hour). On the cob and at the end of the coil, we install a "patch" for closing the coil with circuit elements.

In the case of a friend, it is necessary to install a small number of beats on the arches, stand between the beats, so it is necessary to “twist” the coil into a different wheel, a little mirror friend. Make a difference on smooth paper or special swimmers by setting the maximum toner supply for an hour in the printer’s settings.

We follow the standard ULT. We prepare the foiling of sclotekstolit, we clean the surface of the foil and that it is not greased, for example, with acetone. We apply the template with toner to the foil, which is smoothed with hot dust through the arch paper to the top of the toner with the foil.

After running a faucet under a jet (cold or room temperature), papier is wetted and carefully seen with “rolls”, leaving toner on the paper. We carry out etching and removing the toner from a retailer, for example, with acetone. On the board, there is a clear conductor of the Drukarska coil of high-capacity inductance.

Drukovani kotushki zі spiralnymi coils on ULT go trohi girshoy yakosti. On the right, there is a square shape of pixels in the image, so the edges of the conductor of the spiral coil look serrated. True, it is true that it is necessary to finish the rubbish, and the yakness of the cat, scorched, all the same thing, lower with manual vikonann.

I am relaunching the SPRINT-LAYOUT version 5.0. In the toolkit, select SPECIAL FORM - a tool for painting botanicals and spirals. Select the SPIRAL tab. Installable:

Cob radius (START RADIUS) -2 mm;

Vіdstan mіzh coils (DISTANCE) -1.5 mm;

Conductor width (TRACK WIDTH) -0.8 mm;

Number of turns (TURNS), for example, - 20.

Rozmir pay, to borrow such a cat, to become 65x65 mm (Fig. 2).

Drukovani kotushki zazvichay po'yazuyut among themselves at smugovyh filters (PF) for additional condensers in small capacity. However, it is possible and їhnіy inductive link, the step of which can be changed, changing between the flats of the coils, or eccentrically turning one audibly іnshої. Fixed fixed kotushok perceptibly one of one can be drained

live for the help of dielectric stіyok-rozpіrok.

The construction of the inductance of the coils can be carried out by shorting the coils, by opening a damaged conductor, or by partial separations. Tse prizvede up to zbіlshennya frequency circuit. Lowering the frequency can be achieved by soldering small SMD-type capacitors between turns.

The preparation of coils of the UKH range looks like a meander, straight and curved lines, comb filters thinly. іz zastosuvannyam ULT also add thinness to the final product and, as a rule, zbіshuє їх quality factor (for the "smooth" edges of other conductors). However, when preparing a trace of memory about the quality of the lining material (sklotekstolit), which, with increasing frequency, is exercising its power of the insulator. In equivalent circuits, the input opir at the dielectric should be connected in parallel with the other coils, and this opir will be smaller, the higher the operating frequency and the higher the quality of the dielectric.

In fact, the foiling of sclotextolite can be completely vicoristovatima prepared for other resonant lances up to a 2-meter range inclusive (up to approximately 150 MHz). Special high-frequency grades of sclotextolite can be vicorated in the range of 70 cm (up to approximately 470...500 MHz). At higher high frequencies, it is possible to freeze the foils of RF-fluoroplast (Teflon), ceramics and glass.

The coil of inductance is designed to increase the quality factor for the change in the interturn capacitance, which is removed, from one side, due to the small thickness of the foil, from the other, to the “winding” of the coil. A closed frame made of grounded foil on the side of the coiled coil in the її plane serves as a screen for other coils and other conductors, but it doesn’t add much to the parameters of the coil, so that the periphery is under a low voltage of the RF (with a wire in the center - wire),

Literature

1. G. Panasenko. Prepared drukovanih kotushki. - Radio, 1987 No. 5, p.62.

In small-sized UKH equipment, there are a lot of space on the board to occupy contour coils and HF chokes. Most of all, the stink itself determines the overall height of the mounting plate. In some cases, there may be a significant stagnation of flat kotushkas - drukovany and drotyanikh. Special high-frequency Ceramics serve as the basis for other HF coils. The technology of making such coils is unsuitable for amateur minds. However, as practice shows, up to frequencies of 80-100 MHz, quite satisfactory results can be obtained with vicarious coils made from foil-coated sclotextolite by the etching method. Zastosuvannya for other coils of foil-coated PTFE allows you to change the frequency between up to 200-300 MHz. Flat dwarf coils have a strong mechanical sound, a relatively small dampness, ease of preparation and can be stagnant at frequencies up to 10 MHz. The increase in the inductance and quality factor of flat and iron coils can be removed, but on one side, or on both sides, put ferite plates on the coil. By changing between the coil and the plate (with a set of non-magnetic gaskets or another way), you can change the inductance of the coil. It is possible to regulate the inductance at certain boundaries for an additional proportion of non-magnetic metal (mid or aluminum), which moves near the coil in parallel to it. Dart cats are manually glued directly on the board, or on a rimmed plate, which is attached to the board. Drukovani kotushki can be a good shape. "Grounding" on the board of the next wave of the outer turn - the role of the screen plays a role in every turn of the wind. It is possible to additionally shield the coiled coil with one more open loop, which I will attach to the fire wire. Apply a vikonannya kotushka shown in the photo.

You can loosen the coils with sufficient accuracy for a radioamator using additional nomograms. The order of rozrahunka drukovanyh and drukovykh kotushki is similar, the difference is in that the width of the drukovannaya path of the drukovannaya kotushka is equal to the diameter along the midpoint of the drotyany kotushka, and the width of the gap between the paths is the hanging joint of the drotuy.

Structural expansion of the coil is shown in fig. 1, a b. Nomograms up to the opening are shown in fig. 2 and 3. Like a butt, a rounded coil (without a core) is looked at below with an inductance of 0.64 μG. The largest external diameter D of the coil is chosen to be equal to 20 mm, the smallest internal d = 8 mm. It is necessary to know the number of turns w, the width of the other track S and the distance Sr between the centers C1 and C2 of the coil of the coil. The nomogram for the rozrahunka round kotushki is shown in fig. 2. Calculating: D + d = 20 + 8 = 28 mm = = 2.8 cm: D / d = 20: 8 = 2.5. On the scales "D + d" and "D / d" we know the most obvious points and the opposite lines (dashed line in Fig. 2). Through the point of the crossbar along the straight line with an undigitized additional line, that point on the “L” scale, which gives the specified inductance L = 0.64 μH, is drawn straight to the crossbar with the “w” scale, for which the number of turns is 6.5. The values of D + d, D/d or L on the scales of nomograms can be increased (changed) by 10 or 100 times, with which the values of w will generally change to the root of 10 and the root of 100 times. The width S, mm, of the other conductor is calculated using the following formula: S>=Sr = (D - d)/4w; diameter for the insulation of the dart of the dart cat - dіz \u003d (D - d) / 2w. Subtracting the result is rounded up to the nearest great value in the series 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.25; 1.5 mm, etc. Sr = (20-8) / 4x6, 5 = 0.46; S=0.5mm. For small values of Sr, take Sr = S. The little cat is applied to the foil layer with a textolite with a compass, in a kind of insertion of a drawing pen, filling with a stable chemical farboi. The upper stakes of the stake (div. Fig. 1a) are carried out from the center of C1, and the lower ones - from C2. Vіdstan Sr slid vtrimuvat z yakomog greater accuracy. After hanging farby to poison the cat, like a plant, at the chlorine bay. Drukovani square-shaped kotushki rozrakhovuyut for nomogram shown in fig. 3. The exact results of the analysis of flat cots can be analyzed analytically, using formulas, following any prompted nomograms. Qi of the formula is shown in fig. 2 and 3. Variability of values in formulas of different values on nomograms. The values of the "f" functions (D/d and f(a/A) are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Dart-flat coils are wound on a random frame between two ribs, strengthened on a shear. The diameter of the frame core is to be adjusted to the inner diameter of the coil, and between the cheeks - the diameter of the dart with insulation. In the winding process, the wires are soaked with BF ~ 2 glue. The cheeks may be prepared with a material that can damage adhesion to glue (fluoroplast, vinflex). The frame is sorted out after finishing drying with glue. Prepared kotki to glue either directly to the board, or to the plate with ferita, strengthened on the board. Coils, pictured at the heading of the article, may have the following parameters: round steel (D = 40 mm) - inductance 1.4 μH, quality factor 95; square (A = 30 mm) - 0.9 μH and 180, top dart (D = 15 mm, wire PEV-1 0.18) - 7.5 μH and 48; middle (D = 11.9 mm, wire PEV-2 0.1) - 9.5 mcH and 48 i lower (D = 9mm, wire PEL 0.05) - 37 mcH and 43

Namir tsієї stattі є є bolsheniy pardons, shko zdіysnyuyuschihsya razrobnikami drukovanyh boards, vplyu tsikh pardons on yakіsnі pokazniki and recommendations shkodo virіshennya problems, scho vinikli.

ZAGALNI ZMINI

Through the differences between the analog circuitry and the digital, the analog part of the circuit is to blame, but it is the responsibility of the decision, and when it is separated, it is necessary to add special methods and rules. The effects that are blamed on the imperfection of the characteristics of the other boards are especially noticeable in high-frequency analog circuits, but the faults of a bold type, described in this article, can add to the characteristics of the add-ons, which work in the audio frequency range.

Handcrafted board - circuit component

If only in a few ways, the analog circuit board can be wired in such a way that the injections made by it do not spill into the robot circuits. At the same time, whether such a thing can be minimized so that the characteristics of the analog circuit I will add are the same as the characteristics of the model and the prototype.

Layout bath

The retailers of digital circuits can make small breaks on the prepared board, supplementing them with jumpers, navpak, removing the calls of the conductors, making changes to the robot programming microcircuits, just passing through the step of the offensive. Not so for the analog circuit on the right. Acts of the most extensive pardons, which are discussed in this article, cannot be corrected by additions to the jumpers, or to the remote ones of the conductors. The stench can and will bring a non-working camp a full payment.

It is even more important for the retailer of digital circuits, that the victorist's methods are corrected, read and comprehend the material, comments on these articles, behind the back, before transferring the project to the laboratory. Trohi of respect, given during the expansion, that discussion of possible options will not only help to save the transformation of the drafted payment for utilization, but also change the variability through rude pardons in the small analog part of the scheme. A request for pardons for those corrections can lead to hundreds of years. Mockup bathing can take an hour to one day, or less. Layout all your analog circuits.

Dzherela noise that pereshkod

Noise and pereskodi are the main elements that surround the characteristics of circuits. Crossovers can be used as a way of using the dzherels, so you can point to the elements of the scheme. The analog circuitry is often placed on other boards together with swed-coded digital components, including a digital signal processor (DSP).

High-frequency logic signals create significant radio-frequency hops (RFI). The number of alarm clocks for noise is great: key clocks for digital systems, mobile phones, radio and television, clocks for daylight lamps, personal computers, lightning discharges. Although the analog circuit operates in the frequency range, radio frequency shifts can create noise in the output signal.

CATEGORIES OF OTHER BOARDS

The choice of design of a different board is an important factor that determines the mechanical characteristics in the case of a different attachment. For the preparation of other boards, the vicorist materials are of a different level of quality. The most suitable one will be convenient for a retailer, as a supplier of other boards is located nearby. It is easy for this type of person to control the pet by relying on the dielectric power supply - the main parameters of the material of the fabricated board. Unfortunately, this is not enough and often it is necessary to know other parameters, such as occupancy, high-temperature stability and hygroscopicity coefficient. You may know more about the choice of components, as a rule of thumb, for the time of the selection of other boards.

Sharuvaty materials are indicated by indexes FR (flame resistant, resistance to borrowing) and G. Material with index FR-1 has the most combustibility, and FR-5 - the least. Materials with indices G10 and G11 may have special characteristics. Materials for other boards are shown in Table. one.

Do not tamper with a board of category FR-1. There are a lot of applications of various other FR-1 boards, on which there is a need for a thermal injection of hard components. Drukovani pay tsієї categorії more similar to cardboard.

FR-4 often wins in the production of industrial production, just like FR-2 wins in the production of by-button technology. These two categories are standardized in industry, and other boards FR-2 and FR-4 are often suitable for more programs. But other than that, the imperfection of the characteristics of these categories affects the selection of other materials. For example, for high-frequency devices, as a material for other boards, fluoroplast and ceramics are used. For example, if the exotic material of the handicraft payment, then it can be more versatility.

When choosing a material for a different board, pay special attention to its hygroscopicity, but this parameter can have a strong negative effect on the board. Also pay attention to the working temperature. Dіlyanki s high temperature can zastrichatsya in nespodіvannyh mіstsyah, for example, a series of great integrated digital circuits, chirping yah vіdbuvayutsya at high frequency. As such, the distribution areas without intermediation under analog components, the temperature increase can change the characteristics of the analog circuit.

Table 1

	Components, comments
	paper, phenol composition: pressing and stamping at room temperature, high hygroscopic coefficient
	papier, phenol composition: fixed for one-sided other boards of the butt technology, low coefficient of hygroscopicity
	papier, epoxy composition: developments with good mechanical and electrical characteristics
	cloth, epoxy composition: miraculous mechanical and electrical power
	cloth, epoxy composition: high softness at elevated temperatures, lightness of burning
	cloth, epoxy composition: high insulating power, high quality cloth, low coefficient of hygroscopicity
	cloth, epoxy composition: high resistance to virgins at elevated temperatures, high resistance to retailers

After that, as the material of the handmade payment has been collected, it is necessary to designate the cost of the foil of the handmade payment. This parameter in the first line is selected depending on the maximum value of the struma that flows through. As far as possible, apply a unique stitching over thin foil.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BALLS IN DRUKOVANOY PAYMENT

Zalezhno in view of the hardness of the scheme and the yak_snykh vimog, the retailer is guilty of determining the number of balls of the other payment.

One-balloon double pay

Even simpler electronic circuits are built on single-sided boards made from various cheap foil materials (FR-1 or FR-2) and often make a lot of jumpers, suggesting two-sided boards. This method of folding other boards is recommended only for low-frequency circuits. For three reasons, which will be described below, one-sided payment is significantly accommodating to the point. It’s easy to pay a good one-sided fee for a fee through a variety of reasons. For good pay of this type, they are stunned, but when they are rozrobts, it is necessary to make a rich dream of a distant leg.

Double-drukovanny pay

On the approaching level, stand on a double-sided plate, as if it were more vicarious, as the material of the lining FR-4, although FR-2 can also be used. The cost of FR-4 is better; It is easier to lay out schemes for double-sided boards, because in two balls, it is easier to build routes that overlap. However, for analog circuits, switching traces is not recommended. Possibly, the lower ball (bottom) should lead to the ground polygon, otherwise send signals to the upper ball (top). Vikoristannya polygon like an earthling bus gives a sprat of perevag:

galny drіt є most often connected to the circuit with a wire; it is reasonable for the mother of a "rich" zagalny drota for forgiveness of breeding.
increase the mechanical cost of the payment.
the opir of all connections changes to a wild dart, which, at its own end, changes the noise of that guidance.
zbіlshuєtsya rozpodіlena єmnіst for dermal lancet of the scheme, helping to mitigate the noise that is being promoted.
the polygon, which is on the screen, ignoring the guidance, which are flaunted by the necks, which are spread out from the side of the polygon.

Bilaterally different payments, regardless of all their advantages, not the best, especially for low-signal or high-speed schemes. At the vipadku, tovshchina drukovanoї pay, tobto. stand between the balls of metalization more expensive 1.5 mm, which is too rich for the full implementation of some advantages of a two-ball drukovanoy plate, pointing more. The capacity was divided, for example, too small after such a great interval.

Bagatosharovі drukanovі pay

For advanced circuitry sales, you will need a bagatosharovy drukovaniy pay (MPP). Actual causes of stosuvannya are obvious:

so well zruchna, yak і for the tire of the scorched drotu, the breeding of the tires of life; as if the tires of vitality are vicorous polygons on an okremu sphere, then simply to help the transitional openings of the opening of the vitality to the skin element of the scheme;
signal balls zvіlnyayutsya in the bus zhivlennya, scho easier rozvedennâ signal provіdnіv;
Between the polygons of the earth, that life is divided into spaces, as a way of changing the high-frequency noise.

There are a number of reasons for the blockage of buggy-ball-operated boards, even more, less obvious:

The best attenuation of electromagnetic (EMI) and radio frequency (RFI) transitions to the image plane effect, which can be seen in an hour by Marconi. If the conductor is located close to the flat conductive surface, most of the return high-frequency streams flow across the plane without being in the middle under the conductor. Directly tsikh strumіv bude directly strumіv at the conductor. In this way, the appearance of the conductor at the flat creates a signal transmission line. The streaks of the stream in the conductor and in the flat are equal for the size and length of the straight line, there is a change in the transition, which is changed. The effect of vigilance is effective only in case of inconspicuous succulent polygons (they can be both land polygons and life polygons). If anything, the destruction of the wholeness would lead to a change in the stranglehold of the transition.
reduction of the total var- tity for fractional batch production. Irrespective of those that make the preparation of multi-ball and other boards more expensive, it is possible to make less, lower one-and two-ball boards. Also, in some cases, zastosuvannya with less than bagatospheric boards, allow the vikonati to be vimogly, placed at the time of rozrobtsi, she does not carry out additional tests and tests. MPP jamming can reduce the frequency of overrides by 20 dB against dual-ball boards.

The order of the balls

In case of unfinished retailers, it is often blamed for the misunderstanding of the optimal order of passing the balls of the other payment. Let's take a 4-ball chamber for the butt, to avenge two signal balls and two polygon balls - a ball of the earth and a ball of life. What is the order of passing the balls in the shortest? Signal balls between polygons, how will they be screens? Chi robiti polygon balls internal, schob change the mutual signal balls?

In case of perfect nutrition, it is important to remember that often the expansion of the balls does not have a special meaning, the shards of all the same components are rolled on the outer balls, and the tires, which lead them to the visnovki, sometimes pass through all the balls. Therefore, be it on screen effects, it’s less of a compromise. In this situation, it’s better to talk about the creation of a great rozpodіlenoї єmnosti between polygons of life of that land, roztashuvshi їх at the inner balls.

Another advantage is the expansion of signal balls of calls - the availability of signals for testing, as well as the possibility of modifying calls. Be someone, someone at least once, having changed the number of conductors that are spread around the inner balls, evaluate your ability.

For other boards with larger, lower chotirma balls, it is a common rule to install high-voltage signal conductors between earth polygons and living areas, and low-frequency ones to bring out the outer balls.

grounding

Good grounding is a great power of a rich, bugatory system. І out of the blue can be planned from the first step of the designer's distribution.

The main rule: razpodіl zemlі.

Grounding the analog and digital parts is one of the simplest and most effective methods for smothering noise. One or more balls of a bagatosharovoy drukovanoy payment should be played under a ball of earthen polygons. If the retailer is more or less disrespectful, then the earth of the analog part will be directly connected with these polygons, that is. analog gate strum will be the same lancet as digital gate strum. Auto-spawners work approximately the same way and eat all the lands at once.

In order to rework, it is necessary to split the board with a single earth ground, which combines analog and digital ground, it is necessary to physically separate the ground on the board (after the operation of the robot board becomes practically impossible). After that, all connections are made to the analog ground polygon of the components in the analog circuit (an analog ground is formed) and to the digital ground polygon of the components of the digital circuit (the digital ground is formed). And less than once, the joint of digital and analog earth is carried out at the dzherel.

Other rules for shaping the earth:

Shini zhivlennya that zemlі owennі buti pіd one potential on zmіn strumu, scho transfer vikoristannya kondensіnіv rozv'yazki і rozpodіlenoї єmnostі.
Do not overlap analog and digital polygons. Place buses and analog life polygons above the analog ground plane (similar to digital life buses). As if in some place there is an overlap of the analog and digital polygon, the space is divided between the dealers that overlap, to make a call on the change stream, and to direct the digital components into the analog circuit. Such overlaps will invalidate the isolation of the polygons.
Podіl does not mean electrical analog isolation from digital ground. The stench is guilty of z'ednuvatisya at once at the same time, only one, low-impedance node. It’s correct, from the look of the earth, the system has only one earth, so that it can be grounded for systems with life in the form of an interchangeable voltage, or with a gale for systems with life in the form of a constant voltage (for example, a battery). All signal streams and streams of life in this scheme are guilty of turning to the ground at one point, as we serve as the system ground. I can build a hull at such a point. It is important to understand that earthen contours can be established from the arrival of a deep vision of the scheme to a few points on the body. The creation of a single global point of land consolidation is one of the most important aspects of system design.
As far as possible, spread the roses, which are recognized as the transfer of overturning streams - the return streams are due to be united less at the point of the systemic land. The old contacts of roses, as well as the frequent rosettes of their parts in the vіdpovіd to increase the support of contacts, also, for more superficial work, it is necessary to use roses'єmіv with a large number of additional whiskers. Folding digital drukovanі payments can be a lot of balls and avenge hundreds of thousands of conductors. Adding one more conductor rarely creates a problem for the administration of additional roses that are added. If you don’t think about it, then it’s necessary to create two conductors of the salvage strum for the skin force lancet on the board, dorimuyuchis special foreign entrances.
It is important to wire the digital signal bus in the area on the board, de-stash the analog components of the circuit. The transmission of insulation (shielding) by polygons, the folding of short traces of analog signals and the respectful placement of passive components for the presence of instructions for the distribution of high-speed digital busbars and long-range analog signals. Buses of digital signals are wired on the same lines with analog components and do not overlap with buses and polygons of analog ground and analog life. Even if it doesn’t work, then the distribution of a mischievous non-transmitting element is an antenna, which is used as an input on high-impedance analog components and conductors.

If all clock signals are high-frequency signals, then small spaces between routes and polygons can create significant links. It is necessary to remember that not only the main clock frequency can evoke the problem, but also other harmonics.

Only one fall, if it is necessary to combine analog and digital signals over the area of the analog ground polygon. Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analogue conversions are located in the housings with analog and digital ground wires. Considering the front wiring, you can assume that both digital ground and analog ground connections can be connected to both digital and analog ground busses. However, this is not the case with my vipadku.

The names of the visnovkіv (analogue chi digital) can be seen only to the internal structure of the transformation, to the yogo internal folds. Wiring circuits may be connected to the analog ground bus. The plant can be placed in the middle of the integrated circuit, however, it is difficult to achieve a low base of such a plant through the topological exchange. That is why, when changing the way, the calls are transferred to the analogous and digital earths. If nothing else is done, then the parameters of the microcircuit will be significantly higher for guidance in the specification.

It is necessary to take care that the digital elements of the conversion can improve the characteristics of the circuit, introducing digital transitions into analog earths and analog life. During the expansion, the whole negative influx is reversed so that the digital part calms down a little less tightness. For whom the change is made, the change of logical elements changes. Although the digital bells and whistles are not overly ambitious, the internal chimes do not sound like any particular problems. When rozrobtsі drukovanoї pay, scho to avenge ADC or DAC, it is necessary to put a proper order before the digital life is connected to the analog ground.

FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS

For the correct operation of analog circuits, the correct choice of passive components is also important. Begin the design development with respectful consideration of the high-frequency characteristics of the passive components and their front placement and layout on the sketch board.

There are a large number of retailers ignoring the frequency of the exchange of passive components with the variation in analog circuitry. The number of components may exchange frequency ranges and the operation of the robot in a specific frequency domain can lead to non-transferable results. One might think that the discussion is worth less than high-end analog circuits. However, this is far from being the case - high-frequency signals can be strongly injected into the passive components of low-frequency circuits for additional support or a direct link through the conductors. For example, a simple low-frequency filter on the operating switch can be easily converted to a high-frequency filter when a high-frequency input is added.

resistors

Three types of resistors are called for: 1) dart, 2) carbon composite and 3) pvkov. You don’t need to show your mother too much, to understand, how a flickering resistor can be turned into inductance, shards of wine are a coil with a wire from high-ohmic metal. Most of the retailers of electronic appliances do not know about the internal structure of smelting resistors, as well as a coil, a wire, a metal smelter. Therefore, plіvkovі resistors also may have inductance, like a smaller, lower one for other resistors. Plіvkovі resistors with a support of not more than 2 kw can be freely changed in high-frequency circuits. Wiring resistors in parallel one to one, to that between them there is a commemorative link. For resistors with a great support, there is an intermittent change in the lower impedance at high frequencies.

Capacitors

The high-frequency characteristics of capacitors can be an equivalent circuit, induced on little 6.

Capacitors in analog circuits are switched as decoupling elements and filtering components.

An electrolytic capacitor with a capacity of 10 microfarads may be 1.6 ohms at a frequency of 10 kHz and 160 microohms at a frequency of 100 MHz. Chi so tse?

When vikoristannі elektrolitichnyh kondensatorіv following steps for the correct connection. A positive visnovok can be connected to a more positive postive potential. It is not correct to make a connection before passing through the electric capacitor of a constant stream, which can lead to the fret as the capacitor itself, and the second part of the circuit.

In single fluctuations, the difference of potentials along the constant stream between two points in the scheme can change its sign. Due to the inclusion of non-polar electrolytic capacitors, the internal structure of these is equivalent to two polar capacitors, which are sequentially named.

inductance

Drukovana fee

The board itself has been crafted, but the characteristics are seen more than the passive components, but the flooring is not obvious.

Little guides on a different board can be like a dzherel, and we will accept a change. A well-bred conductor changes the sensitivity of the analog circuit to a change in the wires.

Drukovana fee spriynyatliva to vyprominyuvannya, oskolki conductors and vysnovki komponentіv utvoryuyut their own antennas. The theory of antennas can be done with a folding object for wedding and is not considered in this article. Prote deyakі bases here to induce.

Trochs from the theory of antennas

At a constant stream of low frequencies, the warehouse is active. When the frequency increases, the reactive warehouse becomes more and more significant. In the range of 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the inductive warehouse starts to flow in, and the conductor is no longer a low-resistance coil, but acts more like a coil of inductance.

Sound, check on another board, you can see values from 6 nH to 12 nH per centimeter of length. For example, a 10-centimeter conductor may be opir 57 mΩ and inductance 8 nH per div. At a frequency of 100 kHz, the reactive opir becomes equal to 50 mOhm, and at higher frequencies, the conductor will be more inductive, lower active opir.

The rule of the pin antenna is to say that it starts mutually with the field for its own life is close to 1/20 for a long time, and the maximum interaction is at a long time, which is 1/4 for a long time. Therefore, a 10-centimeter conductor with a butt in the front paragraph should be able to reach a good antenna at frequencies higher than 150 MHz. It is necessary to remember that regardless of those that the clock frequency generator of the digital circuit may not work at a frequency higher than 150 MHz, this signal has other harmonics. As for the other board, there are components with pinned frills of a significant value, such frills can also be antennas.

The second main type of antennas are loop antennas. The inductance of a direct conductor is greatly increased, if that part of the arc is bent. Inductance, which increases, reduces the frequency, at the beginning, the interaction of the antenna with the field lines.

The theory of fermentation and the use of signals is close to the theory of antennas.

If the carrier of the other payment turns to a 90 ° turn, you can fault the signal. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya, head rank, through the change of the width of the way through the stream. At the top of the kut, the width of the trace increases by 1414 times, which makes the characteristics of the transmission line unusable, especially the distribution of the capacity and the moisture inductance of the trace. To finish it is often necessary to turn the road 90 ° on another plate. A lot of modern CAD-packages allow you to smooth out the traces of the traces or to trace the traces at the visible arc. Small picture 9 shows two short cuts of the cut shape of the kuta. Only the remaining butt improves the constant width of the trace and minimizes the vibration.

Time for finalizing the rosettes of other boards: leave the smoothing procedure for the last stage before the folding of the reddish-shaped visnovkas and filling the polygons. Otherwise, the CAD-package can be more easily smoothed through folding calculations.

For example, the board may have the following parameters:
- 4 balls; signal ball to the landfill of the earth - summіzhnі,
- interball interval - 0.2 mm,
- conductor width - 0.75 mm,
- Dovzhina conductor - 7.5 mm.

Typical value of DC electrical ER for FR-4 older 4.5.

The value of the capacity between two tires, which is 1.1 pF. Navit such, it would seem, there is little room for such programs to be unacceptable.

There is a double amplitude of the output signal at frequencies close to the upper interfrequency range of the OS. Tse, in his own line, can be brought to a close, especially at the working frequencies of the antenna (more than 180 MHz).

This effect gives rise to numerical problems, on the other hand, there are a lot of ways. The most obvious of them is the change in the dozhina of the conductors. Another way is to change their width. There is no reason to stop the conductor of such a width for passing the signal to the input, which is inverted, because through which conductor a small strum flows. The change in the length of the trace to 2.5 mm, and the width to 0.2 mm will lead to a change in capacitance to 0.1 pF, and such a capacitance will no longer lead to a significant increase in the frequency response. Another way to see it is to remove the part of the polygon under the entrance, which is inverted, and the conductor, attached to the new one.

The width of the conductors of the other payment cannot be changed without limit. The boundary width is determined by both the technological process and the fabrication of the foil. If two conductors pass close one to one, then between them there will be an eminent and inductive link.

Signal conductors are not guilty of roaming in parallel one to one, for a little bit of failure in the development of differential or micro-male lines. The gap between the conductors is to blame but at least twice as large for the width of the conductors.

The mist between traces in analog circuits can be difficult with large resistor supports (MΩ sprats). It is evidently a great mnemonic link between the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the operating switch can easily be brought to self-excitation of the circuit.

For example, at d = 0.4 mm and h = 1.5 mm (expand the value) the inductance of the opening is 1.1 nH.

Remember that as the scheme has great supports, then I will especially respect the next step in cleaning up the payment. At the final operations of the preparation of the other payment, excess flux and confusion are seen. During the rest of the hour, when installing other boards, water-resisting fluxes are often added. Like less shkіdli, stench is easily seen by water. Ale, when you wash it, pay insufficiently clean water, you can bring it to additional confusion, which will worsen the electrical characteristics. Henceforth, it’s important to work with a doctored payment with a high-impedance circuit with fresh distilled water.

ROZV'YAZANNYa SIGNALIV

As it was intended, the jumpers can penetrate into the analog part of the circuit through the lifeline. To change such jumps, capacitors are installed, which are connected (blocking), which change the local impedance of the live buses.

It is also necessary to lay out a different board, for both analog and digital parts, it is necessary for the mother to have little information about the electrical characteristics of the logical elements.

A typical output cascade of a logical element consists of two transistors, sequentially connected between themselves, as well as between lancers living on that earth.

Qi transistors have an ideal mode of operation with a high degree of antiphase, tobto. if one of them is closed, then at the same hour the other is closed, forming at the output either a signal of a logical one, or a logical zero. In the logical state, the tension of the logical element is small.

The situation changes drastically if the final cascade moves from one logical state to another. In the course of a short period of time, the transistors can be blown off at once, and the stream of life of the output cascade is greatly increased, the shards change the opir of the road from the bus of life to the bus of the earth through two successively connected transistors. The tension is reduced like a streak-like growth, and then it changes in the same way, which leads to a local change in the tension of life and a sharp, short-hour change in the struma. Such a change in the struma is carried out to the level of radiofrequency energy. Navit on equally simple drukovaniy payment can be dozens or hundreds of looked at external cascades of logical elements, so the total effect of this one-hour robot can be even greater.

It is impossible to accurately transfer the frequency range, in which there will be a frequency range, and the frequency of these faults will lie due to various reasons, including jamming of the widening of the switching transistors in a logic element. Zatrimka, with its blackness, is also left behind due to impersonal debilitating reasons, like the process of virobnitsia. The noise from the noise could be wide-ranging, and it undermined the harmonies of warehouses in the entire range. To suppress digital noise, there are a few methods, stosuvannya stosuvannya lie in the spectral rozpodіlu noise.

Table 2 shows the maximum operating frequencies of the wider types of capacitors.

Table 2

The real characteristics can be adjusted for different brewers and can be changed from batch to batch of one brewer. It is important to understand what for the efficient operation of a frequency capacitor, what is being throttled, is to be found in a larger low range, lower frequency of the damp resonance. In another case, the nature of the reactive support will be inductive, and the capacitor will no longer work effectively.

Don't worry about the fact that one 0.1 uF capacitor will match all frequencies. Small capacitors (10 nF or less) may work more effectively at high frequencies.

rozvyazka zhivlennya ІС

The decoupling of life of integrated circuits with the method of suppression of high-frequency noise is caused by the stoppage of one or more capacitors connected between the live leads of that earth. It is important that the conductors that connect the wires with the capacitors were short. If not so, then the power of the inductance of the conductor will play a commemorative role and create a new effect in the event of a blockage of capacitors, which will rozvyazyut.

The pinking capacitor is responsible for connections to the skin case of the microcircuit, regardless of how many operational switches are located in the middle of the case - 1, 2 or 4. roztashovuvatisya at skin vision of life. The capacitance value can be chosen according to the type of noise and overshoot present in the scheme.

In especially folding slopes, it may be necessary to add inductance, which is subsequently included in the induction of life. Inductance is due to rise up to, and not after, capacitors.

Another, cheaper way is to replace the inductance with a resistor with a small support (10 ... 100 Ohm). At the same time as the capacitor, which is opened, the resistor establishes a low-frequency filter. This way changes the range of life of the operative patient, which before that becomes more stale in the case of reduced tension.

Sound for suppression of low-frequency transitions in the lances of life, enough to fill one or a piece of aluminum or tantalum electrolytic capacitors for the input rose of life. Dodatkovy keram_chniy condenser quenching high-frequency transitions from other boards.

REPAIR OF INPUTS AND EXTERNAL SIGNALS

The absence of noise problems is the result of an uninterrupted closing of entrances and exits. Due to the high-frequency substitution of passive components, the response of the circuit to the injection of high-frequency noise can be untransmittable.

In a situation where the frequency range of the noise induced by the significant world is blown into the frequency range of the robotic circuit, the solution is simply and obviously - to place a passive RC filter to suppress high-frequency overshoots. However, when the passive filter is stuck, we need to be careful: its characteristics (due to the imperfection of the frequency characteristics of the passive components) lose their power at frequencies that shift the frequency (f3db) by 100...1000 times. If the filters are successively set, adjusted on different frequency ranges, a larger high-frequency filter may be the closest to the dzherel overshoot. Inductances on ferite coils can be blocked to suppress noise; stinks take the inductive nature of support up to the singing frequency, and more often than not, they become active.

Aiming at an analog circuit can be great, so you can try (or take a change) only for help screening. For efficient operation, the stench is responsible for designing so that the frequencies that cause the most problems cannot be taken up to the circuit. Tse means that the screen is not to blame for the mother, open it, or the virіzi with greater dimensions, lower 1/20 of the last whil of the screened viprominuvannya. It's a good idea to provide enough space for screen transfers from the very beginning of the design of the board. When the screen is switched, it is possible to additionally switch the feritic rings (or namistins) for all connections to the circuit.

BODY OF OPERATIONAL PIDSILYUVACHIV

In one building, there will be one, two or two operational assistants.

A single op amp often needs additional input, for example, to regulate the displacement voltage. Twins and quad op-amps can only have inverting and non-inverting inputs and outputs. Therefore, if the mother needs additional regulation, it is necessary to zastosovuvat single operational subsidiaries. When vikoristannyh dodatkovyh vysnovkіv need to remember that for its structure є additional inputs, so managing them can be done carefully and visibly before the recommendations of the scribe.

Double op-amps are especially often victorious in stereophonic subs, and quadruples - in rich-cascade filter schemes. However, tsomu has a significant minus. Irrespective of those that today's technology provides a decent isolation between the signals of pidsiluvachiv, roztashovannyh on one silicon crystal, between them all the same, there are deacons of crossover. Even though it is necessary for the mother to have even a small amount of such shifts, it is necessary to win a single operation. Crossovers are blamed not only for vicarious doubles, but also for treatment of subsidiaries. With your own neck, you can be even closer to the expansion of passive components in other channels.

Zdvoenі and lіchverіnі OU, krіm vyshchezagozagogo, zdіysniti zdіysniti more schіlny installation. Okremі pіdsilyuvachі mirror roztashovani one shdo one.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the conductors of the half-voltage shaping of the life are roztashovuyutsya without intermediary under the case of the integrated circuit, which allows you to change their dozhina. This butt illustrates not those who can buti, but those who can be crushed. The voltage of the average equal, for example, could be the same for all those chotiroh podsiluvachiv. Passive components can vary widely. For example, the planar components of the 0402 size range can be used between the outputs of the standard SO hull. This allows you to build a long conductor even short for high-frequency add-ons.

When placing operational subsidiaries in DIP-type cases and passive components made of rattling bellows, it is necessary to have a different plate of transitional openings for their installation. Such components of the ninth wink, if there are no special ones, they could make up the cost of the other payment; sound the stench cheaply, but the cost of the other one is to pay for the process of preparing the growth through the drilling of additional openings for the assembly of the components.

In addition, in case of varying overhanging components, the costs increase and the cost of conductors does not allow the circuit to be processed at high frequencies. Transitions open up your inductance, which also imposes an exchange on the dynamic characteristics of the circuit. Therefore, hanging components are not recommended to be installed for the implementation of high-frequency circuits or analog circuits, placed close to high-frequency logic circuits.

Deyakі rozrobniki, trying to change the length of conductors, place the resistors vertically. From the first glance, you can get away, but you’ll soon spend a long time. However, at the same time, the passage of the struma by the resistor increases, and the resistor itself is a loop (coil of inductance). Viprominyuє and priymayucha zdatnіst zrostaє bagatorazovo.

In case of surface mounting, it is not necessary to place the opening under the skin of the component. However, problems are blamed when testing the circuit, and it is necessary to break the transitions open like control points, especially when the components of a small size are stuck.

NEVIKORISTAN SECTIONS OU

In case of different doubles and quad operational connections in the scheme, the deacons of their sections may be left unassigned and due to be correctly connected. Pomilkove connection can lead to an increase in reduced tension, greater heating and greater noise of vicoration in the op-amp building. Wisnovki nevykoristovuvannyh operative podslyuvachiv can be connected like this: remove the podslyuvach connection to the entrance, which is inverted.

WISNOVOK

Remember the next major points and constantly refine them when designing analog circuits.

think of a crafted board as a circuit component;
May the notification that rozuminnya about dzherel noise that pereshkod;
model and layout diagrams.

Drukovannaya fee:

vikoristovyte drukovanі pay less for yakіsny material (for example, FR-4);
circuits, looped on multi-ball boards, 20 dB less sensitive to ovnіsh transitions, lower circuits, looped on two-ball boards;
wink the divisions of the polygons, which do not overlap, for different lands and taverns;
spread out the polygons of the earth and life on the inner balls of the crafted board.

Components:

note the frequency of the exchange, which is introduced by passive components and conductors of the board;
try to unique the vertical placement of passive components in high-width schemes;
for high-frequency circuits, use components that are suitable for surface mounting;
guides are guilty, but they are short, they are better;
as you need a large dozhina of a conductor, change its width;
The active ingredients that do not vicorate must be correctly connected.

Breeding:

place the analog circuit near the power outlet;
do not separate conductors that transmit logical signals through the analog area of the board, and in the same way;
conductors that go to the inverting input of the op-amp, work short;
be sure that the conductors of the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the OU do not run in parallel one to one on a great stretch;
try to unify the blocking of excess transitional openings, because High power inductance can lead to additional problems being blamed;
do not spread conductors under straight coils and smooth the tops of the coils, as much as possible.

Decoupling:

select the correct type of capacitors for strangling the overshoot in the lances of life;
to suppress low-frequency shifts and noise, use tantalum capacitors for the input socket of the live;
to suppress high-frequency shifts and noise, use ceramic capacitors for the input jack;
vikoristovyte ceramic capacitors skin vivenennia zhivlennya microcircuits; vikoristovyte sprat condensers for different frequency ranges;
as the circuit has an alarm, it is necessary to win capacitors with smaller capacitance values, and not large ones;
in important cases, in lancers, vicorate sequentially turn on the resistors of a small support or inductance;
Capacitors that are connected to analog life are only connected to analog ground, not to digital ground.

Revisited: 17115

Flat-shaped coils are most often used in the ranges of meter and decimeter lengths for changing the dimensions of the building. Call them out of the round, square shape of the coils, or in the form of a meander, if you can even look like a bagatokutnik. In the rest of the hour, with the advent of the technology of bagato-ball-shaped other boards, there appeared also bagat-ball-shaped cats on a different board. Zastosuvannya core with magnetic material has little effect, - such a core in the distance from the coils of the coil and can change the inductance by 3 - 5%, which is not enough for most fluctuations. Therefore, the other coils of inductance will stop at more vipadkіv then, if it is not necessary for the construction and the value of the inductance does not exceed a single microgen.

On our website, you can use an online calculator for a rozrahunka cat on a different board

In the Coil32 program, starting from version 9.6, flat iron coils with a round and square shape of coils are developed for a wild empirical formula:

L- inductance (µH)
D- Exterior diameter of the spiral (mm)
d- internal diameter of the spiral (mm)
N- Number of turns
Davg- Average diameter of the coil (mm)
φ - Refill coefficient

Coefficients from 1 - from 4 stars in the table:

Krok winding on a little yak meaning " s". With the inevitable" s", in order to increase the width of the coil - the quality factor of the coil and the її vlasna єmnіst increase. Sound for minimization of the expansion of the coil, the width of the wired conductor should be changed close to the distance between the conductors, so the formula has a spit" s the value of inductance is not guaranteed. Optimum value d/D = 0.4 for a round cat this program is selected automatically. For a square cat, the optimal value d/D = 0.362 This yoga program is also selected automatically.

The loss of the increase in inductance for this formula is taken from 8% at s three times more than 3w, that is. yakscho promіzhok between wives of troch is greater than the subwidth of the widow of the widow.

The inductive element of a seemingly straight-forward explorer is protected by an advancing empirical formula:

, de:

L- inductance (µH)
l- Dovzhina conductor (mm)
b- conductor width (mm)

Such inductive elements are often blocked by filters in the UHF range. Shards of the power capacity of such an inductive element are great, it is necessary for mothers in the field to correctly represent it in the sight of a long line with different parameters. However, for those close to the rozrakhunkiv, the simple model is accepted here as a whole acceptable.

Trochs from the theory of antennas

The formula for the rozrahunku inductance of the conductor of the other board looks like this:

Sound, check on another board, you can see values from 6 nH to 12 nH per centimeter of length. For example, a 10-centimeter conductor may be opir 57 mΩ and inductance 8 nH per div. At a frequency of 100 kHz, the reactive opir becomes equal to 50 mOhm, and at higher frequencies, the conductor will be more inductive, lower active opir.

Known designers of other circuit boards to be well-versed in the theory of loop antennas, to know that it is not possible to create loops for critical signals. Deyakі rozrobniki, however, not zamislyuyutsya about tse, і conductors of the virtuous and signal struma in their schemes є loops. The folding of the loop antennas is easy to show from the butt (Fig. 8). In addition, here is shown the folding of the slit antenna.

Let's look at three points:

Option A - an example of a nasty design. The new one does not win the polygon of the analog earth. The loop circuit is formed by an earthman and a signal conductor. During the passage of the struma, the electricity is vibrated perpendicular to the magnetic field. Qi fields make up the basis of the loop antenna. The rule of the loop antenna is to say that for maximum efficiency, the life of the skin conductor is to be supplemented by half of the life of the accepted treatment. However, it should not be forgotten that for 1/20 of a long time the loop antenna is still left to be effective.

Option B is shorter than option A, but here there is a presence at the landfill, obviously, for the creation of a singing space for the development of signal conductors. The paths of the signal and the turning jet make up the slit antenna. Other loops are fixed in the virizah around the microcircuits.

Option B - an example of a shorter design. The paths of the signal and turning streak are zigzag, zvodyachi nanіvets the efficiency of the loop antenna. To pay respect, that in this variant there are also virіzi on the microcircuits, and ale stinks in the Kremlin in the way of the whirlpool stream.

The theory of fermentation and the use of signals is close to the theory of antennas.

Mіzh conductors drukovanoї pay, scho є rіznih balls, vykaє єmnіsny zv'yazok, scho stench peretinayutsya. Sometimes you can cause the problem. The conductors, who are one on top of the other on sum balls, establish a long-term fused capacitor. The capacitance of such a capacitor is secured according to the formula induced by little 10.

For example, the board may have the following parameters:
- 4 balls; signal ball to the landfill of the earth - summіzhnі,
- interball interval - 0.2 mm,
- conductor width - 0.75 mm,
- Dovzhina conductor - 7.5 mm.

Typical value of DC electrical ER for FR-4 older 4.5.

Substituting all the values of the formula, we take the value of the capacity between the two tires, equal to 1.1 pF. Navit such, it would seem, there is little room for such programs to be unacceptable. Malyunok 11 illustrative effect in the capacity of 1 pF, which is due to the connection to the input of an inverting high-frequency operational switch.

It can be seen that there is a sub-amplitude of the output signal at frequencies close to the upper inter-frequency range of the OS. Tse, in his own line, can be brought to a close, especially at the working frequencies of the antenna (more than 180 MHz).

This effect gives rise to numerical problems, on the other hand, there are a lot of ways. The most obvious of them is the change in the dozhina of the conductors. Another way is to change their width. There is no reason to stop the conductor of such a width for passing the signal to the input, which is inverted, because through which conductor a small strum flows. The change in the length of the trace to 2.5 mm, and the width to 0.2 mm will lead to a change in capacitance to 0.1 pF, and such a capacitance will no longer lead to a significant increase in the frequency response. Another way to solve the problem is to remove the part of the polygon near the entrance, which is inverted, and which is the conductor, which goes to the new one.

Signal conductors are not guilty of roaming in parallel, one to one, for a little bit of diversification of differential or micro-male lines. The gap between the conductors is to blame but at least twice as large for the width of the conductors.

ROZV'YAZANNYa SIGNALIV

A typical output cascade of a logical element consists of two transistors, sequentially connected and spread between lances of life and earth (Fig. 14).

Qi transistors have an ideal mode of operation with a high degree of antiphase, tobto. if one of them is closed, then at the same hour the other is closed, forming at the output either a signal of a logical one, or a logical zero. In the logical state, the tension of the logical element is small.

The situation changes drastically if the final cascade moves from one logical state to another. In this period, for a short period of time, the transistors can be broken at once, and the stream of life of the output cascade is greatly increased, the oscillators change the opir of the road from the bus of life to the bus through two successively connected transistors. The tension is reduced in a stribko-like growth, and then it changes rapidly, which leads to a local change in the tension of life and a sharp, short-hour change in the struma. Such a change in the struma is carried out to the level of radiofrequency energy. There can be dozens or hundreds of looked at cascades of logical elements on a equally simple board, so the total effect of this one-hour work can be even greater.

Table 2 shows the maximum operating frequencies of the wider types of capacitors.

Table 2

From the table, it is obvious that tantalum electrical capacitors are blocked for frequencies below 1 MHz, and ceramic capacitors are more likely to be blocked at higher frequencies. It is necessary to remember that capacitors can cause high resonance, and the wrong choice may not only help, but even aggravate the problem. On the little 15 shows the typical power resonances of two capacitors of a hot casting - 10 microfarads of tantalum electrolytic and 0.01 microfarads of ceramic.

The real characteristics can be adjusted for different brewers and can be changed from batch to batch of one brewer. It is important to understand what for the efficient operation of a frequency capacitor, what is being throttled, is to be found in a larger low range, lower frequency of the damp resonance. In another case, the nature of the reactive support will be inductive, and the capacitor will no longer work effectively.

Don't worry about the fact that one 0.1 uF capacitor will match all frequencies. Small capacitors (10 nF or less) may work more effectively at high frequencies.

rozvyazka zhivlennya ІС

The principle of decoupling the life of integrated circuits with the method of suppression of high-frequency noise is caused by the stoppage of one or more capacitors, which are connected between the live leads of that earth. It is important that the conductors that connect the wires with the capacitors were short. If not so, then the power of the inductance of the conductor will play a commemorative role and create a new effect in the event of a blockage of capacitors, which will rozvyazyut.

The pinking capacitor is responsible for connections to the skin case of the microcircuit, regardless of how many operational switches are located in the middle of the case - 1, 2 or 4. roztashovuvatisya at skin vision of life. The value of the capacity can be chosen independently according to the type of noise and overshoot present in the scheme.

In especially folding slopes, it may be necessary to add inductance, which is subsequently included in the induction of life. Inductance is due to rise up to, and not after, capacitors.

REPAIR OF INPUTS AND EXTERNAL SIGNALS

In a situation where the frequency range of the noise induced by the significant world is blown into the frequency range of the robotic circuit, the solution is simply and obviously - to place a passive RC filter to suppress high-frequency overshoots. However, when the passive filter is stuck, we need to be careful: its characteristics (due to the imperfection of the frequency characteristics of the passive components) lose their power at frequencies that shift the frequency over time (f 3db) by 100 ... 1000 times. If the filters are successively set, adjusted on different frequency ranges, a larger high-frequency filter may be the closest to the dzherel overshoot. Also, noise can be smothered by stasis of inductance on ferite rings; stinks take the inductive nature of support up to the singing frequency, and more often than not, they become active.

Aiming at the analog circuit can be great, so it’s possible to use them (or take a change) for the help of screens. For efficient operation, the stench is responsible for designing so that the frequencies that cause the most problems cannot be taken up to the circuit. Tse means that the screen is not to blame for the mother, open it, or the virіzi with greater dimensions, lower 1/20 of the last whil of the screened viprominuvannya. It's a good idea to provide enough space for screen transfers from the very beginning of the design of the board. When the screen is switched, it is possible to additionally switch the feritic rings (or namistins) for all connections to the circuit.

BODY OF OPERATIONAL PIDSILYUVACHIV

In one building, there are one, two, or two or two operational assistants (Fig. 16).

A single op amp often needs additional input, for example, to regulate the displacement voltage. Twins and quad op-amps can only have inverting and non-inverting inputs and outputs. Therefore, if the mother needs additional regulation, it is necessary to zastosovuvat single operational subsidiaries. When vikoristannyh dodatkovyh vysnovkіv need to remember that for its structure є additional inputs, so managing them can be done carefully and visibly before the recommendations of the scribe.

In a single OS, the exit is roztashovuєtsya on the lengthy side of the entrance. Tse mozhe svorit difficully pіd hour of the robot and pіdsilyuvacha at high frequencies through the protyazhnі conductors of the whirlwind link. One of the ways of the underlayment of the field is located at the placement of the underlay and the components of the zvorotny zv'yazku on the different sides of the handed dress. Tse, however, to produce before the appearance of at least two additional openings and viriziv at the polygon of the earth. Sometimes, you can win the double OU to solve the problem, and then you can’t win the other one (if you want to win the doubles, you have to be a regular rank of connection). Malyunok 17 ilustraє izmenshennya dovzhini provіdnіkіv lancer zvorotny zv'yazku іnvertuyuchy inclusion.

Double op-amps are especially often victorious in stereophonic subs, and quadruples - in rich-cascade filter schemes. However, tsomu has a significant minus. Irrespective of those that today's technology provides a decent isolation between the signals of pidsiluvachiv, roztashovannyh on one silicon crystal, between them all the same, there are deacons of crossover. Even though it is necessary for the mother to have even a small amount of such shifts, it is necessary to win a single operation. Crossovers are blamed not only for vicarious doubles, but also for treatment of subsidiaries. With your own neck, you can be even closer to the expansion of passive components in other channels.

Zdvoenі and lіchverіnі OU, krіm vyshchezagozagogo, zdіysniti zdіysniti more schіlny installation. Okremi pіdsilyuvachi like a mirror roztashovani one shdo one (Fig. 18).

Figures 17 and 18 show, in a complete connection, the necessary normal work, for example, a medium-level molding machine for unipolar living. On little 19, a diagram of such a molding machine is shown with a vikoristan lіchevіrny pіdsilyuvach.

The diagram shows all the necessary connections for the implementation of three independent cascades that are inverted. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the conductors of the half-voltage shaping of the life are roztashovuyutsya without intermediary under the case of the integrated circuit, which allows you to change their dozhina. Whose butt is illustrative not of those who may be able to get connected, but those that can be broken up with the placement of components and transfers. The voltage of the average equal, for example, could be the same for all those chotiroh podsiluvachiv. Passive components can vary widely. For example, the planar components of the 0402 size range can be used between the outputs of the standard SO hull. Tse allows you to make a long time of conductors for high-frequency programs even shorter.

VOLUME AND SURFACE MOUNTING

In addition, in case of varying overhanging components, the costs increase and the cost of conductors does not allow the scheme to work at high frequencies. Transitions open up your inductance, which also imposes an exchange on the dynamic characteristics of the circuit. Therefore, hanging components are not recommended to be installed for the implementation of high-frequency circuits or analog circuits, placing orders from high-frequency logic circuits.

Deyakі rozrobniki, trying to change the length of conductors, place the resistors vertically. From the first glance, you can get away, but you’ll soon spend a long time. However, at the same time, the passage of the struma by the resistor increases, and the resistor itself is a loop (coil of inductance). Vipromіnuє i priymayucha zdatnіst zrostayut bagatorazovo.

NEVIKORISTAN SECTIONS OU

In case of different doubles and quad operational connections in the scheme, the deacons of their sections may be left unassigned and due to be correctly connected. Pomilkove connection can lead to an increase in reduced tension, greater heating and greater noise of vicoration in the op-amp building. The visnovkas of operational subsidiaries, which are not vicorous, can be connected in the same way as shown in fig. 20a. The connection of vysnovkіv іz additional components (small. 20b) allows you to easily vicorate the OU for the hour of nagodzhennya.

WISNOVOK

Remember the next major points and constantly refine them when designing analog circuits.

Zagalni:

Think of a crafted board as a component of an electrical circuit;
. May the notification that rozuminnya about dzherel noise that pereshkod;
. model and layout diagrams.

Drukovannaya fee:

Vykoristovyte drukovanі pay less for yakіsny material (for example, FR-4);
. circuits, looped on bugatose-ball other boards, by 20 dB less susceptible to ovn_shnіh transitions, lower schemes, looped on two-ball boards;
. wink the divisions of the polygons, which do not overlap, for different lands and taverns;
. spread out the polygons of the earth and life on the inner balls of the crafted board.

Components:

Be aware of the frequency exchanges that are introduced by passive components and carriers of the board;
. try to unique the vertical placement of passive components in high-width schemes;
. for high-frequency circuits, use components that are suitable for surface mounting;
. guides are guilty, but they are short, they are better;
. as you need a large dozhina of a conductor, change its width;
. The active ingredients that do not vicorate must be correctly connected.

Breeding:

Install the analog circuit near the power outlet;
. do not separate conductors that transmit logical signals through the analog area of the board, and in the same way;
. conductors that go to the inverting input of the op-amp, work short;
. be sure that the conductors of the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the OU do not run in parallel one to one on a great stretch;
. try to unify the blocking of excess transitional openings, because High power inductance can lead to additional problems being blamed;
. do not spread conductors under straight coils and smooth the tops of the coils, as much as possible.

Decoupling:

Vykoristovyte correct types of condensers to strangle the overshoot in the lances of life;
. to suppress low-frequency shifts and noise, use tantalum capacitors for the input socket of the live;
. to suppress high-frequency shifts and noise, use ceramic capacitors for the input jack;
. vikoristovyte ceramic capacitors skin vivenennia zhivlennya microcircuits; vikoristovyte sprat condensers for different frequency ranges;
. as the circuit has an alarm, it is necessary to win capacitors with smaller capacitance values, and not large ones;
. in important cases, in lances, vicorate in sequence the resistors of the small support of the inductance are switched on;
. Capacitors that are connected to analog life are only connected to analog ground, not to digital ground.

Bruce Carter
Op Amps For Everyone, chapter 17
Circuit Board Layout Techniques
Design Reference, Texas Instruments, 2002

Due to the site elart.narod.ru for giving translation

ZAGALNI ZMINI

Handcrafted board - circuit component

Layout bath

Dzherela noise that pereshkod

CATEGORIES OF OTHER BOARDS

Table 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF BALLS IN DRUKOVANOY PAYMENT

One-balloon double pay

Double-drukovanny pay

Bagatosharovі drukanovі pay

The order of the balls

grounding

The main rule: razpodіl zemlі.

Other rules for shaping the earth:

FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS

resistors

Capacitors

inductance

Drukovana fee

Trochs from the theory of antennas

ROZV'YAZANNYa SIGNALIV

Table 2

rozvyazka zhivlennya ІС

REPAIR OF INPUTS AND EXTERNAL SIGNALS

BODY OF OPERATIONAL PIDSILYUVACHIV

NEVIKORISTAN SECTIONS OU

WISNOVOK

Choice of editors