In the new issue of the heading about effective self-education, it is clear together with experts why programming is one of the main trends of the last years, why it is necessary to start getting to know the web development and understanding the core of everyday life.

Zakhar Day

curator of the profile "Design and programming"
School of Design NDU Vishchoy School of Economics

Programming is easy to see. You can once spend a full hour on writing programs and more than once, do not repeat the task again with your hands. At the nearest future one, a lot of professions familiar to us will appear and new ones will appear. On the other hand, it seems that you need to learn how to program, but it’s still relevant. Itself is relevant - the word is more correct here.

Programming - not only the very beginning of writing programs. Tse nasampered development of the myslennya. Coding teaches a lot of important speeches: critical thought, decomposition and composition. Tse in a flash develops a person as a specialty.

If there is a need for a bit-by-bit equal, then in a regular robot, it is necessary to pull up a picture, or skip the crooked spelling of the code, which does not give you a job on the site. History from life. We periodically visit home on the websites of one number of restaurants. After logging in via Facebook, the field for entering a phone number on the website is blocked, and without a phone number, you cannot login. It’s enough to see the word disabled in the code of the site, so that you don’t get hungry.

For web browsers, the entry threshold is significantly lower, lower for mobile. In order to develop a browser, it is necessary to learn the language of HTML hypertext layout, CSS cascading style sheets and the same language of JavaScript browser (don't cheat with Java).

For the rest of the year JavaScript is being actively developed. With this help, you can write practically for everything, but if you can’t, then in the nearest future, better for everything, you can. At any time, without JavaScript, nothing business can be done in the browser, because the only language programming is necessary, as the browser is understandable. But at the same time, in the JavaScript ecosystem, everything is still not easy for beginners, before that, the language itself is not so great. Then, the ecosystem of Ruby's movies is even more open and handy for the retailer-pochatkіvtsya, even if it's done step by step and losing its popularity. Moreover, it is not only language that is important, but the framework (a great tool that is made up of a large number of libraries) by my name - Ruby on Rails. With this help, you can, in a couple of years, increase the insurance coverage for a rich coristuvachіv web service. This is my special recommendation for the start.

If you are talking about the demise of language, then the widest pardon is due to the lack of syntax. One paw is missing, a bow, coma makes your code unworkable. In addition, it is not safe to take new tasks from the robot, not to win ahead or not to change priorities. Do not think about what is the language of that instrument, with the help of which you practice, you can do all the tasks. Another frequent pardon: the code is usually embellished with steps, thus creating a structure. More shortly, learn to structure your code correctly on the cob.

Warto add an hour to the documentation. Skin language, library and tool for technical documentation, and other specifications. The most important thing is to use the same tool with your own chat or be the other service for communication.

Obov'yazkovo is necessary to google it. You can know the answer to be-yak zapitanya. It is necessary to be assiduous: such speeches take up a great deal of time and affect serious brain activity and concentration.

Golovne - remember that it's easy to fix it. Actual concepts and technologies will be won over to a free choice only on the third project. Until then, don’t get the technical documentation, just take it. Don't forget to turn around before her if you don't want to go out.

Egor Yakovishen

Senior Frontend Developer at Look At Media

The reasons why the varto rozpochati programming, kіlka. Tse actively growing market of practice. I have repeatedly raised the figure of a million people - such will be the lack of people in this sphere until 2020. This is a book, a kind of manifesto, "program chi be programming." The point is to get to the point where you either start to grow your mind on technologies, or technologies start shaping your life. Products, as we are known, are permeated with algorithms, as not everyone understands. Obviously, if you want to know how to understand, what would it be like to understand the basics.

You can absolutely learn coding right from home. There are a lot of sites for online learning. I myself go through like a course, I’m more like it. The stench is interactive, understandable, you just start writing. Until then, more short-term intensities began to appear at once, so that you can take the foundation for a kilka. As a rule, they write on them to those whom they themselves know right, and in practice know what works and what does not. Books are good, but web technologies are often developed in such a way that the information in the book can be quickly outdated. Read it, what happened over two years ago, there is no sensation.

It is important for anyone to know that it is important for a programmer to know mathematics, but there is practically no mathematics like that in basic programming. Building is more important than abstract thought. It is also important logic, even programming - it is essentially written to the algorithm of the robotic system. In front of him, as a zrobiti algorithm, you are guilty of a little bit of yoga in your head. I, well, English. Without English, it is great imovirnist to drag along at the tail. Read the technical documentation in the original: the translation is always delayed.

Ten years ago, a lot of speeches needed to be written from scratch. There is a large number of tools, like insurance for newcomers. Thse different libraries, yak it is possible to take that connection in whole blocks in a number of rows of code. The Internet is at once rich in what it consists of components - it is left to choose the needs and then improve the logic between them.

Chi do not go in cycles in theory, it is necessary to practice more. Do not read a whole month a book or a collection of articles. Maє sens chogos vchitisya, once zastosovayuchi. Let it be the simplest butt, but as soon as you get into something, you need to write at once.

I would definitely recommend going to the meetups - if the programmers choose to act out of some kind of additional advice. This motivates, there is always a welcoming atmosphere, you can go to whether or not a person puts food on the topic. Among the most popular are the regular publishers of JavaScript MoscowJS Meetup, Ya.Subotnik and Moscow Tech Meetup.

Check out Moscow

Moscow Coding School

The majority of cursives in MCS are divided mainly for those who know a little bit about the code. The training is intensive, ring three chotiri-six days at the weekend. In an hour, the hearers learn about the basics and principles, they can create a bigger or smaller working project. Leading distributors of start-ups and media: Hello Computer, Hyperboloid, SoundCloud, Look At Media and Meduza act as speakers. With HTML/CSS and web development tools, you can learn the basics of creating mobile apps. It's fun to pass by the garden space of DI Telegraph on Tverskoy, and the team is selected from representatives of the creative industries.

Center for Computer Science "Spetsialist"

"Specialist" at MDTU named after Bauman. The site looks like it’s supposed to be foldable, so you can know the course you need, it’s possible not to go into it. Natomist to start here for a lot of reasons, and the courses are subdivided into different equal preparations. Getting started with light coding from scratch is recommended in the course "Fundamentals of Programming and Data Bases". Graduates take away a certificate of completion of the course, and if you want to change your profession, the center has its own staff service, which helps graduates to get a job. The main plus is the nameless point of study in Moscow, and in the skin consumption rate is based on different dates.

Learn online

codecademy

The most popular and absolutely cost-free service in the gallery learning programming from scratch. Learn to pass at the form of short rights with simple instructions and instructions. Learn here the basic principles of working with JavaScript, HTML and CSS, and for deep learning - go to other sites.

Programming and the Web for Beginners

Over the course of the hour Coursera spivpratsyuє z vіdomimi initial pledges, that instills special confidence. Course more reports, before that, at the Codeacademy, you will be able to study like a school: even if you want to, and a reader and a singing pace that will not allow you to relax. Tsіkavy introductory course of Harvard University є more on edX.

HTML Academy

The original Russian resource with 37 sections devoted to various aspects of layout work: from the study of the structure of an HTML document to a course about the new possibilities of HTML5 and CSS3. For those who want to become a professional, there are two online intensives (basic and advanced).

Written code is something that can be part of the software development process. If you don't organize everything right on the cob (especially for great projects), coding that extra charge will not only take more than an hour, but it will bring a lot of headaches.

A good code is well supported, hacked and tested. The next steps will show you that / or your team of retailers, how to get in touch with different software tasks and trim everything in a good way is possible. I'll introduce you to "best practices" that will help you write good code and help keep you and your team happy and efficient.

1. Customize your coding standards

It is easy to write bad, disorganized code, but it is important to support such code. A good code should sound like a standard for changing names, formatting and otherwise. Such a standard is correct, so that the stink of speaking with words for the quiet, who then read the code of the letter, including you.

You can create your own standards for the design of the code, or better yet, single wide-width. Vikoristovuyuchi Standard Coding Zend Framework, or PSR-1 Style Coding, you will be easier to adapt.

2. Tag comments

Comments are critically needed. You won’t learn how to rate them until you write the code for a thousand rows and leave it for a couple of days, and then turn back after trying the roses in a new one. The following comments will make life easier for you, who will work with the code after you.

Write intelligent one-line comments for unintelligent businessmen to the code; write an updated description of the parameters and functionality of functions and methods; for collapsible logic blocks, describe the logic in front of them for consumption. Don't forget to update your comments!

3. Refactor

Refactoring the code is also the key to productive retailers. Believe it or not, you are responsible for refactoring your code, otherwise it's wrong with it! Refactoring keeps your code in good shape, but what about refactoring and how?

You need to refactor everything, from architecture to methods and functions, names of changes, number of arguments that are passed to the method only.

Refactoring is more of a science than science, but there are some good rules that can shed light on:

• If your function or method is larger than 20-25 rows, it’s better for everything, there’s too much logic there, and you can divide it into two or more functions / less method.
• If you name your function or method, add up to more than 20 characters, you can look over it, or look over the entire function / method, using the first rule.
• As if you have a lot of investment cycles, you win over a lot of resources that are not comprehensible. Zagal you varto look over the logic, as if you put in more than two cycles. Three nesting cycles - just greedy!
• Take a look at some of the most common design patterns, so you can win. You don’t have to varto beat the patterns just for the sake of the beats of the patterns, but to prop the patterns of the reversed decision, which may be appropriate.

4. Unique global code

Global changes and loops can add problems if your code grows to millions of rows. The stench is poured into the code in quiet places, it’s important to look at it, otherwise it’s possible to solve problems with the names of changes, objects and others. Think of the two, first of all, to confuse the global expanse of names with changes, functions, cycles and others.

Ideally, you don't varto designate these blocks globally. Virazi switch, try-catch, foreach-cycles, while-cycles are just as described in the middle of the method or function. Methods and functions are described in the middle of the classes, and classes and functions are in the middle of the spaces of names.

5. Vicourize the names with a twist

Never tag names like $k, $m and $test for your other ones. How can I read such a code in a future? A good code has the names of changes, methods/functions, classes; owe to bear the sense of ambition. Dekіlka good names for change: $request, $dbResult and $tempFile (Deposit according to your coding style).

6. Vykorist structures from zmistom

Structuring your program is important; don't wink over foldable structures, always strive for simplicity. If you give names to directories and files, vindicate the principle of name, about how you manage with the team, otherwise you follow the standards of coding. For sure, try cracking some of the PHP programs one kind of one - CSS, HTML Templates, JavaScript, PHP code - and for the skin, try the cracking libraries for business logic. It is also possible to save the hierarchy of the directories of the floor on a small scale, then it will be easier for you to shukat part of the code and orient yourself at the structure.

7. Link to version control systems

Previously, good groups of retailers trusted CVS. Now we have a variety of available solutions. Managing changes and revisions is both simple and effective, so choose either a version control system that will work best with the flow of your distribution team. I'm willing to tweak the version control system, like Git, or Mercurial; offence, bezkoshtovnі / z vіdkritim vyhіdnim code and even harder. If you don't know what a version control system is, I recommend you take a look at Sean Gadgston's Introduction to Git series.

8. Tape tools and automatic wake-up

9. Tag the code documenter

For great additions that shove a bunch of classes and spaces of names, we have automatically generated API documentation for you. It’s more coherent and everyone in the team knows “what is what”. And if you work on a lot of projects at once, you will protect your documentation of grace, even if you sing it, you will forget the peculiarities of the structure and other details between projects. One of these documenters, you can take a look at DocBlox.

10. Vickory testuvannya

I use anonymous tools, which I value, but one, which I clearly value, is frameworks, which help automate the testing process. Testing (and systematic testing itself) is important for the skin part of your program for a million dollars. Good testing tools are PHPUnit and SimpleTest for unit testing your PHP classes. For GUI testing, I recommend SeleniumHQ tools.

Podbag

In this article, we looked at the best practices for writing short code, in terms of using standards for programming before formatting by the whole team, the importance of refactoring and how to master yoga, using such professional tools, such as a framework for testing, documenting code and version control base. If you don’t get these krokiv, you can accustom yourself to them and the team before them.

Coding - new black»

After 10 years of coding, you will become a natural learner, it will be easy to write code, it will be so natural for people to read and write like a fast reader. Even if it doesn’t start at once, the great risk will end up in an unpromising camp, if the cultural development between the generations becomes great, and the diversity of the fellows for different centuries.

Vminnya koditi fast way to ideas to your project in a wide sense (game, site, business, software, social online project, etc.) to a minimum: he foresaw - he himself srobyv. In every case, a prototype, there will be no serious development of new programming. It’s worth thinking about how to develop an up-to-date product with innovative ideas, usability and features, it’s easy to understand how it will be based on equal code.

Yakі razumіnnya nasampered nebіbnі in order to go to the statement about the cosmic folding of these newcomers that knowledge to the right?

• These are colossal new possibilities and prospects.
• Millions of people on the planet can be robed.
• The entire Internet, all modern devices, all the “reasonable” infrastructure, inscribed in our minds, work and life vzagali, - everything is created by tsimi kіlkom millions of people: they realize their ideas, develop civilization and don’t earn pennies (often - more) .
• So you know for yourself psychological barriers like “it’s too hard, I can’t” and just sign up for a course or register on the platform, chances to learn programming become cheap.
• Coding - " new black » ta"New English", that is already a natural and obov'yazkovy skill. Singingly, “fide” not the first time, but in general, as such a number of people in the world are accessible, you can get in and master it.

How can I read it? Options є: free of charge and for different pennies, online at home and offline at schools.

Offline paid

Moscow Coding School (MCS)

Website : MosCoding.com

"Coding - "new black"" - one of the slogans, if you like us before you visit the siteMosCoderbuy hipsters from hackers.

How serious Moscow has a great opportunity: the coding school Moscow Coding School (MCS) has been open for days. Її co-founders - Kirilo Zhvalov and Vadim Zhvaviy. School partners : Dream Industries, W-O-S, SoundCloud, Look At Media and Innova Systems. Busy walk near the richly functional space DI Telegraph (Dream Industries) near the Central Telegraph office. Rivne students are newcomers and fahivts, yakі bazhayut promote their professionalism. Learn coding, web and mobile development. Moscow Coding School is going to become a fashionable school for representatives of creative professions (startups, journalists, bloggers, artists, designers, etc.). Like a good bonus - reception and core networking. Start from three courses: "Basics of HTML and CSS", "Dynamic Web with jQuery" and "Web Developer Tools".

• "Fundamentals of HTML and CSS"(9999 rubles). Vikladach - Mikhailo Reislin, SoundCloud retailer. Trivality - 4 days at the weekend, 3-year employment with a break. We recommend bringing a laptop with an installed Google Chrome browser and Sublime Text text editor.At the program of the course: web standards; craftsmanship camp; retail tool; browser privacy; everyday life and website design; setup of a working space that is the creation of the first site; HTML5, basic HTML tags and elements; semantic labeling; change the view of the sides for help CSS; element selector system; attributes; positioning of elements on the side; layout layout from psd-file; tools for working with layout (Chrome Web Inspector, Firefox Debugging Tools); web drukarka (Google Fonts, Typekit); css3 capability; website optimization; hosting and DNS; Zen Coding (work less and achieve more); secrets of the inserted CSS-positioning; Isolation of problems by way of switching off and on.

• "Dynamic Web with jQuery"(9999 rubles). Vikladach – Roman Gordeev, Front-End retailer of projects Third Place and Exchang.es (Dream Industries). Trivality - 4 days at the weekend (February 15, 16, 22, 23), 3-year employment with a break. Knowledge of basic HTML/CSS is recommended for the course. With myself - a laptop with some kind of operating system and an embedded Google Chrome browser. The program has a JavaScript-library jQuery; the basics of JavaScript; robot іz selectors; DOM model; apply effects and animations; change of web pages behind the help of the browser console; podієva browser model; change sides fallow in the form of a koristuvach; under mouse and keyboard; jQuery plugins; practical work.

• "Web developer tools"(9999 rubles). Vikladach - Sergiy Chikuyonok, head web technologist of Innova Systems, creator of the Emmet.io plugin. Trivality - 4 days at the weekend (1st, 2nd, 8th, 9th), 3-year employment with a break. At the program of the course: visual, text and IDE-editors; look at the blue online tools; browser tools for tweaking HTML, CSS and JavaScript; shvidky pardon at the versts; improving and optimizing JavaScript, searches for the "more" areas of the web site; tools for "live" editing; familiarization with version control systems on the GitHub application; connection to the distribution of Open Source projects; hosting your sites on GitHub; templates and preprocessors; folding the project before launching the site; automatic testing of the project and automatic optimization. Obviously, for the passage of the course, it is recommended to have a basic knowledge of HTML/CSS.

Navchannya vіdbuvaєtsya at the format of small zavdan, koristuvach bachelor on the working table the result is diy. So that the students did not waste motivation, for the passage of the divisions, tests, and the task, the platform gives them the desire badges and badges for success, do the right thing for the hour.

How can I realistically learn how to do it myself for help service? Feel free to go to the distribution of Success Stories (“History of success”).

Tsikavo, that the Codecademy platform is not just about learning, but about reading code: be someone who can become the author of the course.

Website: Teamtreehouse.com

At Treehouse, the training will also take place in video format - 1000 lessons in programming, web design and technological innovation. You can learn basic knowledge, learn how to create websites, programs for iPhone or Android, and learn movies (for example, Ruby on Rails).

Treehouse has its own YouTube channel, for which varto pay in advance. Looking for Treehouse costs $250-490 for a river, but also a cost-free platform project - Code Racer: if your English is still not good, in order to get the right knowledge of that knowledge for a designated sum, it's reasonable to come to a free-project.

Code School

Website: CodeSchool.com

On the Code School platform, how to read the code under the motto “Learn by Doing” (“Learn by Doing”), and the base (5-level HTML / CSS, Ruby, JavaScript and other 15-level video lectures, rights, emulation result i feedback), i« feature- gamification coding training. For example, you are rewarded with badges for the successful completion of the task and the fun course on the Rails for Zombies kshtalt (“Reiki for Zombies”): you program those who will squeal and cheer you up - and apparently motivated.

Programming is for the quiet, whom one should choose from a prestigious and highly paid profession! Choose programming, as it is easy for intellectual work to overcome routine work and physical exercise!
What is programming? Why start? Yaka mova best? You will find information on power supply and application programs here!

Programming for chatkіvtsіv. Programming for teapots

programming- The process of creating instructions for processing information by the central processor.

Don't lie, what programming for chatkіvtsіv it's important. Just start to get busy every day of the year and you will understand that there is nothing foldable in it. All the material is structured in such a way that the reader can learn the maximum amount of information in a minimum of an hour, for which the course has been selected on the site. For skin movement, an okremiya has been created, de leather, whoever wants to do it can know the information. Books can be booked on the open side. The portal is constantly developing and popovnyuetsya with new books, articles and lessons. Programming for teapots- It's simple and easy, try it yourself!

The method of this Internet resource is the accumulation and systematization of information related to different languages, design patterns and implementations, which are based on this day, or were even more popular in the past. Therefore, here you can know the instructions for all food programs for buds and for teapots:

• What is programming?
• What is language programming?
• How to use language?
• Yaku mov better choose for pochatkіvtsya, schob simple bula and me fit?
• What is the minimum knowledge required to start learning?
• Why start that scho read to the teapot?
• How to become a highly paid programmer?

Choose a movie program.

chime in vibir movie programming lie down for a quiet purpose, that’s a task, like putting a person in front of you. There is no universal food, just like there is no universal movie. Because skin language, vtim, like everything in this world, has its own strengths and weaknesses. If you want to learn about the main language and their abilities, you can work on the side of the language.

Perhaps you want to know about the language, as they have gained popularity among the whole world and everything is written on them, starting with the simplest calculators and finishing with operating systems.

The axis is less than a few of the most popular:

Mova C++. Tsya mova hoarded the palm of honor for a small number of friends in the midst of programmers and not for nothing. Adzhe vin є the protector of mov Cі - the majestic number of napratsyuvan, ready-made libraries and applications. A great plus for teapots is that it is cross-platform. You can create programs for Windows, Linux and MacOS.

Mova Delphi. Miraculous language with a miraculous medium of programming for pochatkivtsiv. Allows for the shortest terms to expand the programs of the middle level of folding and to accompany them. Mostly programs are written for Windows, wanting a new set of tools for Linux.

Mova Visual Basic. The successor of the movie Basic, which allows you to bring into life, be it any complexity, projects that create with the same visual interface with downtime - a good choice for learning. And the axis about cross-platform can be forgotten, the programming of the program is surrounded by the Windows OS.

Learned programming.

If possible, new articles and helpers will be added to the site. Let's talk about the nameless topics, as well as what else is related to the topic of learning that programming for teapots. These algorithms, and the creation of rich Windows add-ons with the upgraded stability to Windows, and the development of folding web services. Let me not confuse you with the fact that I have distributed something else, and perhaps there are no necessary books. Age of programming is an accurate and foldable science, but here the presentations are only of the same material, which is really easy and simple to introduce the basics of programming for the beginning, and the process of selection itself is done manually after a long and reliable education.

Meta: learn how to encode raster graphics files; learn how to compose information about graphic files.

Methodical statements.

Graphic information on the display screen is presented as an image, as it is formed from dots (pixels). Take a look at a newspaper photograph, and you will be amazed that it also adds up to the most important points. If there are only black and white specks, then the skin of them can be encoded with 1 bit. And if there is a color in the photo, then two bits allow you to encode 4 white dots: 00 - white color, 01 - light gray, 10 - dark gray, 11 - black. Three beats allow you to encode 8 sounds in a row.

The number of bits, the need to encode one color of a color, is called a deep color.

Modern computers have a different number of colors (the number of dots on the screen), as well as the number of colors to have in the video adapter and can be changed programmatically.

The colors of the images can be different modes: 16 colors, 256 colors, 65536 colors (high color), 16777216 colors (true color). One point for high color mode requires 16 bits or 2 bytes.

The largest expanded building screen size is 800 by 600 pixels, that is. 480000 pixels. Video memory required for high color mode: 2 bytes *480000=960000 bytes.

To win the obsyagu information, there are more singles:

Also, 960,000 bytes is about 937.5 KB. If a person speaks every year for a day without interruption, then for 70 years of life he will say close to 10 gigabytes of information (5 million pages - 500 meters of paper).

Transmission speed - the number of battles that are transmitted in 1 second. Transmission speed 1 bit per 1 second is called 1 baud.

The video memory of the computer saves a bitmap, which is the double image code, the sounds are read by the processor (not less than 50 times per second) and displayed on the screen.

Manager:

1. It is clear that the computer's video memory is 512 Kbytes. The size of the screen is 640 by 200. The slits of the sides of the screen are placed at the same time at the video memory at the panel: a) 8 colors; b) 16 colors; c) 256 colors?

2. How many bits do you need to encode information about 130 sounds?

3. Think about how to improve the information about the little ones for an hour I will write it down in the file, as it seems that: a) the little one has less than 16 colorful sights at once out of 138 possible ones; b) the little one has all 130 sights at once, and a few dots, stuffed with different colors, can be divided.

4. Find information on the topic “Color models of HSB, RGB, CMYK” from the Internet and make a presentation on this topic. We have to imagine the positive and negative sides of the skin color model, the principle of functioning and stosuvannya.

5. In the program "Dotted baby" create a file with a rozmіr (for options):

A) 200 * 300, (No. for the list 1, 8, 15, 22, 29)

B) 590 * 350, (No. for the list 2, 9, 16, 23, 30)

B) 478 * 472, (No. for the list 3, 10, 17, 24, 31)

D) 190 * 367, (No. for the list 4, 11, 18, 25, 32)

D) 288 * 577; (No. behind the list 5, 12, 19, 26, 33)

E) 100*466 (No. under the list 5, 13, 20, 27, 34)

G) 390 * 277. (No. for the list 6, 14, 21, 28)

Save yoga with these extensions:

- monochrome babies,

- 16-color babies,

- 256-color babies,

- 24-bit baby,

- JPG format.

Vykoristovuyuchi information about the expansion of skin files, calculate the number of colors, which are victorious in skin files, convert them into practice. Explain why the formula for the number of colors is not suitable for JPG. For whom, hurry up the information from the Internet.

6. On the paper in the cell (or at the Excel add-on), paint a pretty little 10 * 10 cells.

Encode yoga with a double code (a cell is stuffed - 1, not stuffed - 0). Give the deletion code to the classmate for rozkoduvannya that deletion of the image.

Laboratory robot number 7. Compression of textual information. Huffman algorithm.

Meta Robotics: Learn to Grab Information for Helping the Huffman Method and the RLE Method.

Methodical statements:

Huffman code

Appointment 1: Let A=(a 1 ,a 2 , … ,a n ) is an alphabet of n different symbols, W=(w 1 ,w 2 , … ,w n ) is a random set of positive numbers. Then the set of binary codes C=(c 1 ,c 2 , … ,c n ), such that:

called minimal-superfluous prefix code what else Huffman code.

Respect:

1. Power (1) is called power in prefix. Vono let me be able to unambiguously decode the code of the changeable life.

2. The amount yak (2) can be interpreted as obsyag encoded data from bits. Really, it’s more convenient, because allows you to evaluate the steps of compression, without going into the middle to the coding.

3. Nadali, so as to be unrecognizable, under the code of a reasonable bit row of the song dozhina, and under the minimally superfluous code or the Huffman code - anonymous codes (bit rows), which match the sing symbols and sing the sings of power.

It seems that if a binary prefix code is given a single binary tree.

Appointment 2: A binary tree that matches the Huffman code, called Huffman tree.

The task of prompting the Huffman code is equal to the task of prompting a tree that supports youma. Let's create a scheme for inducing a Huffman tree:

1. Compiling a list of coding symbols (when looking at it, the symbol can be seen as a one-element binary tree, which is the same symbol).

2. From the list select 2 nodes with the smallest car.

3. We form a new node and come to the new one, like daughters, two nodes selected from the list.

At the same time, the vag of the formed knot is equal to the sum of the vag of the daughter knots.

4. Dodamo formations vuzol to the list.

5. If the list has more than one node, repeat 2-5.

Hover the butt: call the Huffman tree for help S = "A H F B H C E H E H C E A H D C E E H H H H H H H D E G H G G E H C H H".

For the cob, we introduce a sprat designation:

1. Symbols of the coded alphabet are shown in bold: A, B, C.

2. The vagaries of the nodes are signified by the lower indices: A 5 , B 3 , C 7 .

3. Warehouse knots can be placed in the arms: (( A 5 +B 3) 8 +C 7) 15 .

Otzhe, u A=( A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H), W=(2, 1, 5, 2, 7, 1, 3, 15).

1. A 2 B 1 C 5 D 2 E 7 F 1 G 3 H 15

2. A 2 C 5 D 2 E 7 G 3 H 15 (F 1 +B 1) 2

3. C 5 E 7 G 3 H 15 (F 1 +B 1) 2 (A 2 +D 2) 4

4. C 5 E 7 H 15 (A 2 +D 2) 4 ((F 1 +B 1) 2 +G 3) 5

5. E 7 H 15 ((F 1 +B 1) 2 +G 3) 5 (C 5 +(A 2 +D 2) 4) 9

6. H 15 (C 5 +(A 2 +D 2) 4) 9 (((F 1 +B 1) 2 +G 3) 5 +E 7) 12

H 15 ((C 5 +(A 2 +D 2) 4) 9 +(((F 1 +B 1) 2 +G 3) 5 +E 7) 12) 21

8. (((C 5 +(A 2 +D 2) 4) 9 +(((F 1 +B 1) 2 +G 3) 5 +E 7) 12) 21 +H 15) 36

The list, as it seemed, was left with only one vuzol. The Huffman tree is awake. Now let's write it down in a more obvious way for us to see.

C /\ /\ E

A D /\ G

The leaf knots of the Huffman tree give the characters the alphabet to be encoded. The depth of the leaf nodes is older than the code of the relevant symbols.

A path from the root of the tree to the leaf node can be seen from the bit row, for example "0" indicates the choice of the left subtree, and "1" - the right one.

We can easily assign a code to all symbols of the alphabet that is encoded. Write down, for example, the code for all symbols in our butt:

Now we have everything we need in order to encode the message S. Just replace the skin symbol with the appropriate code:

S / = "0010 1 01000 01001 1 000 011 1 011 1 000 011 0010 1 0011 000 011 011 1 1 1 000 1 1 1 0011 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Now let's estimate the degree of squeezing. There were 36 symbols in the output of S, the skins of which were introduced by = 4). In this order, the expansion of S is 36 * 3 = 108 bits

The rosemary of the encoded message S / can be taken by speeding up the respect 2 to the appointment 1 or without any middle, raising the number of bits in S / . І in that Іншому type we take 89 bits.

Otzhe, we were far away from squeezing 108 at 89 bits.

Now we can decode the S/. Starting from the root of the tree, rushing down, vibrating to the left under the tree, like a black bit near the potoci dorivnyu "0", and to the right - like "1". Diyshovshi to the leaf node, we decode the same symbol.

It is clear that after this algorithm, we accurately take away the appearance of S.

RL method.

The most simple variant is the algorithm for embossing information with a reverse path - coding a series of sequences (Run Length Encoding - RLE). The essence of the methods of this approach is to replace the lanterns or the series of bytes that are repeated, or their sequences per one coding byte and the number of their repetition. The problem of all analogous methods is more likely to be determined by the method, for the help of which the algorithm, which is unpacked, can be modified in the resulting stream of bytes to encode a series of other - non-encoded sequences of bytes. The solution to the problem is reached by sounding the marks on the cob of the coded langets. Such marks can be, for example, the characteristic values ​​of the battles of the first byte of the encoded series, the value of the first byte of the encoded series, etc. These methods, call, to achieve efficient compression of raster graphic images (BMP, PCX, TIF, GIF), because stop trying to complete a long series of repeated sequences of bytes. The short RLE method is to achieve a low level of compression or coding of files with a small number of series i, or even higher - with a small number of bytes that are repeated in series.

Huffman embossing

“Yak gold winter!
Let's start with childish hours ...
Do not need neither sun nor grass
let me try urochisty dream.

Let me in what dream I will forget
when enticing fire,
I leto zraju, like Yuda,
for thirty snizhinok at the bottom.

Let's sweat that I'm cold,
the heat is already scary to accept:
I don't remember for a long time
no smoldering, no burning, no spitting.

All the more often, all the more I don’t know:
Until the winter is already on the right, until the winter.
I only dream of that,
who is colder, lower me"

More than a million working positions in the United States cannot know their own masters: there are no people with the necessary certificates and qualifications. Go about programming - one of the most scarce and demanding professions in the modern world.
In fact, programming has become my new world of today. We live in the midst of computers, and be it the sphere of activity, so what else is connected with IT and the Internet. Vychennya programming vіdkrivaє mayzhe nezmіnі vіlennіa vіlennyа іdіy іdіv іndependence іn іf thаt, yоu put іn front оf you: аrе mаtіnу аnd demanded profession аbo сmіnіt svіt, becoming new Jobs, Gates аbo Zuckerberg.
The idea is to convey to children the non-commercial fund Code.org, directing to popularize the programming of middle schools. The motto of the fund was the words of Steve Jobs: "I am guilty in this country of learning programming, to make people think").

In order to arouse children's interest in computer theory and practice, the most advanced programming in the world: the founders of Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, Valve and Dropbox, other people in the world, rozpovid, as if the stench came to the programming of what it should be.

In order to get kids out of something that doesn't just call it cool, but it's accessible, Code.org offers small online tutorials that teach kids the basics of programming in a playful way. These lessons are translated by bagatma mov, including Russian ones, “play in programming” can be used:

As part of the Computer Science Education Week program, which is traditionally held from 9 to 15 December in the United States, the Code.org organization presented a new national campaign Hour of Code (Year of the Code). In the course of this campaign, more than ten million students will be shown small online lessons aimed at developing myths about those who are programmed - the share of children, so that they can change children, that they can write code. These lessons will help children learn the basic principles of programming. The stench includes game elements, as well as real applications from already known popular programs. "We want to explore the magical science of programming, which reaffirms you like Mark Zuckerberg," - the head of Code.org, ex-Microsoft manager Hadi Partovi.

Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg voted about their own world to take part in the "Hour of Code".

Kozhen іz of them for a long time will tell about that aspect of application programming, which is the most important and important. Today, it is not known whether Gates and Zuckerberg will tell about themselves, but there is no doubt about the fact that their fate in the project significantly raises interest to Code.org in a flash. In addition, Bill Gates took the time to especially consult with schoolchildren as part of the scheduled sessions of videoconferencing. Also, the founders of Microsoft and Facebook, in their companies, are asking students to win prizes for winning in competitions that are deafened by Code.org.

The Hour of Code initiative is supported by the largest technology companies - Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Apple and others.

Obviously, there is no interest in the campaign: Silicon Valley will require children to learn programming, popularization of the profession of a programmer, to reduce the staffing deficit in Galuzia. On the other hand, this is the turn, if the interests of great companies and simple people run away: in the modern world, the program shows the great possibilities of that prospect in front of the people. І on the right, not only in six-digit numbers, as they are ready to pay great companies for the work of qualified IT specialists, and the one who has programming is the key to understanding the features of modern robotic technology, regardless of the profession, basic programming skills can be learned .

Are you satisfied with your financial position? Would you like to earn close to 100,000 rubles?

Nearly 85% of the population is zatsіkavlenі at pіdvischennі zarobіtnoї pay. At the same time, the situation became especially hot - the financial crisis and the fall of the national currency became the reason for the riches soon.

Yakі fahivtsі lost afloat? In which sphere can you realize that you will appreciate the city of wine?

One of the leading areas is web programming. Ale, as you can see, for web development, you need a lot of knowledge.

How to learn how to program in a short term? Where to know the first promise? Can you see directly from the programmer?

You can find out about the current situation in the market for the help of the first cost-free lesson "Young Fighter's Course", which was broken down especially for beginners. Vibir directly rozvitku zalishaetsya on your thought.

How to learn how to program - why start self-taught?

The leather process starts from the meti. Think about how the sphere attracts you:

• Written by Igor?
• Development of special websites?
• Robot with data bases and financial programs?

The main pardon of programmers-pochatkivtsiv is the development of bare theory.

Remember: programming without practice, all the same, that masonry without cement is empty and without a head on the right. Goal theory will not bring 100,000 rubles.

The formula for success is a practical occupation by a specialist, who is a reporter: how to learn programming, in addition to correcting pardons, teaching basic tricks and language, showing you about your path to professional mastery and accompanying your back.

If you share our opinion, If you want to know programmers, if you have developed basic programs, If you are ready to invest in your development, then you should pay attention to such courses:

• The basic Java course is the necessary knowledge for you, as well as the scope of developing add-ons for mobile devices.
• Fundamentals of 3D modeling - an effective start in the field of creating computer games and videos.
• The basic C++ course is the most popular and widest language programming. I think that you are talking about a new rich chuli.

If you don’t prepare children at once, then we will continue our journey for self-taught on the topic "How to learn how to program." Axis V has already read a whole mountain of books, “scoured” the Internet and poked around: what do I know now?

Damo you a little pleasure. How to convert readiness to practical programming. Є chotiri terms, yakі є the basis of the work, be it programs.

• Umov.
• function.
• Cycle.
• Algorithm

Will you again understand its meaning? Can you answer on a simple question: “What is your role?”. Do the butts of the inside appear at the head?

As if you understand, it’s a little difficult to call out, you happen to turn a corner back.

Qi elementary nutrition may be nobility novices. Our students study similar terms in the introductory "Course of a Young Fighter".

Dare!

As soon as you understand the exact picture, folded days, then let's move on to more serious moments.

How to learn how to program - mi mayzhe maєmo meta.

• Basic Movies- C and Pascal. The very beginning of the tsikh azіv starts from the beginning to the technical top of the initial mortgages. Know them unambiguously varto. But there are too many minuses of such an approach. Turbo C and Turbo Pascal are long obsolete, they are minimal. That de stink nadoblyaetsya? But your special base knows only a little. You will understand the main points: how to practice operational memory, how to interact with yourself, understand that function, how to “learn” the program to practice. In other words, you will figure out how to learn how to program.
• System administration. Descho іnsha sphere of work, but not less demanded. The system administrator is needed every day and everywhere, only the pay rate is much lower. What to enter the process of system administration? Golovne - tse nalashtuvannya. Fahivets is engaged in the work of programs, presentations on the market. Vіn create, but vprovadzhuє їх at virobnitstvі, koriguє for the necessary parameters. The work of the troch is stereotyped, but important. If you choose this way, then you will need a sufficient light-gazer.
• How to learn to program on the Internet? term "web programming" mіtsno uvіyshov in today's life. Numerical Internet resources will require specialists. You can become one of them. You can earn more than 70,000 rubles on one site!

Knowledge for whom is directly necessary, obviously, sufficient. We would like you to step up to the process smoothly, to reach a high level - professionals can set the payment bar themselves.

Obviously, there are more rich areas that a programmer can implement for himself, but you need to pick them up, because you don’t only know “how to learn how to program”, but you can get enough practical information. It is important to create an addendum for a mobile service with a minimum set of knowledge, and the axis for a professional is a receptionist, creative and pribitkovy process.

How to learn how to program - more trochs of joy for self-taught:

• Reverse the knowledge of mathematics. Well, well, if you think that the course of higher mathematics is worthless, then you have to take your own ideas. Obviously, being a leading fahivtsy is not required, but to know what is the schedule of the function, and how to work with it is even better. Mathematical formulas may be able to communicate with the programming language.
• Try rozіbratisya with someone else's code. For example, go to any Internet resource, right-click on the mouse and select "reviewing the side code"... If not, then don't get embarrassed. Leather fahivets starting from scratch.

Why start?

If we are a newcomer, then, of course, from the “Course of a Young Fighter”.

Remember, today you have already worked your way up to a miraculous income of 100,000 rubles.

That buli V?

Deyakі text editors are good not only for plain text work, but also for coding (programming). Acts from such notebooks have become, at least, functional additions to the IDE.

Workspiration participants often create coder notebooks among other tools for improving efficiency. Three of these recommendations have compiled a selection of shortest text editors for Mac OS.

Atom - smart editor for smart coders

Atom is a modern open source text editor that optimizes coding as much as possible.

Available for Linux / Mac OS / Windows platforms, you can either replace it or use the IDE.

The Atom skin tab is a standalone web page (the Chromium engine is used for rendering). І at the same time on-site addition: diagnosing code, working with functions and classes, є standard syntax substitution and auto-completion, formatting the code.

You can add new features through packages, which can be directly accessed through the editor's package manager. Atom is a fit for lovers of customization of working sharpening (it’s not without reason that yoga is called “hackable”). For which texts are recognized config files.

Vtіm, the editor is miraculously working and without fixing, you can start working on projects again.

You can change the settings of functions, configs and also change the interface. All display parameters (font, color) are set via the css/Less file. I don’t have much time to do it by hand, it’s easier to choose one of the thousands of topics published by other competent communities.

Sublime Text is a boring editor for coding that has become a classic

Sublime Text is another promising code editor. A bunch of rich encoders and other coders were added by the gnuchka setting up the interface and changing the layouts when coding. You can practice Sublime with dekіlkom tabs and panels, easily jumping between files. There is also a large navigation bar and its analogue of the search bar for mac os.

The functionality of Sublime Text is on top. This editor is one of the first to promote extensions to increase functionality. The stench is restored through a special menu. Sublime Text is installed (and a few more additions) through the configs of the koristuvach.

Sublime Text is often used for html/javascript coding or as an IDE editor. If you install an add-on to the Emmet box, the robot with the HTML code will definitely speed up. It is possible to modify Sublime practically if you want to learn how to program, supplying less necessary packages.

Sublime Text's productivity is at a premium. The order of guessed navigation, auto-completion varto, syntax matching, manual functional search through all files.

Variety of Sublime Text licenses - $80. Unregistered version works without obmezheniya, prote іnodi z'yavlyatiyetsya vіkno z naduvannya.

TextMate is a classic code editor for Mac OS X.

As TextMate retailers say, the editor can compensate for the shortcomings of IDE systems. You should use a lightweight and scalable editor, on the vіdmіnu gavatioh non-scalable IDE.

Encoders hack TextMate via swidk_st.

Snippets and macros automatically automate the writing of code. You can install creations or write macros for your own tasks.

TextMate is handy when formatting code, navigating (search and change with regexp support, robot with clipboard). Pіvsotnі syntaksіv mov progrаmuvannya - and podvіchuvannya code that avtopodovnennia. On top of that, the editor is handy when working with projects with working sharpness.

Paired with notably young projects (Atom, Brackets), TextMate looks a bit old-school, conservative, pro-programmers and other programmers hack through a text editor.

Coda - editor for html-encoders with manual publishing and file synchronization

Coda is an editor that Mac OS squires love - especially those who edit html, css. Forward, get the live preview function and publishing tools. The edited file can be uploaded via FTP, SFTP, WebDAV to the server. How to competently adjust Coda, synchronize it on aphids.

Instead, Coda avenged the standard gentleman's typing for coding: syntax substitution, auto-completion, tabs, columns, sub-trim expansion - impersonal tribnit, how to ask the robot for any code and structure.

Tim is not less, Coda directing - editing html-layout and css-stylesheets. The WebKit application program has the same functionality, while the distributing koristuvach has such tools as a web viewer and an editor.

The price of the product is $99, the price is higher, lower variance of another editor with similar functionality. Tim is no less, download the test version of Coda and check it out, check it out.

Brackets - koshtovy editor with a minimum of useful functions

Brackets - another helper for putting things in order in the code.

Even though it’s not functional, like Sublime Text, it’s more efficient when working with CSS, but itself when navigating behind the code. The authoritative editor is so that all the necessary tools are at hand. It is not necessary to switch between tabs, Brackets focuses on the necessary areas of the code and encourages you to switch to other files.

Similar to Coda, there is a lot of talk about Live Preview, which is not the most requested when editing CSS and HTML.

The next moment is integration with LESS and SCSS preprocessors, which have long since become de facto for coding. In addition, Brackets supports ECMAScript, so JavaScript can be edited without the need for third-party tools.

Regardless of his youth, the editor was filled with plugins, without which it is important to manage with great commitments to the code and high security:

• Emmet (speedy creation of html-marking for additional special speeds),
• Beautify (reducing the readability of the code),
• Git (synchronization with repositories),

and hundreds of others. For all that, Brackets is easy to grow and important, and wins one of the most lightweight editors in its category.