Presentation on the topic "meteorological accessories". Meteorological Appliances Meteorological Appliances - Appliances and installations for monitoring and registering the value of meteorological elements. For povnyannya. Meteorological accessories, which are victorious in the field

Meteorological accessories

attach the installations for monitoring and registering the value of meteorological elements. M. items are recognized for work in natural minds in any climatic zones. It is the fault of the stench to blamelessly practice, save the stability of the indication in a great range of temperatures, with great moisture, fall in the fall, and not guilty of being afraid of great wind pressures, a saw. To equalize the results of vimiryuvan, different weather stations, M. p.

For vimiryuvannya (registration) temperature check and ground zastosovat Thermometry meteorological different types and thermography. Vologist povitrya vimiryuyut Psychrometer ami, Hygrometer ami, hygrographs, atmospheric pressure - Barometer ami, Aneroid ami , barographs, hypsothermometer ami. For mitigation of the wind speed and directly to the wind, stop Anemometry , anemography, anemorumbometry, anemorumbography, weathercocks. The quantity and intensity of fallouts is due to the help of doschemers, osadomirs, pluviographs. The intensity of sony radiation, the change in the earth's surface and the atmosphere are controlled , pyranographs, Albedometer ami, Balance meter ami , and the trivality of the sleepy syava is recorded by Heliographs. The supply of water near the snowy cover is mitigated by Snigomir , dew - rosographer , viparovuvannya - vaparnik (div. vaparnik), visibility - nephelometer and visibility vibrator, elements of atmospheric electricity - electrometer ami and so on.

Lit.: Kedrolivansky St. N., Sternzat M. S., Meteorological accessories, L., 1953; Sternzat M.S., Meteorological equipment and guardianship, L., 1968; Dovіdnik z gidrometeorologicheskimi priladam and installations, L., 1971.

Z. I. Nepomniachtchi.

Great Radianska Encyclopedia. - M: Radianska Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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Meteorological accessories

Plan

Entry

1. Meteoroid

1.1 Meteorological indications that are fought at weather stations, and accessories, for the help of which these indications are fought

1.2 Environmental indicators

1.3 Meteorological maidanchik - help before placement. Attachment and possession of meteorological sites

1.4 Organization of meteorological watches

2. Meteorological accessories

2.1 To win back the vise again

2.2 To control the temperature, repeat the vicorist

2.3 For the purpose of moisture, vicorist

2.4 For the purpose of swiddenness, it is necessary to blow the wind

2.5 For the purpose of choosing the number of fall offs

Visnovok

Literature

Entry

Meteorology is the science of the atmosphere, warehouse, life, power, physical and chemical processes that flow in the atmosphere. Qi processes already pour into the life of people.

People need to be aware of the weather, think about the weather, like bulls, and, which is especially important, accompany your foundation on Earth. Without knowledge of the meteorological minds, it is impossible to properly conduct agricultural work, to exploit the industrial enterprises, to ensure the normal functioning of transport, especially aviation and water transport.

In this hour, if an unfavorable ecological situation has developed on the Earth, without knowing the laws of meteorology, it is unacceptable to predict the natural environment's wandering, and the lack of a face of meteo-minds can lead to even greater wandering. Today's urbanization (population living in great places) causes new problems, including meteorological ones, to be blamed: for example, airing the places and increasing the temperature in them. In his own room, the appearance of meteorological minds allows to reduce the cloudiness of the cloudy wind (and then, drive that soil, settle from the atmosphere on the basis of speech) on the body of a person.

The head of meteorology will describe the atmosphere at a given moment of time, the forecast will be on the future, the development of environmental recommendations and, yes, the safety of the minds of a careless person and a comfortable foundation of a person.

Meteorological warnings - tse vimir meteorological values, as well as registration of atmospheric phenomena. Up to meteorological values one can see: temperature and water content, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direct wind, quantity and height of the cold, quantity of rainfall, heat fluxes and other. They are preceded by magnitudes that do not directly reflect the powers of the atmosphere or atmospheric processes, but are closely related to them. Such is the temperature of the soil and the surface of the water, the vaporization, the height and the camp of the snowy slope, the dryness of the sony syava is thin. At certain stations, guards are carried out over sleepy and earthly vibrations and over atmospheric electricity.

One can see atmospheric phenomena: a thunderstorm, khurtovina, a stormy storm, fog, a number of optical phenomena, such as the bright color of the sky, veselka, windy.

A meteorological watch over the camp of the atmosphere is a pose with a ground ball and up to heights close to 40 km sound like aerological watch. Guards behind the camp of high balls of the atmosphere can be called aeronomic. The stench is guarded by aerological guards, both for the methodology and for the parameters that are guarded.

The most accurate warnings are found at meteorological and aerological observatories. The number of such observatories, however, is small. In addition, instilling more accurate warnings, but vibrating in a small number of points, cannot give a final statement about the camp of all the atmosphere, shards of atmospheric processes occur in different geographic conditions in different ways. For this reason, the Crimean meteorological observatories are keeping watch over the main meteorological quantities at approximately 3500 meteorological and 750 aerological stations located throughout the earth's backwaters. weather meteoromajdanchik atmosphere

1. meteomaidanchik

Meteorologists are the contrast of the Todi I Todi є є є ’, precisely, vіdpovydamovli headlines of the weather service, if the molesters of the vican are tuned, and under the vibro -tape of the Mathelivs, the meteustrations of the meteorno are pretended to be pre -trial. meteorological instrument atmosphere

Meteorological station (weather station) - an installation in which regular monitoring of the camp of the atmosphere and atmospheric processes is carried out, including the changes of four meteorological elements (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, coldness). ). At the station, there is a meteorological maidanchik, the main meteorological accessories are de-stashed, and that place is closed for processing the guards. Meteorological stations of the country, region, district to establish a meteorological measure.

Crimean meteorological stations, meteorological stations enter the meteorological station, on which there is no need to watch out for fallouts and snowy slopes.

The skin meteorological station is the scientific unity of the great network of stations. The results of the protection of the skin station, already victorious in the current operational robot, may be valuable and like a worker of meteorological processes, which can recognize a farther scientific processing. Concern at the skin station is carried out with the utmost care and accuracy. Fit the buti in the regulation, pereverenі. The meteorological station is responsible for the mother's work papers, books, tables, instructions.

1. 1 Meteorological indications that are fought at weather stations, and those accessories, for the help of which these shows are fought astyle

· Temperature povitrya (in-line, minimum and maximum), °С, - standard, minimum and maximum thermometry.

Water temperature (flow), ° С, - standard thermometer.

· Soil temperature (in-line), °С, - core thermometer.

· Atmospheric pressure, Pa, mm Hg. Art., - barometer (zokrema barometer-aneroid).

· Vologіst povitrya: vіdnosna vologіst, %, - hygrometer and psychrometer; partial pressure of water vapor, mV; dew point, °С.

· Wind: wind speed (mitteva, average and maximum), m/s, - anemometer; straight in the wind - at the degrees of the arc and the rumbah - weather vanes.

· Fall off: kіlkіst (thrice to the ball of the water, which fell on the horizontal surface), mm, - Tretyakov's precipitation gauge, pluviograph; type (solid, rare); intensity, mm/hv; trivality (cob, kіnets), year i min.

· Snow cover: thickness, g/cm 3; stock of water (together with the ball of water, which is satisfied with full snowfall), mm - snowmeter; height, div.

· Khmarnist: kіlkіst - at the balls; the height of the lower and upper middle, m, is an indicator of the height of gloominess; form - according to the Atlas Khmar.

· Visibility: atmospheric transparency, %; meteorological visibility range (expert assessment), m chi km.

· Sonyachna radiation: trivality of sonyachny syava, year i xv; energy illumination, W/m2; dosage, J/cm2.

1.2 Environmental indicators

· Radioactivity: repeat - in curia or microroentgen for a year; vodi - y curi per cubic meter; the surface of the soil - y curi per square meter; snow curve - in x-rays; falling - in roentgen per second - radiometry and dosimetry.

· Atmospheric pollution: most often estimated in milligrams per cubic meter - chromatography.

1.3 Meteorological Maidanchik - we can help you choose a place. Attach that possessionaboutbath meteomaydanchikiv

The meteorological maidanchik is guilty of being known for the importance of the weather on a significant vіdstanі in the forest and habitation forgetfulness, especially the richly topped one. Placement of fittings far away in the future allows you to turn off the pardons of peace, po'yazan z perevipromnyuvannyam budіvel or high objects, correctly keep the speed straight in the wind and ensure the normal collection of fall.

Vimogi to the standard meteorological Maidanchik is as follows:

Rozmir - 26x26 meters

Orientation of the sides of the Maidanchiki - clearly on the pivnich, pivden, zakhid, skhid

· A place for a Maidan may be typical for a large area with a radius of 20-30 km.

Stand up to low budіvel, so it’s okay to stand trees can be no less than 10 times their height, and stand in a succulent forest or forget about it - no less than 20 times

· walk up to the rivers, urvish, urish water - not less than 100 m

in order to avoid the destruction of the natural curve on the meteorological site, it is allowed to walk only along the paths

· all attachments on the meteorological maidanchik are placed according to a single scheme, which transfers the same orientation to the sides of the world, the same height above the surface of the earth and other parameters

· fencing the maidanchik and all the additional possessions (pedestals, booths, get off, stovpi, shogli skinny) turn into a white color to intimidate their overworld heating with sleepy changes, which can spit on the accuracy of vimiryuvan

· At the meteorological stations of the Crimea, for additional equipment (the temperature of the surface and the ground, the direct wind speed, atmospheric pressure, the amount of falling), visual warnings for glooms, visibility distance are carried out.

Even though the grass is covered on the maidanchik, it grows strongly, the grass needs to be mowed or trimmed, leaving no more than 30-40 cm. Covering the snow on the maidanchik is not a trace of chіpati, the hanging needs to see the snow, or to shove the tannennya with a path of spreading, or to bring the snow from the maidanchik. From the dahiv booths and from the zahisnoy virvi the precipitation commissariat is cleared from the snow. Attach on the Maidanchik the blame for the placement so that the stench does not obscure one another. Thermometry vinni buti for 2 m vіd zemlі. The doors of the booth are guilty but they were brought to the pivnich. Go not guilty of sticking with the booth.

At the meteorological sites of the main type, the following accessories are used:

· thermometers to control the temperature again (including the horizontal minimum and the horizontal maximum) and the ground (the stench may be frail for clarity of reading);

· Different types of barometry (mostly - aneroid barometry for vimiryuvannya vice versa). The stench can be spread in the place, and not on the open maidan, to that the pressure is similar to the same in the place, and calls;

· psychrometers and hygrometers for determination of atmospheric moisture content;

· Anemometry for determining wind speed;

· weather vanes for direct wind direction (alternatively, stop anemorumbography, which will improve the functions of vimiryuvannya and recording of wind speed and direct wind);

· indicators of height hmar (for example, IVO-1M); self-painted accessories (thermograph, hygrograph, pluviograph).

· Rainfall and snowfall measurements; at meteorological stations, the Tretyakov precipitation gauge is most often used.

Crimean listing of indications, at weather stations gloomy is registered (steps cover the sky with gloomy, gloomy type); visibility and intensity of rainfall (dew, hoarfrost, oxen), as well as fog; horizontal visibility; trivality of dormouse syava; camp on the surface of the soil; the height and thickness of the snow cover. At the weather station, there are also hartovins, squalls, tornadoes, ice, storms, thunderstorms, merrymaking.

1.4 Organization of meteorological watches

Mustaches fit in with a simple olive at the installed booklet, which forms are right after that, according to your accessory. Invalid memory entries. All corrections are made to the numbers to be corrected (so that they can still be read) and signatures of new beasts; substitution of numbers and text is not allowed. Particularly important is the reading of the record, which made it easier as the first processing of the guards at the station, and voicing them by the Hydrometeorological Centers.

If you skip the guard, the column of the book may be left blank. It is absolutely unacceptable at times to write down any calculation of results from a single method of "recognition" of caution, the shards of movable data can easily be pardoned and the head of a greater shkoda, lower the pass on the attachments. About all the fluctuations, interrupted the sign on the side of the guard. It is necessary to respect that the clearings in the guards signify the entire operation of the station, and therefore the safety of the guard can become the basic rule for a skin weather station.

Vіdlіki, zroblenі inaccurately at the same time, they also know the significant world. At the time of the graph, the term warning is used, it is written the hour for a dry thermometer in a psychrometric room.

An hour, which is stained on the guard, to lie in the presence of the station. In every case, the blame is carried out to do it quickly, but, obviously, not to the point of accuracy.

For the 10-15th quarter, and the payment - for the first year before the term, the forward detour of all installations is fixed. It is necessary to reconsider, what is the correct stink, and to prepare the deacis, fit it to the future, to guarantee the accuracy of the guard, to reconsider, that the psychrometer is correct, and the cambric is sufficient to be filled with water, that the recorder writes correctly and enough.

Krіm vіdlіkіv behind the accessories of that okomіrnoe denotation of visibility and gloominess, which are written in the rim of the graph of the book, the posterihach designates the cob and kіnets in the column "atmospheric phenomena", the type and intensity of such phenomena, like fall, fog, dew, інішішіші of that, we . For whom it is necessary to respect that uninterruptedly watch for the weather and at the intervals between terminological guards.

Meteorological warnings are due, but trivial and uninterrupted, and carried out suvoro. Complies with international standards. The measurement of meteorological parameters for uniformity in the whole world is carried out one hour (tobto synchronously): at 00, 03, 06.09, 12, 15, 18 and 21 years behind the Greenwich hour (zero hour, Greenwich meridian). These are the names of synoptic terms. The results of the vimiryuvan are transmitted negligently until the service, wait a minute, through a computer link, telephone, telegraph or radio. There, synoptic maps and weather forecasts are compiled.

Days of meteorological weather are carried out according to the appropriate terms: the amount of fall is measured every once in a while for production, the height of the snow cover - once for production, the thickness of snow - once for five to ten days.

Stations, yakі serve the weather, after the processing of the guards, encrypt weather data for sending synoptic telegrams to the Hydrometeorological Center. Meta ciphering - signifi- cantly communicate with telegrams at the maximum number of messages that are requested. It is obvious that for the purpose of the most important digital encryption. In 1929 The International Meteorological Conference developed a weather code, from which it was possible to describe the atmosphere of the country in a few details. This code has been zastosovuvavsya stretching for 20 years, knowing only small changes. On September 1, 1950, a new international code was introduced into force, which looks like the old one.

2 . Meteorological accessories

The number of vimiryuvalnyh zabіv, scho vikoristovuyutsya for guarding the camp of the atmosphere and for її doslіdzhennya, superbly wide: from the simplest thermometers to probing laser installations and special meteorological companions. Meteorological accessories are called such accessories, which are used for victorious use at meteorological stations. Fittings are equally simple, stench seems to be consistent with uniformity, which allows you to equalize the guards of different stations.

Meteorological accessories are installed on the Maidan station of the sky. Just put a vise (barometry) for vimiryuvannya vstanovlyuyutsya in the adjoining station, shards of difference between the vise of just the sky and in the middle of the place is practically daily.

Appliances to control the temperature and moisture again due to protection against sony radiation, falling and blowing in the wind. That is why they are placed near booths of special design, about meteorological booths. At the stations, self-written accessories are installed to give an uninterrupted registration of the most important meteorological quantities (temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind). Self-painted accessories are often designed in such a way that their sensors are located on the Maidanchik or on the floor, and the parts that are registered are connected with electrical transmission sensors, in the middle of the room.

Now let's take a look at the fittings, recognized by the world of meteorological elements.

2.1 To win back the vicehpeel

Barometer (Fig. 1) - (from the Greek. baros - heaviness, vaga and metroo - I die), an attachment for surviving the atmospheric pressure.

Figure 1 - Types of mercury barometers

Barometer (Fig. 1) - (from the Greek. baros - heaviness, vaga and metroo - I die), an attachment for surviving the atmospheric pressure. The most wide: standard barometry, which are grounded on the vrіvnovazhuvannі atmospheric pressure of the stovp of the rodin; deformation barometry, the principle of any kind of grounding on spring deformations of the membrane box; hypsothermometry, foundations on vikoristan fallows of the boiling point of some rіdins, for example, water in the winter vise.

The most accurate standard fixtures are mercury barometry: mercury of great strength allows you to take barometry evenly small stovp rіdini, zruchny for vimіryuvannya. Mercury barometry є two successful judges, filled with mercury; one of them to serve as a soldered beast is a glass pipe with a length of about 90 cm, so as not to take revenge. For the world of atmospheric vice, a vice of mercury is taken, rotations mm Hg. Art. chi mb.

To determine the atmospheric pressure of the indication of a mercury barometer, introduce corrections: 1) instrumental, which includes errors in preparation; 2) correction of the reduced barometer reading to 0°3, since the indication of the barometer to lie with the temperature (with a change in temperature, the thickness of mercury and the linear expansion of the details of the barometer change); 3) correcting for the given barometer reading to a normal accelerated free fall (gn = 9.80665 m/s 2), it is determined that the mercury barometer readings lie in the geographic latitude and height above the sea level.

Fallow in the form of spoluchenyh vessels mercury barometry is divided into 3 main types: cups, siphons and siphon-cups. Practically zastosovuyt cups and siphon-cup barometry. At the meteorological stations, they cory with the station's cup barometer. The wine is stacked from a barometric glass tube, lowered with a fork at the C bowl. on the edge of the slot there is a scale for reading the position of the meniscus of the mercury column. For accurate aiming at the top of the meniscus and in the direction of the tenth chasm, the singularity of the sight n is fixed, with a vernier and moved by the screw b. Depending on the height of the mercury stoup, slacken behind the mercury stand at the glass tube, and the change in the position of the mercury level at the cup is fixed to the compensated scale, and also on the scale to go off at the millibars. With skin barometry, a small mercury thermometer for introducing temperature corrections. Barometry cups are issued between 810-1070 mb and 680-1070 mb; accuracy 0.1 Mb.

As a control, a siphon-cup barometer is fixed. Vin is made up of two tubes lowered at the barometric cup. One of the tubes is closed, and the other one is kept in touch with the atmosphere. When vimiryuvanni vice with a screw, lift the bottom of the cup, move the meniscus at the closed knee to zero of the scale, and then tighten the position of the meniscus in the closed knee. Tisk is determined by the cost of mercury in both columns. Range of measurement of the barometer 880-1090 mb, accuracy 0.05 mb.

Use of mercury barometry is an absolute accessory, because for їх indications without a middle vimіryuyut atmospheric pressure.

Aneroid (Fig. 2) - (in Greek a - negative part, nerys - water, so it can be done without the help of a rod), aneroid barometer, an attachment for vimiryuvannya atmospheric pressure. The receiving part of the aneroid is a round metal box A with corrugated bases, the middle part of which is created more strongly

Malyunok 2 - Aneroid

When the atmospheric pressure is moved, the box is compressed and the spring is attached to it; when the vice is lowered, the spring breaks up and the upper base of the box rises. The movement of the end of the spring is transmitted by arrows, which move beyond the scale C. (In the remaining designs, the replacement of the spring should be inserted into larger spring boxes.) An arcuate thermometer is attached to the aneroid scale, which serves to correct the indication of the aneroid for temperature. To take the true value of the indication, the aneroid will require corrections, which are equal to the mercury barometer. There are three corrections to the aneroid: on the scale - to lie in the fact that the aneroid reacts unequally to the change in the pressure in different plots of the scale; on the temperature - zalezhnistyu spring power aneroid boxes and springs in the temperature; dodatkova, enchanted by the change of the spring powers of the box and the springs by the hour. Pohibka died of aneroid to become 1-2 mb. Due to their portability, aneroids are widely used in expeditions, as well as visotomiri. In times, the aneroid scale is graduated per meter.

2.2 For the worldtemperature check vicorist

Meteorological thermometers - a group of thermometers of a common special design, recognized for meteorological experiments as the head rank at meteorological stations. Various thermometers in the fallow land are recognized by the scales, outbuildings, borders and the price under the scale.

For determination of temperature and moisture, mercury psychrometric thermometers are repeatedly used for stationary and aspirating psychrometers. Price їх podіlu 0.2 ° С; the lower boundary is -35°С, the upper one is 40°С (or else -25°С and 50°С). At temperatures below -35 ° C (near the freezing point of mercury), the readings of a mercury thermometer become inadequate; In order to control the lower temperatures, they use a low-degree alcohol thermometer, the attachment of which is similar to the psychrometric one, the price is under the scale of 0.5 ° C, and the intervals are varied: the lower one is -75, -65, -60 ° C, and the upper one is 20, 25 ° C.

Malyunok 3 - Thermometer

To control the maximum temperature for a certain period of time, the maximum mercury thermometer is set (Fig. 3). The price is below the yogo scale of 0.5 ° С; between -35 to 50 ° C (or -20 to 70 ° C), the working position may be horizontal (slightly lowered tank). The indication of the maximum temperature values is taken into account in the reservoir pin 1 2 and the vacuum in the capillary 3 over mercury. When the temperature rises, excess mercury from the tank enters the capillary through a narrow ring-like opening between the pin and the walls of the capillary and accumulates there and at low temperatures (sparks in the capillary vacuum). Thus, the position of the tip of the mercury column should show the scale of the maximum temperature. The given thermometer reading shows the temperature up to the temperature at the given moment to shatter the chill. Alcoholic minimum thermometers are used to keep the minimum temperature for a long period of time. The price is below the scale 0.5 ° С; lower boundary vіmiryuvan vіd -75 to -41°С, upper vіd 21 to 41°С. The working position of the thermometer is horizontal. It is safe to keep the minimum value in the capillary 1 in the middle of the alcohol with a pin - indicator 2. The use of the pin is less than the inner diameter of the capillary; To that, when the temperature rises, the alcohol, so that the capillary comes out of the reservoir, wraps around the pin, without damaging it. When the temperature is low, the pin after closing the meniscus of the stomp to the alcohol moves together with it to the tank (splinters or surface tension of the spitting to the alcohol rubs more force) and stays in the nearest position. The position of the tip of the pin, closest to the meniscus to alcohol, indicates the minimum temperature, and the meniscus - the temperature of infection. Before the installation in the working position, the minimum thermometer should be lifted by the tank to burn and trim, the pin should not drop to the alcohol meniscus. To determine the temperature, the surface of the soil is crusted with a mercury thermometer. Podіl yogo scale 0.5°С; between temperatures vary: lower air -35 to -10°С, upper air 60 to 85°С. The temperature control of the soil on the depths of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm is measured with a mercury bell-shaped thermometer (Savinova). The price is below the yogo scale of 0.5 ° С; mezhі vіmir vіd -10 to 50°С. Near the tank, the thermometer curved under the top of 135 °, and the capillary in the tank up to the cob of the heat insulation scale, which changed the inflow to the indication of T. the ball of soil, which lay above the tank. The temperature control of the soil on the clay soils up to a few meters is controlled by mercury soil and clay thermometers placed at special installations. The price is below the yogo scale of 0.2 ° C; between the temperatures vary: the lower one is -20, -10°С, and the upper one is 30, 40°С. Smaller widened mercury-waist psychrometric thermometry with intermiami vіd -50 to 35 ° C and deyakі іn.

Krim of a meteorological thermometer, in meteorology there are thermometry supports, thermoelectric, transistor, bimetal, radiation and other. Thermometer support is widely used in remote and automatic meteorological stations (metal resistors - copper or platinum) and radio zones; thermoelectric zastosovuyutsya for vimiryuvannya gradієntіv temperature; transistor thermometers (thermotransistors) - in agrometeorology, for monitoring the temperature of the ground ball; bimetal thermometers (thermotransformers) are used in thermographs for registering temperature, radiation thermometers - at ground, airborne and satellite installations for monitoring the temperature of various land plots on the surface of the Earth and gloomy dentures.

2.3 For proboundary waters

Malyunok 4 - Psychrometer

Psychrometer (Fig. 4) - (Greek psychros - cold i ... meter), an attachment for monitoring moisture and measuring that temperature. Consists of two thermometers - dry and wet. A dry thermometer shows the temperature again, and wetting, a heat-retainer of some kind of coating with a watery batiste, - I will control the temperature, which should be deposited according to the intensity of the vaporization, which is seen from the surface of the tank. As a result of the heat loss on the evaporation of a wet thermometer, it is lower, lower dry again, the moisture content of which is reduced.

Behind the indications of dry and wet thermometers for additional psychrometric tables, nomograms or medical lines, developed for psychrometric formula, the spring of the water vapor or water vapor is indicated. At negative temperatures below - 5 ° C, if there is too little water vapor in the air, the psychrometer gives poor results, in which case the hair hygrometer is peeled.

Figure 5 - Types of hygrometers

The main types of psychrometers: station, aspiration and remote. At station psychrometers, thermometers are mounted on a special stand near the meteorological office. The main shortfall of the station psychrometers is the stagnation of the reading of a wet thermometer in the air next to the stream near the bus. In the aspirating psychrometer, the thermometers are strengthened at a special frame, which protect them from the heat inflow of direct sleepy changes, and are blown behind the help of an aspirator (fan) with a stream of wind, which is close / sec. At positive temperatures, the aspiration psychrometer is the most reliable tool for monitoring the moisture content and the temperature of the temperature. At remote psychrometers, a thermometer support, a thermistory, a thermocouple are installed.

Hygrometer (Fig. 5) - (a type of hygrometer), an attachment for monitoring the moisture content of the air. The basis of the type of hygrometers, which are based on different principles: hairy, hairy, plivkovy and other. Through this system, the sprat is stretched with a pump again, the water content of which is determined. Knowing the mass of the system up to that time of vimіryuvannya, as well as obsyag the missed turn, you know the absolute vologіst.

The function of the hair hygrometer is based on the power of the low-fat human hair to change its life while changing the moisture content, which allows to reduce the moisture content from 30 to 100%. Hair 1 is stretched over the metal frame 2. The change of the length of the hair is transferred to arrow 3, which moves the scale. A hygrometer can be a sensitive element of organic heating, as it expands when the moisture content rises and shrinks when it decreases. The change in the position of the center of the membrane of smelting 1 is transferred to arrows 2. Hair and smelting hygrometers in the winter hour are the main devices for vimiryuvannya vologostі vіtrya. The readings of the hair and hydrothermal hygrometers are periodically updated with the indications of a larger accurate attachment - a psychrometer, which is also used to control the moisture of the body.

At an electrostatic hygrometer, a plate with an electrically insulating material (clay, polystyrene) is covered with a hygroscopic ball of electrolyte - lithium chloride - with a material. When changing the moisture content, the concentration of electrolyte changes again, also, that її opir; Nedolіk tsgogo hygrometer - zalezhnіst pokazanі vіd temperature.

The function of the ceramic hygrometer is based on the presence of an electric support of a solid and porous ceramic mass (sum of clay, silicon, kaolin and oxide metal) in terms of moisture content. The condensation hygrometer assigns a dew point to the temperature of the metal mirror, which cools down, at the moment when water (or ice) appears on a new trace, which condenses from an excessive amount of heat. Condensation hygrometer is folded with an attachment for a cooling mirror, an optical or electric attachment, which fixes the moment of condensation, a thermometer, which monitors the temperature of the mirror. In modern condensing hygrometers for cooling, the mirror is corrosive with a conductor element; All the larger widths are known to be electrolytic hygrometers with pidgrim, which are based on the principle of vimiryuvannya dew point over the most salty rozchiny (named lithium chloride), so for tsієї salt to lie in the water. The sensitive element is folded from a thermometer support, on the body of a panchokha with fiberglass, leaks of lithium chloride, and two electrodes from a platinum rod, wound over a panchokha, on which a change of voltage is applied.

2.4 For the purpose of fastnessthat straight ahead beat the wind

Malyunok 6 - Anemometer

Anemometer (fig. 6) - (an anemo... i... meter), an attachment for monitoring wind speed and gas flows. The largest expansion is a manual cup anemometer, which measures the average wind speed. Horizontal cross with 4 empty pivkulyami (cups), animal opuklist in one beak, wrapped in the wind, to the fact that the vice is bigger on the beaker, lower on the opuklu. Tse wrapping is transferred to the arrows of the wrapper's manager. The number of revolutions for this hour depends on the average wind speed for the whole hour. With a small vorticity to the flow, the average wind speed for 100 sec varies with a speed of up to 0.1 m/sec. To determine the average flow rate of the airflow in the pipes and channels of the ventilation systems, install the anemometry propellers, the primary part of which is the bagatolopatateve milnov turntable. Anemometer loss – up to 0.05 m/sec. The wind speed values are determined by other types of anemometers, such as anemometers based on the manometric method of winding, as well as hot-wire anemometers.

Malyunok 7 - Weather vane

Weather vane (small 7) - (in Nm. Flugel or in Dutch vieugel - wing), an attachment for pointing straight ahead and controlling the windiness of the wind. Directly in the wind (div. small) is assigned to the position of the double-sided wind vane, which is made up of 2 plates 1, rolled with a cut, and counters 2. The wind vane, being strengthened on a metal tube 3, is freely wrapped on a steel shear. In the midst of the wind, it will stand up behind the direct wind so that the opposite is directed towards you. A sleeve is put on the haircut with 4 pins, oriented vertically to the main points. According to the position of the counter, these pins should be pointed directly to the wind.

Shvidk_st vіru vіruєtsya behind an additional vertical axis 5 metal plates (boards) 6. The doshka wraps around the vertical axis at the same time with a vane and under the wind wind it will be restored perpendicular to the flow again. Fallow in the wind, the weather vane's top is in the vertical position on the other side, which winds in the air 7. Place the weather vane on the vane at a height of 10-12 m from the surface of the earth.

2.5 For appointmentI fell off a lot of vicorist

Osadomir is a device for wiping out atmospheric rare and hard fallouts. Osadomir constructions V.D. Tretyakova is composed of vessels (windows) with a primal area of 200 cm 2 and a height of 40 cm, where the fall is collected, and special protection, which will help to see the new fall. O. is installed in such a way that the primary surface of the wind was at a height of 2 m above the ground. The vimiryuvannya kіlkostі opadіv u mm to the ball of the water is carried out viіrіvіvalnoy flask z applied to the new podіla; a handful of hard falloffs will die down after the stench breaks out.

Malyunok 8 - Pluviograph

Pluviograf is a device for continuous registration of quantity, trivality and intensity of rare fallouts that fall. The veneer is folded from the priymach and the reisting part, laid in the metal cap of the 1.3 m.

Priymalna ship with a span of 500 square meters. see that at the upper part of the shafi, there is a cone-shaped bottom with openings for draining water. Siege through the virva 1 and the pouring pipe 2 to drag it near the cylindrical chamber 3, into the premises of the empty metal float 4. On the upper part of the vertical shear 5, connected with the float, the arrow 6 is reinforced with a feather on it. For registration of falling arms with a float chamber, a drum 7 is installed on the shear with an additional turn. A line is pulled onto the drum, graphed in such a way that the gaps between vertical lines fall 10 hours, and between horizontal lines - 0.1 mm fall. On the side of the float chamber there is an opening with a tube 8, a siphon 9 with a metal tip is inserted into the yak, it is tightly closed with a tube with a special sleeve 10. When the water falls through the spouts, open the virva and the pouring tube into the float chamber i. At once, from the floater, the shearing of the arrow is lifted. With this pen, to arm on the line of the curve (the shards of the drum are wrapped at the same time), the steepness is greater, the greater the intensity of falling. If the sum falls to the reach of 10 mm, the rivulet of the water in the siphon tube and the chamber of the float becomes the same, and there is a fleeting flow of water from the chamber through the siphon by the wind, which stands on the bottom of the shafi. With your pen, you can cross on the lines of a vertical straight line to the beast down to the zero mark of the line. For the daytime, the pen has fallen off to arm the horizontal line.

Snіgomir - schіlnomіr, an attachment for wiping the wilt of the snow curve. The main part of the snow world is an empty cylinder of a singing cross with a saw-like edge, which, when fired, burrows straight down to the top, which supports it, and then the stompchik is cut from the bottom at once with the cylinder. If a sample is taken from the snow, then the snow world is called vagovim, if they spit and signify the volume of water that it has settled, then - about it. Know the extent of the snowy slope, counting the values of the mass taken, and the pledge. They begin to stop the gamma-snіgomіri, basing on the vimіrі weakened by the gamma-vipromonition from the dzherel, placed on the deyakіy glybіnі snіgovоvіv.

Visnovok

The principles of work and low meteorological fittings were introduced in the XVII-XIX centuries. End of the XIXth and the ear of the XXth cent. characterized by the unification of the main meteorological accessories and the combination of national and international meteorological stations. From the middle of the 40s. XX Art. the meteorological appli- cations are experiencing rapid progress. New devices are being constructed with the latest achievements of modern physics and technology: the temperature of photocells, conductors, radio communication and radar, lasers, various chemical reactions, and sound location. Of particular importance is the congestion in meteorological purposes of radar, radiometric and spectrometric equipment installed on meteorological piece satellites of the Earth (MISZ), as well as the development of laser methods for sensing the atmosphere. On the screen of the radar (radar) you can see the accumulation of gloom, areas of fall, thunderstorms, atmospheric whirlwinds in the tropics (hurricanes and typhoons) at a significant distance in the form of a poster and prosteguvate their movement and evolution. The equipment that is installed on MISZ allows the beasts of darkness and gloomy systems to the beast day and night, to change the temperature with altitude, to win the wind over the oceans thinly. The use of lasers allows with great accuracy to designate small houses of natural and anthropogenic change, optical power of a gloomy atmosphere and gloom, swidkistity of their ruhu and other. results. The creation of automatic and more automatic meteorological stations, which transmit their alerts for more than less than three hours without the introduction of people, is being successfully developed.

Literature

1. Morgunov V.K. Fundamentals of meteorology, climatology. Meteorological accessories and methods. Novosibirsk, 2005.

2. Sternzat M.S. Meteorological accessories and guards. St. Petersburg, 1968.

3. Khromov S.P. Meteorology and climatology. Moscow, 2004.

4. www.pogoda.ru.net

5. www.ecoera.ucoz.ru

6. www.meteoclubsgu.ucoz.ru

7. www.propogodu.ru

Placed on Allbest.ru

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Hid busy:

Vihovatel: Guys today, I sent a video of the sheet to the e-mail. Would you like to look at it? (Video clip from Dunno) Hello lads. I really need your help. Chuv, what do you know a lot about meteomaidanchik and about її meaning in the life of a person. And I really don't know anything. Tomorrow I'm going to the guest to Znayka, and I don't know what the weather is like, how to dress up. And yet I know that I have given the task of solving riddles and that you have learned about the power of the show and the water. Will you help me? (Vіdpovidіdі children) Thanks lads. Well, now spit out the head and guess the riddles.

From the sky to us to come wine,

The orphan serpent had a sky.

Like a happy shower.

What is it? well (Dosch).

Curling after a window,

We warm, lagidnim bova,

Ale and can everything in the world

Rozlamati, zruynuvati (Wither).

Naughty, mocked

She washed everything.

I garden, I city

All districts poured (Thunderstorm).

I wonder at the end:

There is frost and the sun shines.

Heavenly sky high, blue,

White on the trees (Іній)

Dunno: Thank you.

Vihovatel: Don't know if we will record your prohannya on video and tell you everything (Vіdpovіdі khloptsіv)

How can one name all these clues in one word?

(Vіdpovidіdі children).

Vihovatel: Like natural phenomena you have predicted today.

dorozi in a kindergarten? (Vіdpovidіdі children).

Vihovatel: What's the weather like? Why is it necessary to know the camp

wait for tomorrow? (Vіdpovidіdі children).

Vihovatel: How mature do you know the weather forecast? (Vіdpovidіdі children).

Vihovatel: They listen to the weather forecast on the radio.

television, you can look at it on the Internet, on the phone, read it in the newspaper.

Do you know who makes the weather forecast?

Vihovatel: People who are engaged in vineyards are called

meteorologists.The stinks are trying to find out about all the specialties, I'll wait:

straight in the wind, the temperature and the wateriness of the wind, the presence of gloominess.

Їm have special help attach. stink show what the weather is like

be the nearest days. Let's call this year and for what we need qi attach.

(Children go to meteomaidanchik, on a plot of a children's garden).

Vihovatel: In all our lands practice weather stations.

meteorologists, vicorist special attach, watch out for the weather,

sing the songs of the rozrahunki and they pass them on to the brutes Hydrometeorological center. there

meteorologists compile data and compile the weather forecast, which

Bachimo and feel the TV screen.

Vihovatel: And now trochs are repairing and getting burned

Held gra "Dosh and children"

(For the help of a lichilka, a leader is selected - "dash". "Dosh" walk around the mental cordon).

Vihovatel: Khmara walked through the sky, Khmara spoke to children

dosch: I want to spill the wood, you won’t get me

Children: We don’t have a terrible dress and make-up, we’ll go home at once!

(Letter of these words, children are trying to cross the boundary).

Vihovatel: Children attach, yaki є

on our weather stations. (Vikhovanets shows the thermometer to the children). Wine is required

for vimіru temperature povіtrya.

Tsey the attachment is called a weather vane. A weather vane and a compass help to point directly to the wind. Zavdyaki їm we know stars dme wind: from pivnochі, immediately, at sunset, pivdnya.

Axis one more attachment - winding sleeve. Vin also shows directly the strength of the wind. If the wind is strong, the windy sleeve is similar to an inflated cone-shaped sack.

offensive the attachment is called a barometer. Vіn vіmіruє atmospheric

vice Chim is a great atmospheric vice, Tim is less able to do it.

vindicate the number of falls. Ce and wood, and rankova dew. The lads say so, as the Dunno will dress up for tomorrow until Znayka. (Vіdpovidіdі children)

Vihovatel: And guess what the zavdannya gave Znayka Neznaytsi (Vіdpovidіdі children) The youngsters have guessed. Then we need to hold a low score. Ready. (So)

Check that water

Dosvid No. 1 How will the water be in shape?

Water does not form and fills the form of a judge, it is poured into a yak. Let the children fill її in the єmnіst raznoї form tarіznogo razmіru. Guess with the children, where are the kalyuzhs pouring.

Dosvid No. 2 Blow the bag into the dance

How do you think, how can you put a paper bag into a dance?

Zim'yatayte a small piece of paper in a bag. Place paper breast in the neck of a plastic plate and blow hard on it. It's a paradox, but the bag to fly not in the middle of the dance, but in the name.

Tse vіdbuvaєtsya to that, scho povіtrya, scho vdmetsya, obtіkaє sack and in the dance moves the vise poіtrya. Tse povіtrya i vishtovhuє bag.

Dosvid №3 Vpade chi nі?

Turn the small virva with the wide part down. Put in a bag for a table tennis, and press it with your finger. And now blow at the narrow end of the virvi and stop puffing up the bag. Vіn not fall, but be deprived of the virvі.

This is why it is explained to them that the vice of the other hand under the sack is richer, lower above it. The stronger you are, the less time you have to fix the vice on the bag, the more powerful you are.

Dosvid №4 What does the water smell like?

Ask before the cob: "What does the water smell like?"

Order to sniff the water at the flasks. Let's drip into one of them (children are not guilty of bachiti - let's flatten our eyes, for example, valerian roses. Let's sniff. , meat in broth.

Vihovatel: I think that Dunno today's zavdyaki is rich enough for us to know

Vihovatel: Did we talk about what profession today? Why do you think

robot meteorologist? Navischo need to know the camp of the weather?

You did a wonderful job, lads! What was the most important thing?

Who is young? - We are young!

Presentation on the topic "meteorological accessories". Meteorological Appliances Meteorological Appliances - Appliances and installations for monitoring and registering the value of meteorological elements. For povnyannya. Meteorological accessories, which are victorious in the field

Wonder what "Meteorological accessories" is in other dictionaries:

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

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