Fit a re-verification of the transistor circuits. Appliance for reverification of transistors (betnik). Testers differ by types of models

Golovna / Zahist

Transistor- This is an important element of the greater radio circuits. Tim, who has been engaged in radio modeling, needs to be known in the first class, how to twist them and how to beat them.

Bipolar transistors have 2 PN junctions. Visnovki from the new one is called an emіter, a collector and a base. The emitter and the collector are the elements placed on both sides, and the base is placed between them, in the middle. How to look at the classic scheme of flowing strum, a small amount of wine to enter the emitter, and then accumulate in the collector. The base is necessary in order to regulate the strum at the collector.

Pokrokov's instruction for verification with a multimer

Before the cob of the re-verification, the structure of the triode building is pointed out, as it is indicated by the arrow of the emitter transition. If the arrows point directly to the base, then the PNP option, directly kills the opposite base, indicates NPN conductivity.

Rechecking a PNP transistor with a multimeter consists of the following subsequent operations:

Revіryaєmo vorotny opіr For which it is necessary to add a “plus” probe, I will attach it to the base.
Testing the e-terminal transition For which "minus" probe is connected to the emitter.
To re-check the collector move to a new "minus" probe.

The results of cih vimiryuvan can show opir at the boundary of the value "1".

To re-verify the direct support, we change the probes with the help of:

"Minus" I will attach the probe to the base.
"Plus" the probe is moved along the line from the emitter to the collector.
On the multimeter screen Pokazniki support can become vіd 500 to 1200 Ohm.

Please note that the transition is not damaged, the transistor is technically correct.

A lot of amateurs can fold with a designated base and a reliable collector or an emitter. Deyakі to start the appointment of the base regardless of the type of structure in such a way: alternately connect the black probe of the multimeter to the first electrode, and the red one - through the black one to the other and the third.

The base will appear if there is a drop in voltage on the attachment. Tse means that one of the pairs of the transistor is found - "base - emitter" or "base - collector". Dali it is necessary to make the settlement of another bet the same way. The hot electrode will have a base for both pairs.

Instructions for rechecking with a tester

Testers differ according to the types of models:

Іsnuyut fit, In some constructions of the transfer of attachments, which allow to reduce the coefficient of strength of microtransistors in low pressure.
Primary testers allow you to check the ohmmeter mode.
digital tester vimiryuє transistor in the reverification mode.

For whatever it is, there is a standard instruction:

Persh lower rozpochati perevіrku, it is necessary to remove the charge from the shutter. To fight like this - literally for a few seconds, the charge must be closed on the cob.
At times, if a low-voltage polovy transistor is being modified, before that, how to take yoga in your hands, obov'yazkovo need to take a static charge from your hands. It is possible to robit, holding the hand over metal, which can be grounded.
Pіd hour of verification by a standard tester, it is necessary to designate an opir between the drain and the coil. In both directions, it is not the fault of the mother of special retail. The value of the support with a right transistor will be small.
offensive croc- We will support the transition, we will straighten the back, then we will turn. For which it is necessary to connect the probes of the tester to the shutter and drain, and then to the shutter and coil. Yakshcho opir in both directions may vary in size, three times in reference.

How to reverse a transistor, not vipoyuyuchi z circuit

Scheme of a probe for rechecking transistors: R1 20 kOhm, C1 20 uF, D2 D7A - Zh.

Vipayuvannya zі schemes of the singing element are connected with some sort of difficulties - it looks like it is easy to put it together, as it is necessary to go through them yourself.

A lot of professionals for re-checking the transistor without intermediary in the nest should test the probe. This accessory is a blocking generator, in which the role of the active element is played by the part itself, which requires re-verification.

The robotic probe system with a folding scheme was inspired by the included 2 indicators, which reminds - penetrations of the lancet, chi n. Options for cooking are widely presented on the Internet.

The sequence of the day and night of re-verification of transistors in one of these devices is as follows:

The right transistor is tested on the back, for the help of someone they change, which is the generation of the struma, which is not. As a generation, we continue testing. The windings of the windings are changed for the frequency of the generation of the mists.
Then the lamp L1 is turned over to the probes. L the bulb may burn. As if nothing is seen, they are replaced by pieces of visnovka, be it from the windings.
Following procedures pochinaєetsya without intermediary re-verification with a transistor attachment, which is, ymovіrno, viyshov out of tune. Probes are connected to yoga visnovkіv.
The jumper is being installed in the PNP or NPN position, life is turned on.

Lamp light L1 to tell about the applicability of the circuit element, which is being revised. If the L2 lamp starts to burn, it means that there is a problem (it is better for all penetrations between the collector and the emitter);

If the lamps don’t burn, then it’s a sign that you’re in good spirits.

It is also necessary to use probes with even simpler schemes, so that before the cob of the work they do not lose the desired level of energy. The stench is characterized by an even smaller strum, which is to pass through the element, which makes it possible to sample. With any need for yoga, visualization of the harmony is practically zero.

For reverification, it is necessary to consecutively follow the following operations:

Connect to the greatest possible exit of the base one of the probes.
Another probe through the skin of two visnovkіv, which are lost. Although there is no contact in one connection, then there is a pardon with a choice of base. It is necessary to start a cob with another chergovistyu.
We gave pleasure to the same operations with a different probe(Remember pluses to minuses) on the reverse base.
Pochergové z'ednannya bazi probes of different polarities with a collector and an emitter in one direction can fix the contact, and in the other - not. It is important that such a transistor is correct.

Main causes of failure

The most common reasons for the exit from the workbench of the triode element in the electronic circuit of the foot:

Shaving the transition between storage parts.
Probіy one of the transitions.
Probіy dilyanki collector chi emіter.
Vitik of tightness under the pressure of the lansyug.
Apparently poshkodzhennya Visnovkiv.

The characteristic signs of such a breakdown are blackened details, stubbing, black patches appearing. Oskіlki tsі zmіni kolonok vіdbuvayutsya less with hard transistors, the power of diagnostics of low-power ones is left up-to-date.

Іsnuє impersonal ways inaccuracies, but for the cob it is necessary to sort out the element itself, and clearly understand the design features.
Select an attachment for re-verification- a very important moment for the sake of the result. That is why, in case of failure, it is not possible for me to intervene with hand-me-downs.
Carrying out a revision, next clearly understand the reasons for the failure of the details, which are being tested, so that they do not turn around an hour before I become a failure in the electrical engineering.

Denmark, a scheme of which it is easy to choose a scheme to allow transversing transistors, whether of conductivity, without violating their schemes. The scheme of the fitting is selected on the basis of a multivibrator. As can be seen from the diagram, the replacement of navantage resistors in the transistors of the multivibrator is switched on transistors adjacent to the main transistors. Thus, the oscillator circuit is a combination of a multivibrator and a trigger.

Diagram of a simple transistor tester

How to get the circuit of a transistor tester, it’s easier than ever. Might be a bipolar transistor with three coils, an emitter-base-collector. In order to earn wine, it is necessary to give a small strum to the base, so that the conductor can open up and can pass through itself a significantly larger strum through the mother and collector passages.

On transistors T1 and T3, there is a trigger pickup, moreover, the stench is the active bias of the multivibrator transistors. Reshta of the scheme of the whole lance of the replacement and indication of the tested transistor. The scheme is given for working in the range of the voltage of life from 2 to 5 In, and її strum spozhivannya zmenyuєtsya vіd 10 to 50 mA.

If you want to beat the block of life by 5, then to reduce the streak of the resistor R5, it is better to increase it to 300 ohms. The frequency of the multivibrator in this circuit is close to 1.9 kHz. For tsієї frequency svitіnnya svіtlodioda looked like uninterrupted.

Danish application for re-verification of transistors is simply indispensable for service engineers; As a bipolar transistor, which is reversed, for reference, then one light diode is lit, it is fallow in its conductivity. If the offense of light burns, then it will be seen only through the inner shaving. If it doesn’t burn out of them, then there is a flicker in the middle of the transistor.

Guidance of the little ones of the doctored dress may be 60 by 30 mm.

The replacement of mortgages in the transistor circuit can be changed to transistors KT315B, KT361B with a power factor higher than 100. . Diodi absolutely be-like, ale silicon type KD102, KD103, KD521. Svіtlodio tezh be-like.

Outstanding look of the selected transistor probe on the breadboard. You can place it in a case with a burnt Chinese tester, I'm sure that the design suits you with its efficiency and functionality.

The scheme of this probe is easy to repeat, but it will be correct when rejecting bipolar transistors.

On the elements of ABO-NOT D1.1 and D1.2 there is a generator, which is used as a transistor switch. Remaining assignments for changing the polarity of the voltage on the tested transistor. For additional support of the replacement resistor, the light of one of the light diodes is achieved.

Behind the color of the light diode, the structure of the conductivity of the transistor is determined. Calibration of the scale of the changeable resistor is carried out for the help of a distant leg of the selection of transistors.

Tse chergovaya article, dedicated to the radioamator-pochatkіvtsyu. Rechecking the practicality of transistors, perhaps, most importantly on the right, the shards of the non-working transistor itself are the cause of the work of all circuits. Most often, amateurs of electronics blame problems with reversing field transistors, but if you can’t wind a multimeter with your hand, then reversing the transistor for practicality is even more important. The proponation of attachments allows for a few seconds to overturn any transistor, regardless of the type of that conductivity.

The appendage is simple and consists of three components. The main part is a transformer. As a basis, you can take any compact transformer for impulse blocks of life. The transformer is made up of two windings. The primary winding is made up of 24 turns with openings in the middle, drіt in 02 to 08 mm.

The secondary winding is made up of 15 turns of a wire of the same diameter as the first one. Obidv_ windings are wound in the same straight line.

The light is connected to the secondary winding through a 100 ohm intermediate resistor, the tension of the resistor is not important, the polarity of the light is also the same, the voltage changes at the output of the transformer.
There is also a special nozzle, a transistor is inserted into the yak with additional pinouts. For bipolar transistors in direct conduction (type KT 818, KT 814, KT 816, KT 3107 or so) the base through a base resistor of 100 ohm goes to one side of the winding (left or right winding) of the transformer, the middle point of the transformer (inlet) to the plus of life, the emitter the transistor is connected to minus live, and the collector to the free output of the primary winding of the transformer.

For bipolar transistors with reverse conductivity, it is necessary to change the polarity of eating. Those same with half transistors, it is important not to confuse the transistor pinout. As soon as the supply of life, the light begins to light up, it means a working transistor, as well, it means throw it in the light, the shards of the device will ensure 100% accuracy of the transistor re-verification. The connection needs to work only once, for an hour of folding the accessories, the nozzle allows you to significantly shorten the hour of re-checking the transistor, it is necessary to insert the transistor from it and give it life.
Attachment for an idea is the simplest blocking - a generator. Live power 3.7 - 6 volts, with only one lithium - ion battery connected to a mobile phone, but from the battery behind the battery, you need to solder the board, the oscillators of the board, including the power supply, transfer 800 mA, and our scheme can be saved in this way.
Ready-made attachments come out compact, you can put them in a compact plastic case, for example, in a tick-tock-type zucerok and you will have a gut attachment for transversing transistors for all kinds of life.

The need for such a device is to blame when repairing a power inverter– it is necessary to check the hard IGBT or MOSFET transistor for correctness, or take a pair to the right transistor, or when buying new transistors, change the circuit, it’s not a re-marker. This topic was repeatedly tormented on anonymous forums, but so I didn’t know the finished (tested) one, or I didn’t have a constructed accessory, I made it independently.
The idea is that it is necessary to have a database of data of different types of transistors, in order to match the characteristics of the transistor, and if the characteristics fit into the same framework, then it can be compared. We will forgive all possessions for what I am a simple method. You need to collect the necessary data base, obviously, by yourself, but everything is wrong.

Attachment allows:
- Determine the correctness (incorrectness) of the transistor
- determine the voltage on the gate, it is necessary to re-energize the transistor
- Signify the drop in voltage on the K-E coils of the open-circuit transistor
- Determine the capacity of the transistor gate, put it in one batch of transistors
- select a small number of transistors with the same parameters

Scheme

The principle diagram of the attachment is presented by the little one.

Він складається з джерела живлення 16В постійного струму, цифрового мілівольтметра 0-1В, стабілізатора напруги +5В на LM7805 для живлення цього мілівольтметра та живлення «світлового годинника» - миготливого світлодіода LD1, cтабілізатора струму на лампі – для живлення випробуваного транзистора, для створення регульованої напруги (with a stable stream) on the gate of the tested transistor behind an additional changeable resistor, and two buttons for opening and closing the transistor.

The attachment is even simpler for the attachment and selections from readily accessible parts. I have a transformer with an overall voltage of about 40W and a voltage on the secondary winding of 12V. For bazhannya, and in times of consumption, the accessory can be powered by a battery 12V / 0.6 Ah (for example). So the very boon of the manifest.

I’ve tried to eat vicariously on a 220V line, because you don’t go much to the market for shopping with an accessory, that line is still stable, lower “village” of the battery. Ale ... right relish.
Dali, turning and adapting the voltmeter, revealing the cycle of its peculiarity, as if applying voltage to the L0 and HI terminals, which exceeded the upper limit of the vimir (1B), then the scoreboard is simply dead and does not show anything, but varto reduce the voltage until everything turns normal indication (all during constant living + 5V between terminals 0V and 5V). I vyrivishiv vikoristati tsyu singularity. I think that even a lot of digital "display meters" can have the same peculiarity. Take, for example, if it’s a Chinese digital tester, like in 20V mode for a new tax of 200V, then nothing terrible will happen, just hang “1” and that’s it. Such a scoreboard, similar to my one at a time, is for sale.
Possibly.

About the work of the circuit

Let's give a rozpovіm about chotiri tsіkavі moments behind the scheme and її robot:
1. The lighting of the lamp and the frying in the lance of the collector of the tested transistor is wielded by the exercises (on the back of the head it was so important) visually, that the transistor is V_DKRIVSYA. In addition, the lamp has two more functions here, the purpose of the circuit when the “broken” transistor is connected and the stabilizer of the stream (54-58 mA), which flows through the transistor when the voltage is changed from 200 to 240V. But the “feature” of my voltmeter allowed the first function to be ignored, to win the victorious vimiryuvan in accuracy, but about the tse life ...
2. Zastosuvannya stabilizer strumu allowed NOT to burn the vipadkovo change resistor (if the screw is at the top according to the position scheme) and vipadkovo pressed two buttons at once, or when trying the “broken” transistor. The value of the fringed struma of the lancet lancet should be 12 mA with a short flicker.
3. Installing 4 pcs of IN4148 diodes in the gate of the tested transistor for the full range of the transistor gate capacity, if the voltage on the gate is already taken, and the transistor is still at the high-voltage state. The stench may be like a miserable strum of a turn, like the capacity is being discharged.
4. Zastosuvannya "flickering" svіtlodioda as a vimirnik hour (svetlovy year) when discharging the capacity of the shutter.
From everything that was said above, it was absolutely sensible, like a mustache, but about these three things, the report was made ...

Housing and layout

Dali was attached to the hull and all the accessories were ruffled in the middle.

The sound of the sound was not bad, for the blame of what I can’t yet paint the scales and write on the computer, ale ... Like a nest for testing transistors miraculously, there were too many roses. In an hour, a wine cable was prepared for transistors with "clumsy" legs, which do not fit at roses.

Well, the axis looks like this at the robot:

Yak koristuvatisya prilad

1. Turn on the attachment at the treadmill, when you start blinking the light, the “display meter” does not light up
2. Connecting the testing transistor (as in the photo above)
3. Install the voltage regulator knob on the gate at the extreme left position (anti-year arrow)
4. Click on the “Vіdkr” button and one hour slowly add the voltage regulator behind the year hand until the “display meter” is ignited
5. Let’s start, let the button “Vdkr”, we take the indication from the regulator and record it. Tse voltage vіdkrittya.
6. Turn the regulator all the way behind the year hand
7. Press the "Vidkr" button, the "display meter" will light up, we take the new display and record it. Tse voltage K-E on the open-circuit transistor
8. It’s possible, in an hour, to turn on the record, the transistor is already closed, then it’s turned off again with the button, and then the “Open” button is released and the “Close” button is pressed - the transistor is guilty of closing and the “display meter” will obviously go out. The purpose of rechecking the integrity of the transistor - it curves and it closes
9. I reset the transistor with the “Vіdkr” button (voltage regulator at maximum) and, having checked earlier than the recorded readings, release the “Vіdkr” button at once, starting to boost the amount of sleep (blinking) of the light.
10. Having reached the end of the "display meter", we write down the number of spalachs of the light. Tse and є vіdnosny hour of the discharge of the capacity of the gate of the transistor or the hour of closing (until the voltage drops on the transistors, which closes, more lower than 1V). Chim tsey hour (kіlkіst) more, tim vіdpovіdno єmnіst shutter more.

We have given a review of all available transistors, and the data is entered into a table.
The same z ієї tablesі і vіdbuvaієtsya porіvnіalіy іnіz tranistіvіv - іnіmоі stink chi remarkers, vіdpovіdat their characteristics chi nі.

Below is a table, which I have seen. Zhovtim saw transistors, which did not appear in reality, but I just stole them, having left them in the future. Insanely, in this presentation, not all transistors, as they passed through my hands, that I simply did not write down, wanting to write first. Insanely, if someone repeats the device, you can see a table with smaller numbers, it’s possible, because the numbers lie in a lot of speeches: in a light bulb or a transformer or a battery, for example.

From the table you can see how transistors are used, for example G30N60A4 or GP4068D. Vіdrіznyayutsya hour zakrittya. Offending transistors zastosovuyutsya in the same device - Telvin, Technica 164, only the first ones zastosovulysya troch earlier (rock 3, 4 to that), and others zastosovuyutsya immediately. Those other parameters according to DATASHIT are approximately the same. And in this situation, everything is clearly visible - everything is.

In addition, since you have a plate of 3-4 or 5 types of transistors in total, and there are simply no others, then you can, sing-songly, check the coefficient of "usefulness" of your numbers with my table i, wacky yogo, continue your table, wacky numbers with my tables. I think that the staleness of "Uzgodzhennosti" in this situation will be linear. For the first hour, singsongly, to stitch, and then adjust your table by the hour.
I spent about 3 days on this attachment, one of them having bought a deak dribnichka, the case is the same for fixing that adjustment. Reshta robot.

Insanely, the attachment can have options to switch: for example, stop a cheap arrow milivoltmeter (it is necessary to think about changing the direction of the arrow to the right when the transistor is closed), replace the light bulb of another stabilizer on, stop the battery, install an additional jumper for switching the transistor. Ale, the principle of which tool does not change.

Once again, I repeat the attachment does not change the values (numbers) assigned to DATASHEETS, vіn rob mayzhe those same ones, but at the best loneliness, porіvnyuyuchi one zrazok zіnhim. The attachment does not change the parameters of the dynamic mode, it is only static, like a great tester. However, not all transistors are tested by the tester, and not all parameters can be checked. On such, I put the power marker "?"

You can work and recheck in the dynamics, put a small PWM on the K176 series, or something like that.
Ale, the attachment was simple and budgetary, but smut, wine, tying all the last ones to one frame.

Sergiy (s237)

Ukraine, Kiev

My name is Sergiy, I live in Kiev, since 46 years. May my car, my soldering iron, and navit, my work place in the kitchen, I fight the cicava.

I love yakіsnu music on yakіsnuyu statkuvanni. I have old Technics, everything sounds new. Friendship, grown up children.

Kolishniy Viyskovy. I am working as a majstrom for the repair and regulation of the power supply, including inverter, control, voltage stabilizers and a lot of others, de є elektronika.

I can’t reach the special ones, except for the fact that I try to be methodical, consequential, and I can, it’s possible to bring out the rest. It’s not enough to take it to you, but if possible, give, discuss, talk. The axis is short and that's it.

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Maybe there is no such radioamator, which does not support the cult of radiotechnical laboratory possession. Before them, there are prefixes before them and probes, which in the majority are prepared independently. And the oskіlki vimіryuvalnyh priladіv richly not buvaє i tse axiom, as if zіbrav small for rozmіry і z already clumsy scheme of testing transistors and diodes. For a long time already, it’s not a filthy multimeter, but a self-confident tester, in rich moods, I continue to squirm, like before.

Attachment scheme

The probe constructor consists of 7 electronic components + a board. It is selected quickly and repaired absolutely without any settings.

Scheme zibran on a microcircuit K155LN1 what to avenge six inverters. With the correct connection to it, one of the light diodes is ignited (HL1 with the structure N-P-N and HL2 with P-N-P). How wrong:

breaking through, spalahuyut offences of light
May have an internal shave, resentment will not burn

Diodes, which are distorted, are connected to the visnovkivs "K" and "E". Depending on the polarity of the connection, HL1 or HL2 will light up.

The components of the circuit are even a little better, but it's better to build a better board, it's hard to solder darts to the bottom of the microcircuit without a middle.

І try not to forget to put a socket under the microcircuit.

You can use a probe with a probe even without installing yoga in the case, but if you spend more than an hour on yoga preparation, then you can use an additional mobile probe, which you can take with you (for example, on a radio receiver). The case in the photo is made from a plastic case of a square battery, as it already worked. Usogo was right to remove the large amount of space and cut the excess, drill open the light and glue the bar with roses for connecting transistors that are being overturned. On roses, we will not make “clothes” of the colors of recognition. Button on/off button Block zhivlennya tse prigornuty k_lkom with screws to the body battery v_ds_k AAA format.

Krіpilnі gvinti, a small size, manually pass through the positive contacts and screw nuts on the shoes' viscosities.

Viprobovuvach at full readiness. The best option would be to use AAA batteries, several pieces of 1.2 volts each will give the best option for a voltage of 4.8 volts.