part 1

Basics of work on a computer

¦ Choose a computer shop.

¦ Purchasing a ready-made computer.

¦ Self-folding computer.

You have decided to buy a personal computer. Let's look at the bazhannya when you get an electronic assistant, you need to know how to choose the right configuration. Obviously, you can just go to a computer store or to the computer market, where you can order anonymous models for any taste and practical for a sum of pennies. Prote do not hurry.

Without thinking well in advance about the choice of skin details of a possible computer, you, more for everything, for a penny, take away not the ones that you wanted. And why is it not just once, but every now and then. Even more often, they stick to the situation, if the computer does not have hardware support and other functions, or else, they overpaid for one detail, having bought the rest of the model, saving for another, but it was necessary to invest. Sometimes it’s like this: having bought a video card and forgiving it on the monitor, you will soon realize that the video card’s capacity is about one tenth. It is logical that in such a situation one could buy a cheap video card.

Kupyuyuchi mayte on respect: do not spodіvatisya, that the seller of computer components is your respect on similar subtleties. Market laws are expanding and computer shops. As a seller, you need to get a video card for the road, you can write down the numbers, and do not deceive you. However, as if he had written a large sum of pennies for her, you happen to be spared on the monitor and you cannot evaluate all the advances, you will be yourself. Call the seller stupidly - even if you tell the truth, and evaluate the summancy of the outbuildings, you can’t lie up to the yoke of obov’yazkiv.

I will give an example of life. One person hired a company computer for standard office tasks - typing, creating spreadsheets, and managing faxes. which is absolutely not necessary for work with text and spreadsheets. When this computer is equipped with a small amount of operational memory, it does not allow you to install on the new current version of the operating system and software. In addition, the computer did not have a built-in modem, which is necessary for faxing.

In this order, in front of the computer's instructions, it is necessary to complete the following:

clearly formulate the tasks for which computers are required;

choose a price niche (a few pennies can be spent on your purchase);

It is necessary, in advance, to look at the documentation for software security, as if you allow it to be installed on the computer, so that you can understand the system benefits;

prioritize the components: on what varto spare, and on what - nі;

Consult with a specialist in the selection of the drive and the totality of the components one by one and the transfer of the software.

I will guide you to the widest options for the availability of equipment and components.

As the data bases will be saved and processed on the computer, it will require a large amount of operational memory and a large capacity of the hard drive.

¦ When buying a computer for office tasks, the quality of the monitor and video card is especially important. Moreover, when choosing a video card, it is important that there is no more prominence of a two-dimensional image and a boost of a higher frequency of updating the screen.

¦ If you are planning to marvel at your computer, movies and DVDs - pay attention to the speed of the processor, the quality of the monitor and the video card, as well as the sound system. The best thing is that a sound card should be used for a 5.1 decoder or a decoder for a decoder. In addition, you need a DVD-drive and a hard disk of great volume. If you want to watch movies on the screen, bring a video card with TV output.

To make it possible to work professionally with sound, you need a large hard disk, as well as a good sound card (it's better to install a professional one). For rich-channel compositions, the amount of operational memory is great. To record the results of the work, you cannot do without a CD or DVD burner.

¦ For work with video, add a computer based on a hard processor, a lot of RAM, a video card with TV output and a hard disk of large volume, specially designed for video input. The same is true of the picture of video capture and the monitor of the great expansion of the world. To record the results, please bring a DVD burner.

¦ The computer, intended for typesetting books, notes, magazines, etc., is to blame for equipping a large amount of operational memory, a video card with a high-speed support, and a screen refresh rate that is at least a 22-inch monitor.

Play in modern computer games (with trivi- mer graphics) it is possible only on a computer, in which a video card with a 3D support is installed, and use a hard processor.

Zvichayno, tsey described to help create a more blatant statement about the principle of evaluating the task of a future computer system.

If you know that programs need to be installed on your computer, then take a look at their system benefits. However, keep in mind that in the description of the indicated minimum system assistance - as a rule, that computer configuration, with which program will work, however, on such a regular basis, as a rule, I can tolerate people. A more specific guideline is to help the system to be recommended.

If they are not ordered, indemnify them yourself. For the best value of the skin point of the minimum vimog.

For example, a program that is necessary for work, transfers the following minimum system benefits:

processor with a frequency of 1000 MHz;

128 MB of RAM;

¦ GeForce2 MX video adapter;

monitor with a separate building 800 x 600. |

Also, for this program, it is necessary to select a computer configuration not lower than the step one:

processor with a frequency of 1800 MHz;

256 MB of RAM;

GeForce4 video adapter;

monitor with a separate building 1024 x 768. |

Yakshcho vy vyrishili choose the computer independently, obov'yazkovo vivchit її. However, if you know that you don't know anything about the components, it's better to ask a specialist or a more familiar person for the configuration of the computer. However, it is necessary to rely on chis recommendations not varto, vykhodyachi s quiet vymog, yakі vysuvaєte to the computer system itself ve.

Since you have thought over the future system managers and approximately show priorities in the selection of components, you can immediately start buying a computer.

You can buy a computer either from a person, or in an online store. At times, you need (receive, allow) access to a computer with access to the Internet. If you want to shop online, you can make a booking just by phone.

Internet-shops in Porivnya zvichaynym may be both good and bad. The main positive point is the lower price for components, due to the fact that online stores do not pay for their own trading space and can often find their own warehouses. Until then, the stench will offer free delivery of computers to your home. It’s more convenient, because you don’t happen to carry the whole system home or to the office, being afraid of costly rozzle її and so on.

With a hundred short Internet shops, it is impossible to look ahead and evaluate your future purchase. Obviously, for components, which are located in the middle of the system unit, it is not so important. But for such details, like a computer case or a monitor, it can play a vital role. For example, when choosing a monitor at a great store, you can protest against the help of the Nokia Monitor Test program, as it clearly reveals all the shortcomings and advantages of the monitor. This is an even more important point, but the characteristics of many monitors are similar to those of the same model and the vibrator is now being reviewed.

In the online store, in the shortest possible time, you can also look at the photo in the future, as it is posted on the site. Even more often than not, what is lacking. If you try to make an appointment over the phone, then you will spare yourself the opportunity. Vtіm, for quiet, hto good yavlyaє komplektuyuchi raznykh models, tse can not be of great importance. Until then, you can always marvel at the details of a famous computer company, and then come back to the online store at a lower price.

On fig. 1.1 shows how websites and Internet shops for the sale of computers and components look like. Like a bachite, in most cases here are presented only lists of components, which we hope, with a short description.

Rice. 1.1. Website for an online store.

On the websites of some online stores, there is also additional information about the components that appear in the next day after pressing on one of the messages on the list (Fig. 1.2). In such a window, you can read the report technical characteristics of the computer, as well as in the majority of views, marvel at its photograph, which is even more beautiful, as it is attached to it, so it will not be hidden inside the system unit, and those, as if looking out of place, may be for you meaning.

Rice. 1.2. Detailed information on the website of the online store.

Opposite the skin from the attachments, a special badge of a cat or a request to buy is in the list of distributions. In all online stores, the system for purchasing goods is approximately the same: you know how much you need to complete the package and click on the purchase order to buy it quietly, choose it for yourself. They will be added to the site in the "purchase basket". Then you can go to the distribution of cats, de bude selected goods and reinsurance of their big wares. Dali, since you are not in power, you can change the number of purchases, and if everything is ready, you can make a promise. The design of the order at the various online stores is different. However, if you have more requests, you will be asked to fill in the form from the designated phone number, for which you can be contacted by the operator or the courier to specify the hour and other moments of delivery.

Since you don’t have access to the Internet, you can sign up for an online store simply by phone. However, it is important to simplify the process of selecting computer components. You happen to discuss all the nuances over the phone, and in order to correct the accuracy of such a connection, it’s completely immovable, that at the first hour of the day you can find a lot of important details, there are more, because you don’t know the exact names of the models you need. Everything can be brought to the cry of pardons, to let yourself know after the purchase. Obviously, the informing operator will try to understand your request and ask for the same components, as if, in your opinion, you will get the best. However, you can’t guess your needs absolutely exactly, so you can either reportly describe by phone what you choose to work on the computer and you need to know the characteristics of the components you need, and if you don’t need it, or just listen to the characteristics of the leather product from the list hearing . If you lie that in an online store, as a rule, there is a wide range of components, then remember all the information taken away, and then analyze it more, it is practically unrealistic.

So it’s easier to still “go” to online stores, gaining access to the Internet. Then you yourself will collect everything that is required, and the telephone number will be contacted by the operator until the confirmation of the engagement. In some cases, the operator can show the inconsistency of other components or replace it with a model similar in characteristics. If you call beforehand at the stage of folding, it is more likely to be left on the call - in case of technical problems, the operator can call you back to clarify and change the details of the arrangement.

There are two options for buying a computer - the supply of a finished model and the independent supply of components. Offending the stench can bring and win, and shortfalls. Let's take a brief look at them.

Let's talk about the delivery of a ready-made model of a computer (computer from the selected one). The main advantage in this case is those that you can be assured that all components will be chosen correctly and summed up one by one. You take away the ready system unit, call the seals (the company guarantees the robot only in the cob look, with an independent change in the configuration, all the power will fall on you), sometimes you can start it from the front-installed operating system and other programs.

However, the computer is foldable and is stored with a lot of components. It will be necessary for you to look at a large number of options and spend a lot of time, first you will find a computer with the necessary configuration. Most of the shops sell computers, picking up the universal ones, at a thought, buying accessories.

Main characteristics of the computer system unit:

Type and clock frequency of the processor (individually assigned to the cache memory);

type and size of operational memory;

motherboard model and chipset on which it is based;

model of the video card to access її operative memory (individually from the assigned output frequency of RAMDAC, although it cannot be such a value, as you can get back);

the presence of a sound card or a built-in sound codec;

presence of a merging card/modem or an alternative integrated solution;

obsyag hard disk;

ability to drive CDs or DVDs and its characteristics;

Hull type.

Others specify other characteristics. At first glance, they are not too rich, but, no matter how marvelous, it is often important to do it for yourself in that case, as it is necessary.

Obviously, you can buy the first ready-made computer model, without worrying too much about the compatibility of your computer configuration. At the process of work, you will have a clear understanding of what other components you need. Buy it and install it in a computer, for example, another hard disk of a larger size, or an additional module of operational memory is not difficult. However, you will have to change some parts of the system and change them in the system unit. With this, you will spend all the benefits of buying a ready-made computer, including a guarantee for a new one.

Deyakі shops proponuyut services zі zmіni konfіguratsії ready-made models of computers. For a purchase, which is not a good idea for components, is the best option. With such a mindset, you can choose one of the suggested models, and then tell us what needs to be changed. For example, you can ask for a replacement of 256 MB of 512 MB RAM, or add another hard drive just as well. However, remember, some shops give me a service for a fee, for that, I’ll ask the seller for a long time.

Navit yakscho vy choose ready model of the system unit, deyakі pristroї happen to be able to bathe okremo. Nasampered, tse monitor.

Before yoga, the choice of varto must be proven. If the purchase is not made in an online store, ask to look at the models of monitors. The best way to determine image quality is to use the Nokia Monitor Test program.

Today, shops sell two types of monitors - with an electron tube (ELT-or CRT-monitors) (Fig. 1.3) and rare-crystal (LCD, LCD, or on thin-film transistors, TFT) (Fig. 1.4).

Rice. 1.3. CLT monitor.

Rice. 1.4. RK monitor.

EPT monitors are cheaper, and, moreover, the quality of the image on them is better. In addition, such monitors can work in different modes of the screen distribution, at the same time, as a RK monitor, it is recommended to play only in one fixed distribution of the building. In their own hands, RK monitors take a lot less than a month.

As a result, you decided to buy an EPT-monitor, which is the best solution for most vipadkiv, first for all respect, so that the model is small flat screen. From such a screen, information is received more quickly, and for the new one, you can install more space, not being afraid to waste money.

Razdіlna zdatnіst sekran - tse kіlkіst pіkselіv (dots) horizontally and vertically, how to make the image look. For example, the value of the screen size of 1024 x 768 means that the image is composed of 1024 pixels horizontally and 768 pixels vertically. The greater the diversity of buildings, the more reports of images, the more information can fit on the screen.

As already mentioned above, EPT monitors can work in different resolutions. When you hear the louder the more space, the lower the frequency of the screen refresh. For normal transmission of information, it is necessary that it should not be less than 75 Hz (so that the picture on the screen was displayed at least 75 times per second). For comfortable operation, a refresh rate of 85 Hz or more is required.

For example, as in the characteristics of the monitor, it is indicated that the building scaling is 1024 x 768 at a screen refresh rate of 85 Hz, which means that you can only work normally by setting the given scaling building or lower. With an increase in the size of the screen, the value of the maximum frequency of updating the screen will change. Remember: at a frequency of 60 Hz, it is practically impossible to practice - the eyes are strongly disturbed, and you can see it.

Another criterion for choosing a monitor is the frequency range of the rows (horizontal stripes), which is the characteristic of a row transformer. The higher the maximum value of the parameter, the higher the frequency of screen refresh, you can trim the monitor when setting the split ratio.

For example, since the maximum horizontal frequency of the monitor is 70 kHz, then with a split ratio of 1024 x 768 V it is not possible to increase the frequency higher, lower than 85 Hz. It's generally acceptable, but if you need to increase the space, for example up to 1280 x 960, then the maximum screen refresh rate will be approximately 65 Hz, which, as you already know, is insufficient for work.

Thus, as the specifics of your work will require the installation of a high space distribution, choose a monitor with a horizontal firing frequency of at least 100-120 kHz. Tse allow to work at a different building 1600 x 1200 at a screen refresh rate of up to 100 Hz.

As if when the monitor is adjusted, change the allowable value of the horizontal update, the image on the screen is more likely to blink, or to pretend to be smug, to run. A lot of modern monitors in such cases show information about the shifting of the permissible frequency of the row transformer.

UVAGA!

On older models of monitors, sometimes the image on the screen does not break when the maximum frequency of the horizontal zoom is moved. However, after a working hour in this mode, a small transformer, and also a monitor, can go out of tune.

As far as the linear dimensions of the monitor are concerned, then there are more monitors today with a full monitor with a diagonal of 17 inches. On the new one you can comfortably work in a separate building 1024 x 768 or 1152 x 864.

If it is necessary to use special tasks, for example, the layout of books or notes, or to work with programs of rich-channel audio and video creation, then it is better to add a monitor of a larger size, for example, with a diagonal of 19 or 21 inches.

Selecting a RK monitor is only recommended in case you need to spare some space on the table (small 1.4). When choosing such monitors, let them know that they only provide insurance for one separate building, as it shows the number of rooms in the matrix. Theoretically, it is possible to install a larger space, but with the same image on the screen, we will expand it more.

The screen refresh rate for TFT monitors is not very important. Zocrema, 60 Hz for such monitors is the normal operating frequency of the update. Why is it due to this, that even on the EPT-monitor promin, that the image is small, the skin of the moment is only known in one point on the screen and the whole picture is only a little bit of the inertia of our eyesight, then in the RK-monitors the image is on the screen for the whole hour , and the update is more than necessary for the relocation of the shifts and changes. However, given the particularity of RK-monitors to produce to the point that they become remembered by zigzag-like creations of smooth lines. In addition, behind the object, which moves swiftly, a trail inevitably stretches. It is true that the effect of the latter is to a minimum and a non-violent coristuvach can not be remembered.

Crim of the monitor, the necessary external elements of the computer and the attachment of the input of information - the keyboard and the mouse.

Today on the computer market there is a wide selection of different types of keyboards. However, for a large number of tasks, the standard keyboard with 102 keys is standard (Fig. 1.5).

Rice. 1.5. Standard computer keyboard.

If you can practice a lot with a set of texts, you can also try vicoristing be it with ergonomic models of keyboards, bent in such a way that the hands are folded not in parallel one to one, but in a certain way. In some cases, the keyboard is divided into two parts - okremo for the left and right hand. However, such models are far from suitable for everyone.

A truly necessary purchase for those who often engage in typesetting, there will be a special gel pad under the hands, which is placed in front of the keyboard. It’s not good to buy a kilimok for a mouse with a gel lining. Tse noticeably reduces the fatigue of the hands for an hour of work.

In the rest of the hour, a lot of multimedia keyboards appeared for sale. On them, krim standard keys, є dodatkovі (Fig. 1.6). As a rule, these functions can be configured by the operating system. However, the virobniks sound at once, they mean, for example, the keys for playing music and sounds, adjusting the sound, launching a browser program, and an email client, etc.

Rice. 1.6. Multimedia keyboard.

Without a mouse robot on a computer today, it is unthinkable, fragments of a lot of modern programs (as well as operating systems) are covered by the introduction of graphic information. At the sale you can find the most popular models of which I will add the introduction of information. The main joy, as you can give, is to try to pick up Misha and expand your hands. The hand is guilty of freely slapping the mouse, and the fingers are on the buttons. As if talking about the fact that a small number of people from a small size of the hand are being treated by a computer, bring the middle size of the world.

At the same time, they let out like a big mouse with a bag at the bottom, and optical, like moving a table with an additional light exchange. Optical mice sound more supple and serve longer, lower bags, to the one who sounds on the bag, it sticks fast and drank and ford, after which the veins begin to slither, and the mouse’s eye on the screen - galmovuvat. It’s not only a bag to get lost, but also contacts in the middle of the mouse - it will be important to remind the normal work of the robot. In this way, when choosing a mouse, more clearly, give the priority of the optical model.

Earlier, the mouse will sound a little less than two buttons. May all current models be equipped with an additional scroll wheel, like one hour and the middle button. Such a decision is right, even more conveniently for an hour of work.

Use the same mouse models with additional buttons and other wheels. The other wheel starts to spin for horizontal scrolling. The model shown in Fig. 1.7, the first wheel (for vertical scrolling) is one hour and the middle button of the mouse, and next to the other is the daily button. In addition, there are two additional buttons on both sides, the functions of which can be adjusted by the operating system.

Rice. 1.7. P'yatiknopkova bear with two bells.

As keyboards, and mice are available as traditional PS/2 sockets, and with USB interface (details of such interfaces are described in section 2). Regardless of those that practically all modern computer models are equipped with a USB interface, it is better to use your choice on keyboards and mice with a PS / 2 interface. Some programs for customizing the BIOS, as well as system programs, such as vanquishing operating systems, are not yet being built with add-ons introduced with a USB interface. Of course, not all coristuvachas will need a lot of money (otherwise it’s not a leather day), for example, you can’t let it go too far, what you might need tomorrow.

In the rest of the hour, there are popular different models of keyboards and mice without darts. In the greater situation, the stench is the receiving overhead. Before we speak, ring out such an extension, after all, vicorist the traditional wired connection to the rose of the computer. In this case, on the other hand, the transmitter/receiver is roztashovuetsya, and also, for the first time, the keyboard or the mouse, as it is defiantly not to dart and work on the basis of a signal without a dart, for example, an infrared one.

Use and reference wireless keyboards and mice, for example, based on the Bluetooth interface. It is important for you to understand the order of the anonymous wires of the computer, to pay attention to such a model. True, in this case you will have to equip the Bluetooth interface and the computer itself, for which you need to buy an additional adapter.

From the front section, you know how to correctly select the computer model that is ready. However, for more vipadkіv, the optimal solution would be to buy okremih koremikh koremichih and їх step-down folding. Without going into details, I will give a short description of the main characteristics of the components and sprats of choice.

The main parts of the computer, which are necessary for the robot, are transferred to the system block (Fig. 1.8). Calls of vins sound like a straight-cut box, on the front panel of which, in a standard way, there are buttons for turning on the life and Reset and two different-colored light indicators. On older models, there was also a Turbo button, as it step by step used a practical sense and vitality, as well as a small digital display (sound luminescent-vacuum) for determining the clock frequency of the processor, which can be learned even today.

Rice. 1.8. Computer system unit

The purpose of the power button is obvious. Vimknennya computer'yuter today sound vikonuєtsya programmatically. For example, you can choose a special command in the menu or type її on the keyboard in the command line. If the computer needs to be turned off hardware (with a button), then in most cases it is necessary to press the life button and increase it for more than a couple of seconds. At the same time, you can change the value.

Pressing the Reset button causes a "cold" restart of the computer. In such a situation, all attachments are initialized and repaired in such a way that no computer is switched on. Tsyu button slid vikoristovuvat less in extreme situations, if the computer does not react to anything - so move, hang. Tse mozhe statisya with different software or hardware failures and pardons. Program pardons are often trapped through incorrectly adjusted parameters.

However, do not shy away from the need to configure the parameters of robots and computer devices. In modern operating systems, for example Windows XP, more settings are automatically fixed during installation. Specially nalashtovuyutsya less deakі specific programs.

Press the Reset button first, then try the next step to try less radical problems. In operating systems of the Windows family, the onslaught of CtrL + ALt + DeLete clicks on the screen of the system window, in which it is possible to close (crash) whether it is from running programs.

Two light-emitting diodes, roztashovani on the body of the system unit, sound green and red color. Zeleny is an indicator of liveliness, and the red one signals about the livelihood to the hard drive. This indicator is of great practical importance, but it is strongly not recommended to restart the computer, otherwise you can spend some data, and load the entire disk space. In modern systems, it is not recommended to restart the computer, otherwise, as a program.

In addition, there is a small digital display on the case, for the help of which you can specify the clock frequency of the processor. However, from the processor itself, there are no indications, but it is shown to be installed behind an additional jumper on the case. In such a rank, on the new one can be seen numbers and letters (one my knowledge by putting “1US” on this indicator). There is no such indicator in modern buildings.

If there are more elements, on the front panel of the system unit, sound to display different accumulating materials.

In the middle of the case of the system unit (Fig. 1.9)

living block;

| motherboard;

processor;

operational memory modules;

pay for an extension, including a video adapter;

Accumulate data.

Rice. 1.9. System block in the middle.

In some cases, one can still add to this list, for example, such an exotic speech, like an internal life without interruption.

The block of living ensures all the computers completing the electric living. Vіn maє zovnіshnіy vhіdny roz'єm (for connection to the socket or dzherel uninterrupted life) and kіlka chotyrohkontaktnyh vhіdny roz'єmіv. Numbers of roses are connected to the accumulation of other elements, which require living. Great rose to the block of appointments for connection to the mother board. Sound on the outside of the roses, the life block supplies +5 and +12 V. The voltage is applied to the skin from the contacts of the rose.

The processor (Fig. 1.10, 1.11), despite its small dimensions, is the most important storage computer. The speed of the work of the entire system is rich in why it lies in the speed of the work of the processor, as it vibrates in cycles (scales are provided by the clock generator of the system bus) and is called the clock frequency of the processor (varies in hertz). For example, if the processor is fed 800 million cycles per second, then it seems that the fault is working at a frequency of 800 MHz. However, this does not mean that the processor is capable of 800 million operations per second. Older models of processors often beat one operation per cycle of cycles (because the number of cycles varied depending on the number of operations). Modern superscalar processors often count a few operations per cycle.

Rice. 1.10. Intel Celeron processor.

Rice. 1.11. AMD Ahtlon processor.

The first x86 line processor showed up a long time ago. From that hour, a skein of perfect yoga models was released. With this stench, everyone was viciously crazy. Tse means that the processor of the newest model can now override your own operations, that it is the same, but not the same. New capabilities were added to the skin of the new processor model, as the programmers were step by step.

Today processors for computers are produced by two companies - Intel and AMD. Nutrition choice between processors and two processors is the main part of the independent selection of components for the computer.

Father, Intel chi AMD?

AMD processors are significantly cheaper, which means that it is necessary to spare the bones, without wasting productivity, but to pay respect to them. However, at the same time, at a lower price, AMD processors can manage a number of shortcomings.

We share AMD and Intel processors.

¦ Intel processors are more universal, they support the maximum set of instructions. Some programs can normally work with Intel processors, but if you do so, it is right or not to run on computers with AMD processors.

¦ AMD processors heat up more strongly, therefore, buying such a processor, it is necessary to think over ways of additional cooling.

Intel processors are more reliable, and Pentium 4 models may be prone to overheating. When the temperature reaches a critical value, the stench will automatically change the clock frequency to a new level of activity. AMD processors may go out of tune during an hour of overheating.

Choosing the type of processors, different AMDs today have more respect for the Athlon XP Barton model. For Intel processors, choose between Pentium 4 and Celeron models. Celeron processors are less productive, more importantly due to the smaller cache size. Obviously, this model is cheap. However, for those who are not resource-intensive (for example, for office add-ons), the choice of Celeron processors is more likely, because in this case, the difference in productivity with Pentium 4 will be unremarkable. As well as a destination computer for processing video streams or data bases, the Pentium 4 with such a clock frequency plays well with the speed of the robot in pairs with Celeron.

One of the main indications of the processor is the third clock frequency. Today on the computer market there are processors with a frequency of 1000 to 3200 MHz. Obviously, given these characteristics, the security of the robot and the entire system can be found, but still it is often too rich to outweigh the role of the clock frequency. Other factors, for example, obsyag operational memory, are not less important. For example, if you buy a slower processor and install little operative memory, all the advantages of a swedish processor will be incomprehensible.

When buying processors from AMD, please note that their marking is indicated not by the clock frequency, but by the rating, which means the speed of the robotic processor in pairing with Pentium processors. The real clock frequency of AMD processors is less than the rating value. For example, Athlon XP 2400+ operates at a frequency close to 1.7 GHz, but not 2.4 GHz, as you might think, if you call it that way.

The motherboard is fastened with screws to the right wall of the system unit case (Fig. 1.12). Vaughn is one of the main elements of the computer system. The motherboard is responsible for the exchange of information between attachments for auxiliary tires: system, memory, etc. There are also roses on the motherboard for connecting other attachments.

Rice. 1.12. Mother board.

On the motherboard, a BIOS chip is installed - the basic input-view system, as it ensures the computer's input and output is possible. Here you also know the controllers FDD and IDE. The first secure exchange of information with a floppy disk drive, and the other is for connecting attachments to the IDE standard, among which there can be multiple disks, drives CDs and DVDs, etc. Sound IDE-controller can have two channels, leather can connect two outbuildings.

As a rule, the controllers of the parallel and serial ports are also installed on the motherboard, through which it is possible to exchange information with external devices (printer, modem, etc.), 'yati, expansion boards, etc.

The motherboard should be selected, depending on the type of processor. One of the main characteristics of whether a mother's board is a chipset, on which it won't be grounded. For Intel Pentium 4 processors with a clock frequency of 2400, 2600 and 3000 MHz, as well as others, you can get a motherboard based on the i865, i915 or i925 chipset with Hyperthreading technology. For the help of technology, you can build a computer like a two-processor machine, paralleling the task for two virtual processors. Tse allows you to completely overcome the tension of current processors, as in other situations, as a rule, they stand for more than an hour, clearing the flow of information from the main outbuildings.

Another important characteristic of the motherboard is the clock frequency of the system bus. For example, if you choose a processor, you need to select a motherboard with the same frequency.

Chipsets of motherboards sound like the processor is protected. By choosing a processor and a different chipset, you can choose a motherboard with other characteristics. For example, to show respect for the presence of an integrated sound or a picture of a border. In some cases, an indispensable option would be to add a motherboard with an integrated video adapter, so as to save the need to buy a cool video card. You can also pay attention to the presence of the SATA (Serial ATA) controller, the speed of the larger IDE controllers, to which hard disks can be connected and drive CDs and DVDs too.

Memory modules (Fig. 1.13) are available in a number of types, the skin type needs special roses on the motherboard.

Rice. 1.13. SDRAM memory module.

Previously, the following types of memory modules were installed in computers: a 72-pin (or 30-pin) SIMM module for DRAM memory and a 168-pin DIMM for SDRAM memory, which was used in six or seven times. Memory SDRAM operates at frequencies of 66, 100 or 133 MHz.

Today, practically the only type of RAM, which is a reasonable choice, can be called DDR SDRAM. Selecting memory modules, following the clock frequency, you can work on the stench. For example, if your system bus frequency is 800 MHz, you can select the memory modules, which are allocated at a frequency of 400 MHz, and if the system bus frequency is 533 MHz, you should be able to use it at a frequency of 333 MHz. It also zastosovuetsya shvidsha, but it means that DDR2 SDRAM memory is dearer.

If your system supports Hyperthreading technology, the logical choice would be to purchase two separate memory modules, stink shards can be used in parallel. In addition, more flexible and economical solutions would be to add one smaller memory module.

In modern systems, there is no sense to install less than 256 MB of memory. For specific tasks, you may need to increase up to 512 or 768 MB, and when working with resource-intensive programs, such as video processing or trivial modeling, up to 1 GB and more. Don't forget to check if the motherboard keeps the required memory.

The video adapter (Fig. 1.14) is a single language expansion board. Without a new computer, it is simply not practicable. Obviously, there is no need to change, if the motherboard has an integrated solution. However, such an option can be encouraged, only if you need to be spared. For any other person, it would be better to have an okremy video adapter.

Rice. 1.14. Video adapter.

A video adapter is an attachment that converts information that comes from a computer, video signals for further transmission to a monitor or TV screen. Vіd vіdоdаdаdаdperа rich in what lie zruchnіst work at the computer. Even if the monitor screen, for example, often freezes, then for a year of work you will have a headache, or simply worsen the practice. The effect of freezing is due to the fact that the refresh rate of the screen is less than 60 Hz, so that the image will be changed less than 75 times per second. A good video adapter is responsible for trimming the refresh rate to 85 Hz and more with a high screen resolution (no less than 1024 x 768) and trimming a large number of colors (for example, in True Color mode). According to the capacity of the video adapter, the color is less, but the frequency of the update and the difference in the building also lie in the monitor. If you set the mode on the video adapter, which is not supported by the monitor, then on the screen you will see a little smog just then. Windows has a forward check before changing the mode. But sometimes you can spell it wrong. In this case, when the graphical shell of Windows is captured, we constantly switch to this mode, and it will not be easy to turn to a normal image for an unprepared short-haired person. If you see it, try speeding up the Windows crash mode. For the first hour of the system attack, press the F8 key immediately after the beginning of the attack and from the start menu, select Protection mode from failure or Safe mode. On a Linux system, you can simply switch to another virtual terminal for help, for example, use Ctrl+Alt+F1 to edit the file to set the graphics mode.

Today, all video adapters can be divided into two groups - based on ATI and nVidia chips. Others are currently popular.

If the computer is intended for games, in which a large role is played by the image rendering, then it is better not to choose a video adapter based on at least a GeForce FX chip. For the humblest zealots, go for the GeForce 4, or try another shortening option - the GeForce 4 MX.

The most important characteristic of a hard disc is the yogo. As the computer is transferred mainly for the task of processing textual information, a small hard drive, for example, with a volume of 40 GB, will suffice. If you plan to work with sound or video, add a hard drive with a size of 100-120 GB, and more quickly - two hard drives.

Rice. 1.15. Hard disk.

As much as the hard disk space of a hard drive is worth, then it is enough for a larger drive, as it is practical in UDMA 100 mode. As a rule, choosing hard disks with a UDMA 133 interface does not give a significant increase in productivity.

Before speech, it is necessary for work from the assigned port, that it was also supported by the IDE controller on the motherboard.

In the rest of the hour, hard drives appeared with support for the Serial ATA interface. Like a Serial ATA controller on a motherboard, you can try using such a hard drive. However, please keep in mind that while maintaining this standard on the software level, problems can be blamed.

Vibіr drive rich in what to lie in your likeness. However, as a minimum, modern systems need one CD drive (small 1.16), and most programs are shipped on CD. To review movies on DVD, it is better to replace a new DVD drive (Fig. 1.17). Whether you work with music or video, you need a CD burner or DVD-RW/DVD+RW to record your results.

Rice. 1.16. Bring CDs.

Rice. 1.17. DVD drive

If you need a CD burner or a DVD drive, and if you are transferring the same intensive work with the drive in the reading mode (for example, starting the CD from a CD), then it’s better to bring two drives: one only for reading information, and the other - for the record.

May all attachments that do not enter the system unit (peripheral) serve to enter or display information or exchange it with other computers.

Let's take a look at a list of the main additions to the introduction of information. Nasampered, tse computer keyboard.

Today's widest 102-key keyboards. Other models are similar to them.

The keys on the keyboard are most often used in white or gray colors. In the main part of the keyboard, it is more functional: in the white color, there are alphanumeric keys, and in Syria, the control keys.

Concrete things, like vykonuyutsya when pushing on a key, lie in the program, for which you work. Prote є kіlka sleeping moments.

Alphanumeric keys near the majority of text symbols or enter the command line at the computer and display on the screen the correct letter or number, calling out the association with the other typewriter. At first glance, it seems to be completely natural. However, after a deep knowledge of the principles of the robotic system, the very fact is often called out to surprise or to bring mercy.

The keys Shift, Alt and Ctrl, the skin of any of them on the keyboard in two examples, but not to call out the day of the day. Їх, as a rule, is pressed against each other with an alphanumeric or other key key. When pressing Shift, change the case of the letter, and Ctrl and Alt are selected for various additional functions.

The Enter key moves the cursor to the next row, or it allows you to confirm whether or not. The Esc button, on the other hand, designates the view of the front actions. The NumLock key toggles the numeric keypad mode (the right-handed keyboard is ripped). When the NumLock indicator lights up, the keys on the numeric keypad duplicate the numeric keys, so they can change values ​​from 0 to 9 and “.”. Otherwise, they duplicate the keys with the cursor.

A lot of program pressing the F1 key calls out when the window of finalization appears. After pressing the Print Screen key in some modern systems, the screen is photographed and sent to the clipboard, the stars can be transferred to any graphics program using the standard Paste command. The Backspace and Delete keys are used for visibility.

On different computer keyboards, the meanings of special keys can be read, but the trochs are breathed. Don’t be surprised, as if the keyboard does not show up, for example, the Ctrl keys. Vaughn is simply assigned in a different way (for example, Control). Axis is a list of the widest types of key definitions:

Ctrl - Ctl - Control;

Shift - ^ - ^Shift;

Alt-Alternate;

backspace-<=;

Delete - Del;

Insert - Ins;

Page Up - PgUp;

Page Down - PgDn;

| Escape - Esc.

Krіm klavіaturi іsnuє іє such pristriy і іnformatsiї іnformatsії, yak misha. It specializes in introducing only graphic information. For the help of the mouse, you can no longer move the indicator on the screen and watch it, I’ll add it to the push buttons.

The mice are issued with a different number of buttons and a number.

In order to get the result of the robotic computer instantly, it is necessary to enter information. In modern computers, as a rule, they have a monitor, but they can also have others (printer, plotter, etc.).

May all the information, which should be brought to the attention of the koristuvachev, be displayed on the monitor.

For monitors, such parameters are characteristic, such as the expansion (douzhina diagonal) of the screen, the maximum possible frequency of updating, the maximum possible separation and expansion of the screen “grain” (the diagonal of one “dot”, which is physically small in the image). More of these parameters will be reviewed in chapter 1.

Once again, I guess that monitors with an electron-promenade tube are filled with the most popular ones, regardless of the width of other types.

The size of the diagonal of the monitor screen will sound in inches. Available models with a diagonal of 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22 inches. In addition, sometimes monitors of a larger size are used, which are important not for individual coring, but earlier monitors of a smaller size, for example 14 inches, were issued. When the screen is expanded, it is possible to lay down the maximum possible distribution of the property: for example, on a 14-inch monitor it becomes 1024 x 768. Some image warehouse (adapter) is to blame for a smaller, lower real grain size.

While other outbuildings provide information, the middle of them is now widely expanded only printers (drukarsky outbuildings).

| The principle of a robotic computer.

¦ Interaction of computer attachments.

Vіdomostі, navedenі in tsomu rasdіlі, may not be needed for an hour of everyday work with a computer. However, a blatant statement about the principle of the mother's computer is necessary - it can help solve some of the most common problems.

The "heart" of the computer without rebuilding is the processor. Yogo is often referred to by the English abbreviation CPU, which is the Central Processor Unit. The processor is a foldable attachment, the main function of this one is to run programs.

The skin type of the processor can control the command system. The processor is transmitted special numerical sequences, which are similar to the first internal table, and are interpreted by it as a command line. For example, in the command system of the PDP-11 processor, the binary number 0110000001000000 means "add the number that is in register No. 1 with the number in register No. 0 and place the result in register No. 0" (registry is a special processor area for saving time data). In other command systems, the same number can be interpreted in a different way, or else it does not mean the same command. If a program is found in a processor with such double commands, then a program written for one type of processor cannot be used with another system of instructions.

Another most important part of a computer is a memory attachment, or memory. Attachments can be mentally divided into two categories:

| PZU - permanently memorizing attachment (invariable data are saved from him);

RAM - operatively memorizing attachment (victory for recording and reading data).

The RAM can record, for example, the results of robotic programs for their further vision, be it some kind of foreign attachment. At the ROM, data are saved “forever”, recorded in the RAM - irrevocably ruined when the electricity is switched off.

In today's popular English terminology, ROM is called ROM (Read Only Memory), and RAM is called RAM (Random Access Memory). Some types of memory can also have a special type of memory, information is not lost when alive, like in ROM, and with it, the possibility of program recording of data in memory (like in RAM, only more). This type of memory was previously not vikoristovuvsya, but in the rest of the rocks it was wide-width. Yogo is called Flash-mem'yattu.

In order for the processor to instantly orient itself “in the open spaces”, I will add it, all the memory is divided into centers. The skin of the middle may have its unique address, written down by looking at the numbers. Sound the memory is organized like a matrix, and until the middle of the memory, the processor is responsible for setting the number of the column and the row. Simulate CAS and RAS system signals.

Before launching, whether the program is guilty of being repaid, or it is often zavantazhen іz ovnіshny pristroy in operational memory. The processor in the sequence reads from the operational memory of the commands and vikonu їх. For someone in the new one, there is a special register - a list of commands, which is to take care of the address in the middle of the memory, the team has been decommissioned, so that it will be attacked. Before the beginning of the robotic program, the register is to be placed in the middle of the memory, the first program command is taken into account, and at the end of the day the skin command is replaced by the last command, it is automatically increased to the end of the last operation.

The scheme is superimposed on the top of the program. The current processors of the building start vikonannya new team before the completion of the previous one, and initiate vikonannya kolkoh teams once again. However, the global principle becomes immutable.

In order to communicate with people, the computer needs an attachment to enter and view information. As the main attachment, the keyboard with alphanumeric and key keys is installed at the same time. The skin key transmits a unique two-code to the computer, and a special program, which is recorded in the computer's ROM, changes the number of the code in a way that is acceptable for typing in programs. The result of the robotic program is displayed on the monitor screen.

May it be necessary to save the result of the work and save it, so that the mother can turn around to the new one more time. For this, as well as for recording the texts of the programs themselves (program code), certain accumulated information is recognized. At the same time, as a rule, vicorous accumulations are accumulated on flexible and hard magnetic disks, as well as laser optical disks.

Now you have a statement about the principle of the robotic computer and the time has come to move on to a detailed description of the warehouse. I’m guessing that it’s possible that the company-producer of the distribution of certain parts of the computer can take a fall in the hardware platform. Let's take into account that a small PC can be placed in a standard vertical case, such as the MidiTower.

You should look at a bigger annex, in addition, a computer system can be put together, in a singing manner they can interact with each other.

Schematically, the interaction of attachments is shown in fig. 2.1. It can be seen that the central transmission nodes are the system and functional controllers - the main elements of the motherboard chipset. The system controller exchanges data with the processor (and cache memory) via the system bus, with RAM via the auxiliary memory bus, and with the video adapter via the AGP bus. The functional controller supports “dialogue” with expansion boards on ISA, PCI, VLB, USB, IDE buses, with attachments connected to PS / 2 ports, serial and parallel, as well as with a floppy disk drive and a BIOS chip.

Rice. 2.1. Scheme of interfacing with computers.

The coordinator of all operations is the processor, which controls the programs and inodes in the process, is responsible for receiving information from various devices. Sob attachments could promptly inform the processor about the need to process information, which was necessary, the system was rewritten.

Having removed the signal about the active interruption, the processor starts the flow process, for example, executing the program. Tse to fight, to get the information that you need. After that, it is possible that the next processor turns to the process that was interrupted earlier.

Let’s explain the system over and over again, vikoristovuyuchi pobutovuyu metaphor. Replace the thoughts of the processor, that the program is victorious, for the person that offends. Priyom їzhi - tse process. Raptom ringing the phone - it's a signal for a call: the conversation is being pinned, the information is being collected, which was supposed to come from the caller. If the information is processed, the rose is finished, the people turn to offense. You can, at any time, create a list of possible interruptions of an obedient person: a telephone ring, a knock at the door, a child who hooted, in a septic room, etc.

In the same rank, the processor, which viconizes the program, can, if necessary, initiate a streaming process to process the information that has come (for example, about the pressed keys) and, possibly, zdіysniti vteridpovіdnu dіyu vіdpovіnіdіnіd (generate a signal for the input).

Іnuє sing order of processing by the processor override (deposit according to its priority, expressed by the sing number). Which is the lower number of the resurrection, which is the highest yoga priority. Reset signals should not go directly to the processor, but to a special controller, retry, which you know, retry with a specific number of the extension, and, having canceled the signal from the extension, set the retry signal with the type of the active station.

We have 16 interruptions, which are numbered by numbers from 0 to 15. So, as it is called, it is not enough.

NOTE.

In some cases, there may be tasks for extensions, the controller can be interrupted and then one of the stages 24.

Why is it not enough to overthrow it, as if the expansion boards sound connected three more than three or three?

On the right, in the fact that the deacons are already fixed behind the system outbuildings, the free ones are not rich enough. In addition, they use outbuildings, as they try to take more than one refurbishment (as in the payment, there is a kilka of different outbuildings). It's good that modern add-ons for the PCI bus, as a rule, "know" about problems without interruption, and can often get along on one interruption twice or wind up in the morning. Vtіm, it doesn't matter to guess that the stability of the robotic system is decreasing.

Let's take a look briefly, how the changes are made and how they can be called expansion boards.

Recruitment 0 is the highest priority, just assigned to the system timer. It can’t be vikoristane be some other annex.

| Reset 1 - simply assigned to the keyboard controller. In this order, the signals from the keyboard for the minds are the most priority koristuvalnitsky signals. The first resurrection cannot be recognized for any other I will build.

| Resurrection 2 - may have technical significance. With this help, the number of cobwebs was interrupted by the path of some systemic manipulations in its hour, it was increased from 8 to 16. In such a rank, tse resurfacing can also be vikoristane be-like an annex.

¦ Retry 3 - play the next port of the computer. If so, it cannot be recognized as other outbuildings. However, although this port is not required, it can be turned on, and by itself, it can be redirected for use by other outbuildings.

| Port 4 is similar to port number 3, but the first serial port.

¦ Pererivannya 5 - more often, it is free and can be recognized as different outbuildings for the court of the coristuvach (or the operating system, which is automatically transferred to it).

UVAGA!

If you need to tweak the sound in games (especially old ones), or if a sound card is installed in the system, it is connected to the Sound Blaster Pro and connected to the ISA bus, then it can be fixed behind the sound card.

| Pererivannya 6 - just assigned to the controller drive floppy disks. It can’t be beaten up by any other attachments (for a little bit, if the floppy disk drive in the system is daily and the BIOS can help the operating system).

¦ Resetting 7 - sound the sound of the parallel port of the computer. However, if this port is not needed, it can be turned on, and redevelopment 7 can be assigned to other outbuildings.

¦ Pererivannya 8 - zhorstko fixed for the year of the real hour and cannot be beaten by other outhouses.

¦ Pererivannya 9 - on the fly є vіlnim i can be vikoristovuvatysya expansion boards for rozsud koristuvach or operating system. However, it is often necessary to transfer the vicorist system of extended life support or the controller to the USB port, so there are plenty of contenders for a new one.

| Pererivannya 10 - є spochatku vіlnym i mozhe vykoristovuvatysya expansion boards for rozsud koristuvach or operating system.

| Pererivannya 11 - also є spochatku vіlnym i can vykoristovuvatysya expansion boards for rozsud koristuvach or operating system. Prote zazvychay it will be fixed behind the videoadapter, as if, well, you have seen it around the corner.

Pererivannya 12 - just attached to the mouse, which is connected to the PS / 2 port. Most of today's computers are equipped with such a mouse, 12 revisions are occupied. If PS / 2-bear in the system every day, you can change it and attribute it to other outbuildings.

| Revision 13 - zhorstko zakrypleno for vbudovaniem or ovnіshnіm mathematical svіvprotsesor. Navigate like this every day (for example, a system based on the 80386SX processor with an 80387 spin-off processor), rewriting 13 is busy, and other attachments cannot be beaten.

| Break 14 - simply assigned to the first channel of the IDE controller. Sound the IDE-controller at the system, you can forget about the recognition of rebuilding 14 expansion boards.

NOTE.

Theoretically, in a few cases, if the first channel in the installed IDE controller is not necessary, it can be turned on, and, as it allows the program to adjust the parameters in the BIOS, change the number 14 for recognition to other devices.

| Changeover 15 - the possibility of another change is similar to changeover 14, only like a different channel of the IDE controller.

In this rank, for the selection of expansion boards, it is necessary to overwrite it in a rather small way - numbers 5, 9, 10 and, perhaps, 11.

Some options for correct interoperability with the expansion card system also have direct memory access channels (DMA - Direct Memory Access). If you want to use all of these channels (they are numbered by numbers like 0 to 7), which are not available for expansion boards, there is only channel 4, which is won by the DMA controller itself for correct operation, and 2, hard fastening behind the controller to the floppy disk drive .

If the computer's parallel port works in ECP mode, then DMA channel 3 is visible for the new one (with a smaller VIN channel, more important, it will not work).

Understanding the interplay of attachments behind the auxiliary system, interrupting and channels of direct access to memory, you can help to solve the problem on the same operating system or BIOS in case of a conflict of attachments for resources.

¦ BIOS setup.

In order to better orientate yourself in the setup of the computer in the process of work, it is necessary to know what to do when the computer is involved, how to interact one with one of the components, and also the role of the BIOS.

NOTE.

BIOS is the basic system for inputting and outputting, the program is written on the riddle about the special microcircuit of the motherboard. The BIOS is responsible for the computer's early occupancy after the first notification.

When the computer is restarted (re-engaged) there is a prompt from the video adapter, which is installed in the system, the screens without a new computer cannot be displayed on the screen of the desired information. If the video adapter is not detected, the system assumes the presence of a viable sound signal about a pardon.

If the video adapter is known, it will start initialization, after which the image on the screen for a few seconds will appear, to clear the information about the installation of the video adapter in the system, deplete the memory, etc.

In this way, the search for the video adapter will start earlier, lower depending on the type of processor and the installed RAM. Vtіm, as the processor does not install, or it can not be beat, the system will start ringing, you cannot see any image on the screen, nor signal with a sound.

Offensive crock - depending on the type of processor. At this stage, the clock frequency is also restored until the BIOS is adjusted. The screen will display information about the processor type and its clock frequency.

Then the program will determine the type of operative memory installed in the system, and enter the test. The results of all processes are displayed on the screen.

After that, the initialization and re-verification of the add-ons connected to the IDE controllers is initiated. You can use hard disks, bring CDs or DVDs and other storage devices. Vіdomostі about them zazvchichay іz znachen parametіv BIOS. Even though the auto-calculation of accumulative values ​​(Auto value) is specified in the settings, the system will automatically calculate the value of them - however, an additional hour is required for this.

Then the program of the cob capture of the computer will carry out a re-verification of the drive of floppy disks (as well as the faults of the installations in the system). For whom the controller sends a few commands to you and the system fixes your feedback.

Further, there is a search and re-verification of expansion cards installed in the system, such as an internal modem, a sound card, a video storage card, a TV tuner or an FM tuner, etc. Actions from these cards (for example, a SCSI controller) can also I'll control the BIOS. And here the management can pass it on time.

After all the descriptions on the screen of the monitor, a table of information about the configuration of the computer is displayed, in which it is indicated:

Processor type;

Identification number of the processor (yakscho vin є);

Clock frequency of the processor;

obsyag installed operative memory;

occupied cache memory;

information about the form factor of the floppy disk drive;

information about the installed IDE-attachment;

Type of video system;

| revealed the last and parallel ports and addresses of their introduction;

information about installed memory modules;

¦ information about expansion fees, including attachments that support and do not support the Plug and Play standard.

However, let's turn to the beginning of the computer's interest and take a look at the process, the titles of system self-testing (POST). At the time of a successful completion, a short beep sound will be heard. Sometimes, it’s true, you may not be given the signals of the day.

What will happen if not everyone is good? At times, if there are no more significant pardons, a reminder about them will appear on the screen, after which the computer's interest can be continued. As in the process of self-testing, serious malfunctions were revealed, the computer system will also try to tell you about them, and sometimes the screen turns dark in such cases. Otzhe, koristuvach can’t keep up the notifications on the screen.

If this happened, then the reason for the pardon can be called with sound signals. With this additional help, the system informs you about the results of the self-testing process.

An unambiguous response to power, which means that another combination of sound signals, as a rule, cannot be given, the BIOS skin subsystem may have its own set of sound signals, guidance in its description. However, often such information may not appear on the spot. At this time, try to go to the site of the compiler or ask for additional information from the technical support service of the BIOS compiler or the motherboard.

However, there are some combinations of sound signals, which are often used for the recognition of one and the very pardons. If your system, after self-testing, sees one of the lower combinations of sound signals, then it’s completely understandable that it signals an attack:

One short beep - the test was completed successfully, the acquisition is continuing (the system does not give the usual sound signals in case of this);

there is no sound - a faulty processor or a block of life (when there is no proper image on the screen);

One long, uninterrupted signal - a faulty life block;

Two short beeps - an insignificant pardon has been detected, it is necessary to make changes to the settings in the BIOS parameters (Award); tse also can be pardon parnostі memory (AMI);

Three dovgi signals - pardon for the controller of the keyboard;

Three short signals - pardon for the robot and lower memory;

One long and one short signal - incorrectly working memory;

One long and two short beeps - wrong video adapter;

One long and three short beeps - video system pardon: no monitor connected, no video adapter working, etc. (AMI); or problems with the keyboard controller (Award);

UVAGA!

Dosvіd shows that the BIOS type Award tsey signal can also be reversed in the first value. This is one of the widest pardons.

One long and six short beeps - pardon of the video system: no monitor connected, no video adapter working;

One long and nine short beeps - pardon for reading these BIOS data;

Chotiri short beeps - do not use the system timer;

five short beeps - the processor is working incorrectly;

Six short beeps - faulty keyboard controller;

with short beeps - problems with the motherboard;

vіsіm short beeps - incorrectly pratsyuє videomemory;

repeating long beeps - incorrect or incorrect connection of the RAM module;

repeating short beeps - incorrect operation of the block of life;

nine short beeps - pardoning the checksum when re-verifying the BIOS; sound the BIOS settings reset, after which you can get to the program to set it up and continue the robot;

ten short beeps - pardon for writing data to the CMOS chip;

11 short beeps - invalid cache memory processing.

Keep in mind that all the values ​​are indicative, so that in a skin-specific manner, the value of the sound signal can be changed in the fallacy of the BIOS or the motherboard.

UVAGA!

Do not pay attention to quiet short signals, like you see a lot of ASUS motherboards when the computer is turned on or overwhelmed. For help with these signals, the system simply signals about the number of connected USB devices. For example, if there are a little bit of two short, quiet beeps, this means that two USB devices have been connected. For the capacity of the add-ons connected to the USB port, the system, once the self-test is successfully completed, will not give the usual sound signals.

As practice shows, sometimes in the process of self-testing of a computer system, you can get a pardon, so you don’t go in for localization for the help of sound signals. For the analysis of such a situation, a POST-fee is used.

POST-board - a special expansion board for the PCI bus (or more suitable for the ISA bus), which may have a special digital indicator (for example, a rare-crystal or, more often, fluorescent-vacuum).

Specially with the method of displaying the results of self-testing, a special port was seen at the expanse of ports. The sixth address of this port is 80. Before that, how to pronounce that chi іnshiy attachment, which is in the system, at each port, the language code is placed, for the help of which you can accurately designate what you yourself inicialize at the given moment.

As soon as the initialization of one annex was completed successfully, the system moved to the next step. With this, port 80 will record an offensive code.

The POST-board reads the codes that were written during the initialization of the attachments at the 80th port, which displays them on its own indicator. Obviously, as the robot of the system was interrupted, you can download the code, we will stop recording at the 80th port. In a new way, you can count on what kind of operation, becoming a killer, and also what kind of attachment did not dare to pronounce. For example, even though the remaining indicator showed the value 04, tse (with a different system with an Award BIOS) means that the signals for the regeneration of operational memory are incorrectly formed in the system.

POST code values ​​may vary for different BIOS types and motherboards, but most of them are the same. At the table 3.1 introduced the code for the POST procedure, which sounds like a trap in systems based on the Award BIOS.

Zastosuvannya POST-boards in some cases can give an invaluable help in the process of diagnosing the system, which does not work or works incorrectly.

However, for the installation of similar diagnostics, it is necessary to at least install a POST-board at the input slot (PCI or ISA), which, obviously, did not change the price when the system unit was folded, which rarely occurs.

In order to facilitate the procedure for diagnosing malfunctions, indicators of POST codes are placed directly on the surface of the motherboard. Sometimes, on the motherboard, you can place the patches of the POST code indicator, and the indicator itself is supplied in the kit. For each type of wine, there may be visions of whether there is a place in the computer case.

Such a decision will significantly ease the search for inaccuracies. However, it is a pity that the stench is still rushing to dosit seldom and dosi did not reach the ubiquitous living.

What happens after the completion of the self-testing of the computer system and the determination of the parameters of the installed devices?

Up to this point, the behavior of the system is controlled by the BIOS program. At this stage, the care is transferred to the head of the exciting recording of the hard drive.

In this region, a small code of the occupant is to blame, which is recognized as such, only in order to transfer control to the occupant record of the required logical partition on the hard disk, in which case the occupant of the occupant of the operating system.

The operating system manager is a program that reads into the RAM the kernel of the operating system and launches programs that initiate it and transfer it to control. After that, control over the computer system will be taken away by the operating system (OS), which means that the whole robot is farther away on the computer.

However, at the head of the exciting recording of the hard disk, you can expand the program even more, for example, which allows you to display a menu on the screen to select the required operating system, as a sprat of operating systems is installed on the computer.

In addition, the BIOS settings can be set to work on the operating system not from a hard drive, but from a CD or a CD. At this point, the BIOS will try to check the memory of the capture record from the head capture record of the hard drive, the capture sector of the disk or the CD. If you give up, control will be transferred to a private program.

As if on a hard disk or a replaceable nose it is not possible to show an interesting sector, then on the screen you will see a warning, as if there is a virobnik and a BIOS version. The next robot of the system will ring.

The search for the advances on the hard drive and replacements is always carried out in accordance with the instructions on the order of the advance, which should be found from the BIOS parameters.

It's true, it's really cheap. Controlling the code read from the capture sector will only be transferred in the way that the BIOS designates it as the capture.

Like a BIOS in an exciting sector, I’ll add it, designated as an interesting one, to reveal the stupidity of the sequence to the code of the adventurer, further the behavior of the program can be different. In the majority of cases, although in the capacity of an avantageous indication, a change is made, and the zavantazhuvach's code is not shown in this avantageous sector, the BIOS may fail, as the drive simply inserts the wrong disk. As a result of the robot, the computer will be suspended, and on the screen there will be a notification about those who need to insert an exciting disk. After pressing the Enter key, the BIOS is again prompted to recover the code of the vanishing sector. As soon as the drive is worn, there will be no manifestations, the BIOS will help to protect the onset of attachments, and the warnings will be confusing.

However, in most cases, the operating system is lured from the hard drive. On the vіdmіnu vіd іnshih vіnіїv vіnchester vіstіt іlka razdіlіv, kozhen z yakіh mає svіy svіy zavantazhuvalny sector. In addition, a zhorstky disk should be put on the cob the head of the exciting record. Itself won't be read into memory, and yet the code is responsible for transferring the necessary information to the hard drive.

Tsey zavantazhuvach in his line vikonu functions of the zavantazhennya kernel of the operating system. After the appearance of the kernel, the same zavantazhuvach start up the programs for initialization of attachments, as well as others, like preparing the operating system for interaction with the core.

Now you know that the involvement of the operating system is a process of rich steps. It is important to understand, to correctly assess the causes of the failures, which were caused by the time of the system's entanglement. This information is also necessary for those who win more than one OS on their computer.

Speaking about the entanglement of operating systems, it is impossible not to guess about those, how stench can be spread on the hard drive of a computer. It is especially important, as on hard disks, one hour at a time, two or more operating systems should be spawned.

It is necessary to remember that physically hard disks often do not match the logical names of the divisions that are found in the system. For example, even though in MS-DOS or Windows systems, you can see only a few disks, which are known as C:, D: and E:, it does not mean that there are three hard drives installed in the computer. All in all it is possible and one hard disk, subdivided into logical divisions.

More than that, a hard disk can be practically victorious in any operating system, only as many as divisions for distribution. If you want to create a disk with a volume of, for example, 80 GB in Windows, without splitting it, then you need to create one great logical division on it, which practically occupies the entire space.

On the cob of a hard disk, a table of yogo partitions is placed on the cob, and it’s empty (divided daily), then access to data is impossible (so, obviously, we are talking about standard access methods, and not about such programs, like Disk Editor, like with physical sectors on the disk). Access to data is established in the middle of the dermal distribution, as a way to deposit data in the middle of the distribution.

Breaking the disk into partitions, call for help with the fdisk program or otherwise. Under such a name in different operating systems, different programs can appear. There are also special tools, such as the PartitionMagic program (Fig. 3.1) or Acronis OS Selector.

Rice. 3.1. View of the PartitionMagic program.

Traditionally, a physical hard disk cannot be more than some logical divisions, so for a table of divisions on the cob of a hard disk, a little space is added to the standard. However, the exchange can be bypassed.

They divided, the information about yaks perebuvayut at the main tables of the distribution of the cob of the disk, called the first. In this order, it would be more correct to say that on one physical hard disk one cannot have more than four first divisions.

Before we speak, the operating systems may be occupied only by the primary division. For OS MS-DOS or Windows, moreover, it is necessary that you have partitioned the letter on the first physical disk (as well as the sprat) and the letter of the designation as active. In some cases, the role of physical distance in the ear of the disc plays a role.

More than that, when the operating systems MS-DOS or Windows 95/98/Me are stuck, it can be damaged that the stench can beat only one first partition on the skin hard drive.

Crimea of ​​the first divisions, on Winchester it is possible to expand the expansion of the logical divisions, which are essentially secondary. The given technology was obviously a vigadana, in order to get around the exchange in chotiri distributed on one disk.

Also, one of the first three expansions can have meanings as extensions. Such a division took revenge on one more table of divisions, since it is no longer possible to reduce the amount of divisions, and, therefore, it is possible to avenge the number of divisions in a practical way.

This picture may be presented in different species. For example, when using fdisk programs, both MS-DOS and Windows operating systems, it seems that all logical divisions are in the middle of the extended one, although it would be easier and more logical to show it in a different way - so, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Rice. 3.2. Scheme of arranging logical divisions on a hard disk.

For MS-DOS operating systems, the Windows version of the extended partition is the only way to split one physical hard drive into a logical one. There is also one primary partition on the disk for these systems, other responsibilities are included in the extended partition.

Theoretically, the logical divisions, like the divisions in the middle of the extended division, have no access to the data in the first place. However, a lot of operating systems cannot be expanded in these divisions, since the stink of the big one cannot be taken from them.

Є deyakі Єnshі osoblivosti їх zastosuvannya. Zocrema, MS-DOS and Windows operating systems designate disks in this way. The back of the head should be split first (the first split of the first disk, the first split of another disk thinly), and then it’s already logical (the back of the hand on the first disk, then on the other thinly). In this way, as before there was one physical disk with partitions C: and D:, and then another physical disk with a single primary partition was installed on the computer, then the new partition is called D:, and the remaining partition D: is E:. Tse divou

In the remaining versions of operating systems, you can correct this provision. For example, in Windows 2000/XP it is possible to assign a skin partition whether it is letters, but in Linux, BeOS and other systems, such problems are not caused by such problems, because the disks in them are not indicated by letters and directories are mounted by themselves.

I guess again, that access to data on the disk is also found in the organization of data in the middle of the skin division. Such an organization is called a file system, data shards are stored on the disk as naming sequences - files, and access to them is provided with additional help for specific names.

In different operating systems, it is up to the organization of data to be divided into middle divisions. Spilnim є those that for vikoristannya tієї chi іnshої file system it is necessary to create її in the middle of the disk partition. The creation of the file system is called different formatting.

Let's take a look at the widest file systems.

FAT16 is a file system based on a 16-bit file allocation table. Є "red" in the operating systems MS-DOS and Windows 95, the prote can be overcome with these other guards practically in all operating systems. Tim is not less, it is not popular, which is characterized by low stability and significant disk space for the presence of a large number of files (especially small ones). In addition, the distribution of FAT16 cannot exceed 2 GB.

FAT32 - improved modification of FAT16, which uses a 32-bit file allocation table. You can't win only in MS-DOS operating systems and Windows 95, which is characterized by a low swidcode.

FAT12 is another version of the file system based on the file allocation table (12-bit). This option is more likely to be reserved for small noses, such as disks. On hard disks it is practically not zastosovuєtsya.

HPFS is a highly productive file system, split for the OS/2 operating system. You can also fix early versions of Windows NT (up to and including 3.5).

NTFS is also a highly productive file system designed as a competitor to HPFS. Designed for Windows NT/2000/XP operating systems, it can be stuck on Linux, FreeBSD, BeOS and other systems, as a rule, it is not readable.

EXT2FS is a more compact and productive file system, split for the Linux operating system. It can also stop on FreeBSD, QNX and other systems. In addition, there are programs for accessing (sound only reading) to the EXT2FS system from different versions of Windows.

EXT3FS is a journal version of the EXT2FS file system.

UFS is a file system that is only practical in the FreeBSD operating system. It is characterized by the fact that in the middle of the disk partition (spread - slice) in this system one more system of partitions is organized, and less in the skin of these partitions - without a middle file system.

ReiserFS is another type of journaling file system that is played in Linux.

Establish other file systems, the skin of which, as a rule, was created for victoria in its operating system. So, the host file systems can be BeOS, QNX, etc. The most universal for different operating systems is the FAT32 system (or FAT16).

Traditionally, operations with disk partitions are considered the safest of all software operations on a computer. And it’s not vipadkovo: even if the program is different for operations with disk partitions, you can smash the file system with one thoughtless action, which means, spend access to all the data that was in it. Most of the data in this situation is equivalent to seeing all the data from the disk.

In the most obvious way, with disk partitions, you can only do the following manipulations:

creation of a partition (for the presence on the disk space, not occupied by other partitions);

vydalnya rasdіlu (scho to produce before vydalnya all danih seredinі razdіlu);

change the type of partition (as the program supports different file systems, this sounds like a mess);

Visnovok of reports about recent distributions.

Tsі dії in different programs can be called differently. For example, the fdisk program from the DOS/Windows 95/98/Me package was no longer distributed to the FAT type, and the solution for it was simply not distributed to the DOS type. In addition, the creation of an extended division and a logical division in the middle for this program are two independent operations.

When vikoristanny simple zabіv, such as the program was guessed, it is impossible, for example, to change the rozmіr razdіlu. However, it is often necessary. For example, you split one FAT32 partition on the entire disk space, and after one hour you wanted to install Linux or Windows NT with the ext3fs or NTFS file system, and the data was already recorded on the partition. At this time you happen to:

remove the disk partition (if any, all data will be spent on it);

create two new ones in your area (and if necessary, send data to them from your outer noses, having installed the operating system in front).

In order to avoid such a trivial process, we have developed programs that allow you to change the size of the distribution without spending money. One of the first was the FIPS program. Well, it’s true, you won’t change the difference between the division of the sensible term, it’s less than possible to divide it into two, but don’t waste your money.

NOTE.

In the instructions to the program, ten times it is said that important data is required to be saved and the author does not bear any evidence, but the practice shows that FIPS works even better - the data was not used once.

The most functional in this context is the Acronis OS Selector program. It allows you to easily not only change the layout of the partitions in the graphics mode, but also transfer them to the disk, and also copy or transfer them to another physical disk. In addition, you can quite change the type of the file system of the partition, attach the partition to those of other operating systems and many others.

Now, if you already know about the computer's advancement after it is turned on, it is necessary to figure out what role the BIOS plays and what can be achieved for the help of the correct adjustment of the parameters.

The BIOS plays the primary role of a robotic computer system. The adjustment of the core, the savings in the BIOS, is a rich factor in which the efficiency of the robotic computer system as a whole or other subsystems is determined.

Correctly configured BIOS allows you to significantly increase productivity or system stability. A few occasions with the BIOS settings lead to a crash on a robotic computer, and in some cases - a system crash again.

To adjust the parameters of the basic system and I/O, there is a special program, built into the BIOS of all versions and selections. Traditionally, it is possible to get to it only if you upgrade and reattach the computer.

NOTE.

In the rest of the hour, special programs appeared, which allow you to take access to the BIOS and work for an hour. However, with more options, it is still better to implement the basic system of input and output after the additional regular program introduced into the BIOS.

To enter the program for setting the BIOS parameters, as a rule, it is necessary to press either a key or a key after you have changed the computer or reset the computer. The most common choice is the Delete key. However, there is not a single way. Dosit often to enter the program to set the parameters in the BIOS, the following keys will be activated:

Ctrl+Alt+Esc;

You can sing other keyboards later. Most of the vipadkiv on the screen with whomever blamed write a hint, like Press to Enter Setup, which seems to take up to one hour. Sometimes a hint should not be shown on the screen, so that the lack of knowledge of the coristuvachi is not small enough to calm down to experiment.

The basic I/O system is practical for all computers to be carried out only by three major computer programmers. The most popular among them is the Award Software company (at the same time legally affiliated with the Phoenix company) (Fig. 3.3).

Rice. 3.3. Outward looking Award BIOS.

Award BIOS installations on the most computers known in the world. The most popular versions of Award BIOS are: 2.50, 2.51, 2.51U, 2.51G, 4.51PG, 6.0 and 6.0PG.

The BIOS version number, as well as the generic number and often find the release date, can be checked at the hour of the computer's notification (sound at the bottom row of the screen). Mayzhe on all modern computers stand version of Award BIOS 6.0 or 6.0PG.

Previously, the BIOS of the company American Megatrends Inc (AMI) was already popular (Fig. 3.4). In the hour when computer systems were introduced to the market, based on 80386 class processors, AMIBIOS was installed on almost all computers. In the rest of the hour, AMIBIOS zastosovuetsya daedalі more, although such motherboard makers, like Gigabyte and MSI, dossi dosi often go back to the BIOS of the company. Some AMI BIOS are installed on motherboards manufactured by ASUS.

Rice. 3.4. Zovnishhnіy vglyad AMIBIOS.

AMI BIOS is characterized by a lot less flexibility in upgrades, lower Award BIOS, although the interface from version to version changes to do so clearly. At this time, there are only two versions of the AMI BIOS - 1.24 and 1.45.

It is possible to see the BIOS of other vendors. One of them is the Phoenix company. An hour ago, she was actively engaged in the development of the best versions of the BIOS; Obviously, the computer system that won the Phoenix BIOS was very important to optimize for the power of the task (and most of the time it was impossible to navigate). Through the circuits of the motherboards, they began to step by step in the BIOS of the Phoenix company.

As a result, the company itself decided to develop the latest versions of the BIOS. In this hour of Phoenix BIOS wins only Intel, motherboards are not popular.

Vіm, as it was said above, today Phoenix has lost the company Award Software - the main retailer of BIOS for modern computers. For this reason, the Award trademark has been preserved as a popular among computer manufacturers and motherboards.

A small number of improvements, the Phoenix BIOS has one unacceptable feature: often, to change parameters, it is necessary to rearrange the jumpers or change the position of the jumper.

The BIOS customization program can have a different interface, the prote is traditionally made up of decals, the skin has different parameters that are close to the values ​​or appear to be with similar settings.

The standard program interface for setting parameters in the BIOS is archaic. At the entrance to it, in front of the corystuvach, the main screen is blamed, at the upper part of which is called the program, the information about the virobnik is too thin.

In the middle part of the overhaul, the programs were distributed, which may have the next name for the Award BIOS 4.51PG version:

Standard CMOS Setup - serve to set the date of that hour, as well as the configuration of disk storage drives - various drives and hard disks;

BIOS Features Setup - for which distribution you can set the order of nose support in the operating system, as well as adjust the parameters of the cache memory, processor, keyboard and hard disks;

Chipset Features Setup - here you can select different settings for the operation of the chipset of the motherboard, as well as access security to the RAM;

Power Management Setup - gives a distribution of assignments for the assignment of energy saving modes, the behavior of the Power button, as well as the temperature control and fan wraps that cool;

PNP/PCI Configuration - allows you to adjust the allocation of resources between outbuildings;

Load BIOS Defaults - a command to change parameters for locking to ensure the most stable operation of the computer;

Load Performance Defaults - also by the command to capture parameters for locking to ensure the most productive work of the computer;

Integrated Peripherals - which branch has the ability to adjust the operating modes of the IDE controller, computer ports and other integration devices;

Supervisor Password and User Password - here you can set passwords to enter the program for setting BIOS parameters and zaganting the computer;

IDE HDD Auto Detection - serve for automatic determination of the parameters of hard disks installed in the system;

Save & Exit Setup - means exit from the program for setting parameters in the BIOS to save all changes;

Exit Without Saving - transfers exit from the program to configure settings in the BIOS without saving changes.

One of the refurbished distributions in the window of the program is to make visions of color. The movement of the divisions is carried out for the help of the cursor keys. To enter at the visions, the Enter key (inode Probil) has been split. For the help of the F2 key and the Shift + F2 key, you can change the color scheme of the program interface. To exit the program without saving change, press Esc, and to save change - F10.

At the bottom of the main screen there are hints about the choice of keys, as well as a short description of the seen section. For example, when you see the Standard CMOS Setup partition, the lower part of the window displays Time, Date, Hard disk type, which briefly explains the essence of the parameters of the partition.

To enter the selected section, press Enter. A list of parameters will appear on the screen, on the contrary, the skin parameters are shown in more detail. One of the parameters for making color visions.

The cursor keys are used to move between parameters. You can change the value of the selected parameter using the additional keys Page Up and Page Down or “+” and “-”. If you want to update the settings that are accurate before entering the next section, press F5. The F6 key is assigned to select promotion parameters for the selected distribution, which will ensure the most stability, and F7 - which will ensure the maximum productivity. In addition, after the help of the F2 key (and then Shift + F2), you can change the color scheme, and by pressing F1, you can display a short summary on the screen.

The Esc key is used to exit the selected section. At any time, all changes are saved at the time buffer. In this way, the possibility of changing the settings for the additional exit of the BIOS settings without saving the changes has been transferred.

Irrespective of those that have a standard interface for setting up BIOS parameters, which is more primary for a larger number of cores, sometimes the programs for setting up BIOS parameters with a different interface are used. For example, AWARD BIOS version 6.0 (but not 6.0PG) has degraded the Phoenix BIOS interface, as a result of which the Phoenix style interface has again become wider with the remaining fates. Other wines are also found in the BIOS of the company AMI.

The main screen of the program for setting the parameters in the Phoenix BIOS is characterized by us in front of it, that in its upper part the line of expansions has been expanded (seen by inversion), de-re-arranging their names in the short form (for example: Main, Advanced, Power, Boot and Exit). Moving between the divisions with the help of the help of the key "arrow to the left" and "arrow to the right".

In place of the seen division, it will appear in the main part of the screen. To move between parameters є keys v and ^. The value can be changed with the help of the "+" and "-" keys (although also the traditional Page Up and Page Down). By pressing the Enter key, you can select the entire list of possible values ​​for the selected parameter (and then select the appropriate ones).

For the additional help of the F1 button, an additional call is called. A short summary for the seen parameter should always be on the right side of the screen. The value of the selected division for locking can be taken for the help of F5.

The F10 key is recognized for exiting the program, setting the change from saving, and Esc - without saving the change.

For some parameters, there are three-pointed arrows, which indicate that these parameters are really directories, in which the list of additional parameters with their values ​​is located.

In some cases, the program for setting parameters in the BIOS can change the entire graphical interface. Nalashtuvannya here handily work for the help of the mouse, although all the changes can be made without її zastosuvannya. Such an interface is typical, for example, for some versions of the AMI BIOS (as a rule, not the latest ones).

When changing the victorian interface of the skin, I divided the settings on the screen of stitching in the dark window. To have a look at the addendum with a list of possible values, you need to double-click on the required parameter. You can also choose a target for the value you need.

If the mouse is not connected to the computer, or it was not assigned by the program to set the parameters in the BIOS, you can move between windows using the additional Tab key, and select the parameters of the active window using the additional cursor keys. To change the value of the parameter, press the Enter key.

Regardless of the simplicity of navigation, similar software interfaces for setting BIOS parameters have not become popular and are rarely seen these days.

In some emergency situations, it is necessary to reset all BIOS parameters to the standard state. In most cases, it is possible to work from the program itself to adjust the parameters in the BIOS, such a method is not suitable for a protein.

For example, if the clock frequency of the processor or the bus is incorrectly set, the computer may stop zavantazhuvatsya or the image on the monitor disappears. In addition, the BIOS settings cannot be removed from the program, because you forgot the password to enter it (if you want to help one of the engineering passwords in some way, it will go to all BIOS initial versions).

If the computer cannot be taken advantage of by incorrect BIOS settings, you can reset the parameters for the output state. Fallen money can be grown in two different ways.

The first field is at the offensive. Take a look at the documentation for the motherboard, where you can find the jumper for setting the BIOS parameters. If this is the jumper, unplug the computer, open the computer case, find the jumper on the motherboard and set it to the drop position. Then (without closing the computer case) turn it off for 15-20 seconds (when the screen becomes dark) and turn it off again. Let's turn the jumper to its original position, close the case and restart the computer. Vіn is guilty of rozpochat zavantazhennia in normal mode.

UVAGA!

Before installing the jumper on the motherboard, it is necessary to physically turn off the computer's life. Otherwise, the latter may be the least acceptable. On the right, in order to eat on the motherboard of the computer, it should be found that software security is enabled.

Another way to drop parameters in the BIOS (software) is stuck, as the jumpers on the motherboard are not transferred. In such a case, it is necessary to turn on the computer, utrimuyuchi at the same time be the key (as it is written in the documentation on the motherboard) on the keyboard of the computer. Ring out when you vicorate For K.

If the two methods you looked at turned out to be ineffective, you can try the "abnormal" methods and reset the BIOS parameters. The simplest thing is to drain the battery of the CMOS microcircuit for three hours - so that the capacitors, inserted into the microcircuit of life, are discharged, you may need more power.

Another method is to short the CMOS chip to the computer case. Tse next to work with the inclusion of life for the help of the dart, the end of which is cleared in the form of isolation. For zamikannya next, choose an unbarred space in the body. It is possible to detect the need for CMOS lights experimentally - only the CMOS microcircuit can live in the battery, otherwise it will not be possible to make a fuss with the switched-on live power.

If the computer is working, but it is necessary to reset the BIOS parameters, you can speed it up using a program method - write to the port with the sixteenth address 70 as a number in the range of 10 to 2F (the value of the sixteenth), and in the port with the sixteenth address 71 - be it , Not equal to the colossal.

¦ Preparation before installation.

¦ Selection of additional programs and components of the system.

¦ Copy files in the system.

¦ Installing device drivers.

| Addendum programs.

The installation of the operating system is on the right hand side. Because of this, there are a number of problems that are blamed on the process of work on the computer. For feasibility, request a specialist to install the OS, or if you want a certified koristuvach. If you want to work everything on your own, then it’s respectful to remember this division.

The installation of the operating system can be mentally subdivided into a few steps:

front preparation before installation;

choice of required programs to enter the distribution warehouse;

copies of packages on a hard drive;

Nalashtuvannya roboti with outbuildings.

To get started before installing the OS, you need to get the computer from the CD, which is the first in the bundled distribution kit.

Perhaps your computer is already set up for downloading from a CD. If you don't automatically kill a wine, when you restart the computer, see it in the BIOS setup. Let's choose Advanced BIOS Settings (depending on the BIOS version, you can change the name, but in any case it looks similar on hover) and see to the new one by pressing the Enter key. Here, in the parameters, find the Boot Sequence item (startup order) or else, for example, there is no option, the 1st boot device item (the first boot device). By changing the value of the secondary key Page Up and Page Down, assign the CDROM as the first exciting device. Then type Esc to exit the partition, and then F10 to exit the BIOS with savings. Better for everything, the computer will ask you to confirm your name. At this time, as a rule, press the Y key, which means Yes (so).

All modern computers allow you to get started with a CD. However, if your computer is unable to do so, you will need to create an exciting floppy disk to install the operating system. For this, on a CD with a distribution kit, call є special zasobi, roztashovanny, as a rule, at the papacy dostools (or directories with a similar name). For example, to install Windows XP, it is necessary to prepare six advanced disks. If your new computer does not already have the correct operating system installed, the best solutions will be to install it on any other computer.

Insert the distribution CD into the drive and reboot the computer. The Windows XP installation package prompts so that the installer starts automatically.

Managing the installation process of the operating system, as a rule, you take on the installation program. You should be less likely to be told about your question.

First of all, the program independently collects information about the computer and copies files, for help, you can start the system first. It is not necessary to get involved in this process. However, at any moment of the hard drive it is necessary to check, on which partition of the hard drive the operating system can be installed.

If the computer is absolutely new, not to avenge the annual data and it is planned to install only one operating system on the new one, then the process of choosing a distribution may not be possible. In such a way, select automatic installation, and the OS installation program itself will open the hard disk for the authorities' investigation, having removed it, and having created new ones and reformatted them.

However, even on a hard disk, there is already some kind of tribute, it is necessary to tell about their savings.

UVAGA!

Important tributes to be saved more often than far away on my best nose.

If you chose the installation manually, the Windows XP installer will prompt you to select a hard disk partition for installing the system. You can look something like this:

FAT32 21.2GB

NTFS 10.4 Gb

<Свободное пространство>5 GB

UVAGA!

At this stage of the installation of Windows XP, the graphical mode is not enabled yet, so it will not work, and all should follow the help of the keyboard.

Vibrating whether it was a split, you can see it or format it. For which it is necessary to read the instructions, as they are located at the top of the screen. For example, for remote splitting, you can speed up with the D button.

To create a new division, it is necessary to choose a large space. For this, press the N key. The program will ask you to specify the size of a new partition for that type of file system.

As it turns out, if there is less Windows XP, then more briefly, so that we have divided the NTFS type. You can also manage with one partition, which occupies the entire hard disk, if you want to create more quickly, at least two: one is for the program system, and the other is for saving working files. By the way, for example, from the Explorer program you will see the system partition C: and the working partition D:.

If you want to install Windows XP on the same computer, install another OS, for example Linux, then you can do it like this:

for the Windows XP system and її the software was distributed from the NTFS file system;

for working files, which may be available from both operating systems, create partitions with the FAT32 file system;

For a possible other operating system (Linux, for example), simply fill up the free space.

When you divide it, the assignments for the operating system Windows XP and її programs are responsible for at least 5 GB.

After the completion of the disk layout, the installation program can be powered up, as additional programs, or as components of the system, it is necessary to install, but not. There are such options here.

If you are installing the Windows XP operating system, this step will be skipped. The installer of the system does not set the hour for the installation of such power supplies. Before you just show up the main graphical screen of the installation of Windows XP, the program will explain the installation progress. You will have an hour to simply watch the process. A set of additional programs and components of the system can be changed by the authorities after the installation is completed.

When installing other versions of the Windows system, the system can be powered by additional software components and then installed.

In my opinion, all additional programs and components of the system are divided into groups. You can choose to install the entire group of programs by setting the ensign, or you can select the installation of the entire group by choosing yoga. In order to select or choose the installation of a skin program, it is OK, it is necessary, having seen the group you need, press the button Dodatkovo.

Most versions of Windows are prone to delays during installation by new programs of those groups.

Nasampered, the group of Standard programs. Before it, as a rule, such elements enter.

Calculator - a program that imitates a great calculator that can have engineering functions.

¦ Symbol table - a program for choosing any symbol, including non-standard ones, which cannot be entered from the keyboard without intermediary, that copying it into a program.

Revisiting the exchange buffer is a program that allows you to review the exchange buffer instead (it rarely happens).

Pictures for the Work Table - a set of "trellises" for placement on the Work Table.

Bear indicators - a set of various indicators of the bear.

Paint is the simplest program for painting.

Different games can be included to the group of games, as they are delivered from the system.

Group of the Robot with a fax to replace the system components for strengthening and receiving faxes. For robotic components, at least the presence of the modem is required.

Such programs, such as Internet-gamanets, Frontpage visual web editor and other programs for working with the Internet, can be found in the Internet Services group. For a great review of websites, the installation of programs for this group is not necessary.

The Merezha group includes programs and protocols, as needed, as a computer of associations with other local networks. If the computer works autonomously, or it is less connected to the Internet via a modem connection, it is not necessary to install this group.

Also, a set of additional programs and components of the system for installation is selected. Now comes the most important part of the installation of the system, no work is required during the hour. It will take less than a check-in for one hour, docking all the files necessary for the further work of the system and the selected programs, will be unpacked and copied to the hard disk of the computer.

Sound at the beginning of the first stage of the system installation program showing similar to the indicator, which will start copying files in the world and instantly display the amount of broken work in the windows. So it wasn't boring, the screen also displays additional information, for example, about the advantages or the system's features, as it is being installed on the computer.

At the rest of the installation stage, the system will work like this:

designate the model of the skin-specific device installed in this computer;

¦ know the appropriate driver for the given model;

Install the driver.

On the skin s tsih etapiv system can be checked for failure. For example, the model of such outbuildings is not automatically displayed. When it is different, I only know the type of attachment (for example, a printer, scanner, etc.) In such situations, the system is prompted to install a universal driver, with which attachments, possibly, can be installed (in which case, often some of its functions appear inaccessible).

In addition, in order to install the model of the add-on is assigned correctly, the system delivery may not know the correct driver for this model itself. Apparently, there will be a driver installed for a similar model of the same picker. Tse prizvede before that, which was described in the previous paragraph.

When I install the driver, I will not install it correctly. Vtіm, for drivers, how to enter the system, the price is uncharacteristic.

A lot of builders will supply their attachments with drivers. Please note that the delivery set includes drivers for the Windows 95/98/Me operating system. In addition, drivers for Windows 2000 and Windows XP are also added. More recently, publishers write drivers for Linux OS. For some cases, a CD with drivers for the operating system is added to the add-on, and for other systems, it is necessary to get from the web site of the compiler.

Sometimes you can blame the situation, if any attachment is supplied with a compiler driver for Windows 98, it is also necessary to know how to work with Windows 2000/XP. With all the help of standard drivers from the kit, the delivery of the system does not go into. In such a situation, you can try to download drivers for the controversial Windows 98 system. Practice shows that sometimes it gives a positive result, although the possibility of correct work with this is small.

Small builders often write drivers for their add-ons for the Windows family of operating systems, so that the system can obtain a set of standard drivers. Therefore, in all cases, if a CD with a driver for a specific system is supplied with the attachment, it is recommended to install it yourself.

The process of acquiring drivers for attachments at the first hour of Windows installation sounds like this. If the system knows the driver, which, on the її thought, I’ll go to which I’ll build, I’ll install it, without saying anything to the coristuvachevs. If the driver is not found, or the model of the attachment is not assigned, it is announced victoriously that it informs about those that have been found. At this time, you need to insert the CD with the driver into the drive and press the Restore from disk button. Then it is necessary to indicate more precisely the driver distribution on the disk (often for which it is sufficient to select only the letter of the required drive, for example E:). If there are drivers for various operating systems on the CD, it is necessary to indicate the directory in which the driver is to be ordered. For example, there may be win98, win2k and winxp directories on the disk. Apparently, if Windows 98 or Windows Me is installed, then it is necessary to select the first of them, if Windows 2000 is the other (2k is the traditional American shorthand for the number 2000), and if Windows XP is the third.

If you are installing Windows XP, you may see a warning dialog about the digital signature of the driver. Tsgogo lyakatis not a trace. Most vendors of add-ons simply ignore Microsoft's digital signature, which is due to the ingenuity of the Windows XP driver.

After the system has installed the driver, it will be necessary to restart the computer. The system can not be used at this stage, but it can be improved, first of all, you will be able to work with it.

Speaking of which, the Windows operating system may need to be re-installed every hour of the installation. In case of the first such fluke, you should have an impression of the interest from the CD and recognize it as the first experience of attaching a hard disk. For this, it is necessary to go to the main branch of the program to configure the BIOS parameters, make the necessary changes and remove from it the saved parameters (sound by pressing F10). Otherwise, re-advantage the installation of the system from the beginning or take a trial run.

Well, if the system itself, without feeding anything, install the driver, I will add it from my post, and you have a CD with the virobnik driver?

As a rule, in such a situation, it is necessary to replace the driver from the delivered system with the driver of the compiler.

For the next time you install Windows XP, follow these steps.

1. Press Windows+Break or select from the Start menu the item Recovery panel, and then at the end of the screen, double-click on the System icon.

2. Select the Ownership tab (small 4.1).

Rice. 4.1. Vіkno domineering system.

3. Press the Attachment Manager button. At the result, it is shown in fig. 4.2.

Rice. 4.2. Appliance Manager

4. Find out the group, where to put attachments, for which you need to change the driver. Press plus zlіva vіd neї to open up the list of outbuildings.

5. Double-click on the name of the desired attachment, or right-click on it and select the Power item from the context menu.

6. At the end of the authorities, I’ll add what I saw, go to the Driver tab (small 4.3).

Rice. 4.3. I'll add the driver update on the cob.

7. Press the Update button. Vіdkriєtsya vіkno majstra, in yakomu bude zapionovano noviti z'ednannya zі Windows Update service. Install a jumper at the position of H, do not press Dali at once. You will go to the next window shown in fig. 4.4.

Rice. 4.4. I'll add the driver update on the cob.

8. Put a jumper at the Select position from the list or install from the designated place.

9. At the next vіknі to set the ensign To the next place of the search, press the button Look and enter the path to the required catalog of the driver I will add.

10. After pushing the button Dali, the system is guilty itself to know the required driver and install it. If at any moment you may receive a warning about the existence of a digital signature, it is necessary to ignore it by pressing the button All the same continue.

Appointed the succession of pratsyuє mayzhe zavzhdi. Blame it on the process of replacing the video adapter driver.

1. Right-click on the mouse on the Windows XP desktop and select the Power item from the context menu.

2. At the window, go to the Parameters tab (Fig. 4.5).

Rice. 4.5. View of the powers of the monitor.

3. Press the button Dodatkovo.

4. Go to the Adapter tab for the add-on settings. The upper part of the screen (small 4.6) will have the model of the video adapter, the driver for which is currently active.

Rice. 4.6. Power window of the video adapter.

5. Press the Power button on the window, go to the Driver tab.

6. Press the Update button.

7. Vіdkryєtsya vіkno novlennja driver, in a way (like i in the front turn) put a jumper at the position of the installation from the designated place.

8. At the next window, set the ensign. Highlight the next search, press the Look button and enter the path to the required directory with the driver attached.

After that, the copy of the required files will become available and after one hour the system will request to restart the computer, which is necessary for the activation of new drivers.

NOTE.

As soon as the system is installed, the wrong driver of the video adapter is affected, you, more than anything, please note: for example, the number of colors on the screen is more than that, it will not be possible to change the video mode, etc.

The delivery of the Windows operating system includes only the simplest utilities, so you will need to install additional programs.

Some of the programs can be downloaded free of charge from the Internet, shards of stink can be obtained under the GPL license, or on the minds of a cost-free rozpovsudzhennia (Freeware), for example, the Winamp software program.

Other programs can be smartly cost-free (Shareware). You can also cost-free zavantazhity and install it. However, practice the stink of a fringed term, for example 15 days, a month later. Deyakі programs are insured for the number of launches.

After the end of the appointed hour, if you want to continue working with such a program, you need to pay for the registration. About those, how tse robiti, zzvichay report is written in the program itself or on the site of її retailers.

Another type of software security is commercial products, which can be purchased from dealers. Call for a license for such programs between a number of computers, for which the program may be installed.

Deyakі programs, yakі zazvichay small for rozmіry, do not change the setting. This is, for example, a program for copying together with CDex audio CDs. Similar programs need to be simply copied to a hard drive. After that, you can launch (for example, click on the clicked mouse on the icon file) and practice.

If you can often win such a program, then you can create a shortcut on your work table for convenience. For Windows XP systems, for this right-click on the mouse on the Desktop, select Create item and click Shortcut. At the window (small 4.7) enter the path to the iconized program file and press the Next button. At the offensive, enter the name of the yarlik (be it). Let's press Done. A shortcut to the program will appear on the working table.

Rice. 4.7. Creation of a shortcut to launch the program.

Other programs may be supplied with the installation script. And here you need to run yoga. Call the vin called setup or install. Such an installation scenario, for example, may include the Microsoft Office package.

After running the installation script, you will be able to get the best program installation wizard (Fig. 4.8). Vіn can look different - it should be deposited in a specific program. However, the sensation of yoga should always be brought up to the point where you can put a power supply, depending on the requirements for configuring the program.

Rice. 4.8. Installed by the program for an additional installation script.

In the process of the robotic installation master, automatically create shortcuts for your program, as well as some additional ones that go with the main kit. Shortcut to launch the program can be created either on the desktop, or in the start menu, or in both areas. After the installation (or before the first launch), the programs will cause the operating system to restart. It’s better to know about every kind of change, to find out how the installation scenario is without asking you about it.

Microsoft has introduced technology in modern versions of Windows to use the universal Windows Installer script, which is included before the Windows package. Programs that hack Windows Installer sound like a single packaged file with the MSI extension. To install it, simply double-click on its icon, after which Windows Installer will automatically start.

¦ Set to video mode.

Fonts.

¦ Designing the screen saver.

One of the most important problems on the cob of work with a computer is to adjust the video mode. Tse means what you need to choose:

Razdіlna zdatnіst screen;

coloration;

Update frequency.

These parameters are closely related to each other, so that a video adapter is required for them. Obviously, sometimes an increase in color and frequency of updating will lead to the need to change the screen distribution of buildings or at the same time.

The selection of the screen space, that is, the number of points, as they will be placed on the monitor, obviously, on the right is individual. However, it is necessary to remember that in case of too high expansion, the size of the pixel size may appear smaller, the lower physical size of the grain of the phosphor. I have brought the image up to a certain degree of frequency, so with the installation of a separate building, it will be observed by the physical dimensions of the monitor. I will give some options for permits for various monitors with an electron-promenu tube:

15 inches - 800x600 or 1024x768;

17 inches - 1024x768 or 1152x864;

19 and 20 inches - 1152 x 864 or 1280 x 1024;

22 inches - 1600 x 1200. |

As for the use of rare-crystal and thin-film transistors of monitors, then for the skin of them, for the visualization of an acidic image, it is possible to do only one, which shows the physical size of the average image.

To set the required parameters for the video mode in Windows XP, right-click on the mouse on the Desktop and select the Power item from the context menu. Let's have a look, go to the Parameters tab.

Here you can change the screen size and color. If so, the update frequency will be selected automatically.

For the help of the step-by-step regulator, you need to set the required value of the split building. A list of possible values ​​can be found in the video card driver and monitor, so that the values ​​are correct.

Perelіk Yakіst koloru appointments for the installation of kolorovostі. New often has more than two meanings:

Medium (16 bits) - 216 is selected, so 65536 different colors;

Nayvische (32 bits) - seems to be 232, so 4 294 967 296 different colors.

In fact, the colors of the other one seem to be in total 16,777,216, but the other one is richer, the lower can be distinguished by a human eye (it can be distinguished by about 200,000 colors and colors). The Medium mode (16 bits) gives a smaller number of colors, a lower sound level, which is unacceptable for robotic images.

Names of modes in different systems can be changed. For example, Hi-Color can mean 65536 different colors, and True Color - 16777216 colors.

In other words, the values ​​of 256 colors, 16 colors or 4 colors can also be entered. Stop ringing only if the driver of the video adapter is installed incorrectly.

It is also necessary to manually set the refresh rate for the screen, press the Add button and then go to the Adapter tab.

Here it is not possible to enter the frequency of updating from the keyboard, but there is a button List of selected modes. Having pressed її, you click on the window, de-perehovani all modes (small. 5.1), as the system respected for the given combination of video adapter and monitor.

Rice. 5.1. Vіkno to the list of videos.

For the skin mode, a different setting, color and refresh rate of the screen are specified.

UVAGA!

Do not set the Default Refresh value instead of changing the input to a specific update frequency, the oscillators sound the standard frequency to become 60 Hz, but this is not enough.

For certain types of additional power of the video adapter, there are non-standard tabs that correspond to a specific model of the video adapter. Sometimes there is the possibility of adjusting the frequency of the screen update.

The delivery of the system includes a small amount of fonts, which is enough for a distant work. However, sometimes you want to install additional fonts, for example, decorative or imitating handwritten text, etc. In addition, it is recommended to install the Arial Unicode MS font of the Arial typeface into the system, which will replace all characters designated by the Unicode 3.0 standard. This font is supplied with the Microsoft Office package, but it can also be okremo.

Today there is a sense of twisting in the font system of the TrueType or OpenType type. The stinks are well scaled and look the same on the computer screen and on paper. Fonts of other types can be used only on screen or only for others.

To install a new font in Windows XP, from the Start menu, select the Cursor panel and double click on the Font icon. You can also open the Fonts folder, as it is in the Windows system directory. It will be displayed like this (Fig. 5.2).

Rice. 5.2. Fonts system folder.

Like a bachite, the name of the font is stashed at the first column, like it’s supposed to be in the programs of the system. By right-clicking on a mouse on one of the key fonts, you can look at the power, see or see.

To install a new font, select File Insert New Font from the menu. Check if fonts are installed (small 5.3), in the Drives and Folders fields, enter the folder you need, in which type fonts you want to install. Change what is installed ensign Copy the fonts to the Fonts folder, so the fonts that are being installed are copied to the system folder with fonts.

Rice. 5.3. Fonts installed window.

Let's choose in the field List of fonts, fonts required and press the OK button.

On Windows OS, you can also install fonts by simply copying their files to the system's Fonts folder. The system itself recognizes new elements in your papacy and fills in the necessary adjustments.

If the robot brought more satisfaction, modern operating systems allow you to independently customize the design of the Work Table, even more.

For Windows XP, for this you need to click on the work table with the right mouse button and select the Power item from the context menu.

Vіdkriєtsya vіkno, where you can improve the look of the different elements of the system. For example, the little ones for the background of the Worktable can be selected by going to the same tab (small 5.4).

Rice. 5.4. Choose a background for the work table.

Here, in the list of Background babies, all the background babies are redeemed, as they are found in the Windows system folder. Having selected one of them, you can look ahead at the view of the changed Working Table at the upper part of the window on the painted monitor.

You can also select item no from the list, which means there is a baby on the work table. In this vipadka, yoga fon becomes one-barred. Colors for the background can be selected right there for the additional list Colors that are revealed. When a mouse is pressed against a new one, a palette of 20 possible colors of the background emerges. If you don’t have power over them, press the button More. As a result, it is clear that it allows you to choose any color.

To select as the background thumbnails of the image, so as not to enter the standard set of background thumbnails in Windows, press the Look button. Vіdkryєtsya vіkno (small. 5.5), which allows you to navigate through all the folders of the computer. As a background baby, you can choose not only static images, but also animations (in GIF format).

Rice. 5.5. Select a background image file.

Return respect also to the list of Roztashuvannya, which is being opened. You can choose the method of placing the background baby on the desktop:

In the center - the selected image is placed in the center of the screen, and the background color is visible in the background, the selection is in the Color list;

Cover - the screen is covered with tiles, the skin element is to avenge the selected image;

Stretch - when the image is selected, expand to the middle of the screen.

NOTE.

Even if you select an image to fall behind the screen dimensions, all three methods will give the same result.

Cream of the background baby of the working table, sometimes you want to set up a splendid looking vicon. To do this, right-click on the desktop, select the Power and window item from the context menu, and go to the Appearance tab.

At the upper part there is an area of ​​the front view of the old-looking vicons, and in the lower part there is an area of ​​lashing.

From the drop-down list of the Icon of the button, it is necessary to select one of the two styles of the icon of the system buttons: Windows XP style (Fig. 5.6) or Classic style (Fig. 5.7).

Rice. 5.6. Windows XP style.

Rice. 5.7. Classic Windows style.

List, which is being developed The color scheme of assignments for the selection of the color scheme of the old looking vicon. For the Windows XP style, there are less than three color schemes, and for the classic one, over 20.

Here, from the Font Size list, you can select the size of system fonts for headings, icons, and other elements. Three options are available:

Zvichayny - fonts of the zvichayny rozmіru;

Great font - bigger fonts;

Majestic font - fonts like the great rose.

By clicking on the Dodatkovo button, you can change the individual powers of various system objects. The customization of some elements is more accessible for the classic Windows style.

NOTE.

Dosvid shows that for the elements, which is constantly known in front of the eyes, rather choose a neutral one, do not attach respect to a font without serifs.

Krіm razgljanutih more nalashtuvan, it is impossible not to tell about one more design element - saving the screen.

NOTE.

Save the screen - the same picture or animation, as it replaces the main image on the screen, so that the computer has not been upgraded for a long time. At the simplest point, the screen becomes black through the sprat. As soon as you press the key, or push the mouse, the image rotates on the screen.

To set it up in Windows XP, right-click on the mouse on the desktop and select Power from the context menu. At the end, go to the Screensaver tab (small 5.8).

Rice. 5.8. Select screen saver.

Here at the upper part of the changed view of the indications of the vibrations of the screen saver. List to be opened Screensaver of assignments for selection and setting up the screen. If the screen saver is not required, select N.

The Parameters button allows you to configure the vibrations of the screen saver (small 5.9).

Rice. 5.9. Adjustment of the selected screen saver.

For the help of the Look button, you can look over yoga by launching it on the next screen.

In the Interval field, it is necessary to enter an hourly interval (for quarters), after which the save screen will be launched. The smallest possible value is hvilin, and the largest - 9999 min.

If you set the ensign Protected with a password, then when you turn it into normal mode, the system will ask for a password, which is picked up from the system password of the streaming password, which is, obviously, such tasks.

For help in the energy saving area, you can help energy savings. Having pressed the button Zhivlennia in this section, you will see an additional window (Mal. 5.10). In the new one on the Scheme of life saving schemes, you can install it, after a certain hour interval for the daily activity of the coristuvach, the monitor and the hard disks can be turned on. In addition, here you can choose the optimal (from the point of view of retailers) parameters for such a connection, depending on the type of your computer.

Rice. 5.10. Life management.

On the tab Dodatkovo (small 5.11) you can specify whether to display the startup icon on the Windows system panel, as well as how to work when pressing the button on the computer case - to make the button click .

Rice. 5.11. Tab Dodatkovo vіkna Vlastivostі: Electricity.

Adjust the behavior of the dzherel of uninterrupted life (as it is installed) - indicate that you should work when the life is found in the cell, like a program to shut down, to complete the computer’s work just fine, - the DBZ tab allows.

The installed dzherel uninterrupted life can vryatuvat your robot when you know the voltage in the cell.

What do you need to know about files?

Catalogs.

| Creation, copying and moving files and directories.

In modern computers on hard disks, as well as other storage devices and carrying information, one can hear a lot of data at once, represented in two code. For access to information (for example, to read the text, records in electronic form, or run the program, as written on the nose, then) it is necessary to indicate from which place on the disk the data should be read. In other words, the computer needs to be told the exact address. For example, for a disk storage device, you can only have the sector number of the disk, the track number, too.

Remember to sort out the data yourself in such a way, especially if there is a lot of information, it would be clumsy to do it. Therefore, given that they are recorded on a disk, it is customary to put them in the naming sequence - files. In this case, in the first sectors of the disk, information is collected about those whose name the file is given as the address of the physical distribution of data on the disk.

For example, it would be hard to remember that the program-editor of texts is recorded on roads 10, sectors 12 and 13, and for the launch of the next step, go back to these sectors. This file is assigned to the file by the program, and it is assigned to the specific data of the sector, about which it is necessary to write to the disk on the cob. When downloading to the file on your computer, you will automatically search your list and, knowing it, will automatically navigate to the required sectors in order to collect data from them.

The file can be a program, so you can run a text, typing in a shorthand, and digitizing a sound fragment, or even another sequence of data.

Sound im'ya file instruct on yogo vmist. For example, the file of the standard text editor program Notepad from operating systems of the Windows family is named notepad. In this rank, it is easier for the Koristuvachevs to orientate themselves at the data recorded on the disk.

Also, the koristuvach shows only the name of the file, and more specifically, the place of expansion on the disk is shown by the operating system.

For some older operating systems, such as MS-DOS, the file name can be no more than eight characters long. Among them, there can be more than Latin letters and special symbols (for example, an acknowledgment or a sign of a hail).

On modern systems, the file name may be longer, for example, up to 255 characters in other versions of Windows. With this file name, different characters can be changed, and Cyrillic was used for that number. However, it’s better not to get used to Russian letters in the names of files. In the first place, the stench can not be caught by other systems, but in a different way - in some emergency situations, it’s better to bring up files that are much more important, lower files, in the names of some vikoristans there are no more Latin letters, and sometimes it’s impossible.

If you start your work with a file, the system needs to know in which format the records are written and for the help of which program you need to open. For example, if the file is to delete the original text, it can be read by any text program (for example, Notepad). If the file is an audio fragment, it can be opened with a software program like a sound editor.

Like, for example, try opening a text file with a sound editor, you, better for everything, ask for a reminder about a pardon (incorrect file format). At the time of viewing the sound file as a text, the computer will display characters on the screen without stupidity.

So that programs and operating systems could assign a file type, often add an extension to the name, which consists of a small number of characters. In older systems, for example MS-DOS, it was surrounded by three characters, and although in modern systems, including Windows XP, there is no such separation, more files are all the same to eliminate the triliteral expansion. In the name of the file, the expansion is done with a dot.

For modern systems and on the Internet, a low standard extension of file names is accepted. Deyaki їх induced at the table. 6.1.

Obviously, not all extensions of that type of files are possible in this refurbishment. A newly created skin program can be changed as a standard type for its working files, and so are the mothers of your authorities. For example, the graphic editor Adobe Photoshop works with standard small file formats (BMP, JPG, TIF, etc.), but at the same time, it can use its own file format (PSD). The music program Cubase can work with standard MIDI files (MID) or audio files (WAV), but the original format (CPR) is most commonly used.

In addition, the shards of the program are already rich, the situation is possible, if two or more programs can be used to extract the same extension for files in their format. For example, the MUS extension is traditionally reserved for music files in the Finale format, and for music files in the other MusicTime format.

Otrimavshi command open file (to call zdijsnyuєtsya for the help of a subway click mouse on the name or the icon of the file), the system first for all assigns the file type (as a rule, with the first extension). Once the file is shown by the program, it will be taken to the riddle and transferred to the processor until it is finished. If the file has a smaller file type, the system will open that program first, as it works with this type of file, and then open it. If the type of the file in the system is unknown, then it will be necessary to choose the working program yourself (Fig. 6.1).

Rice. 6.1. Choose a program to open a file.

As long as the number of files on the disk does not move two dozen, remember what their names mean and sort through them easily. However, make the files sound bigger, especially on large volume discs. For example, if the author writes rows, there are about 30,000 different files on the hard disks of your computer. Why is it necessary to have such a great number and how to sort files?

Modern programs (because of a certain vinatka) are by no means folded into one file, which is to be written. As a rule, for the work of one program, a few dozens, and sometimes hundreds of additional files are required (for example, a Windows XP system consists of maybe 10,000 files). To sort them out, manually arranging the files that lie before the song program, combine them into one group.

In addition, it is logical to combine the files of a specific koristuvach into one group (as if a small number of people work at the computer), as well as divide them according to types, recognized (for work, rozvagi, children, too).

Such groups of files can be created and created as needed. They are usually called catalogs, directories or, in new terminology, folders (Folders). Usі directories, like files, can name names. The names of the directory names are in no way distinguished by the names of the files, although they do not need to be expanded (theoretically, they can be used).

Also, some files (and other files) are sorted in the middle of catalogs (folders). In the middle of one directory, you can also have another directory, another one in another, and so on.

To open a file, creme of its name and extension, it is necessary to specify the path to the new one. The path (Path) is composed of the names of the current directories, for which the distribution file. For MS-DOS and Windows systems, it looks like this: on the cob of the path to the file, the letter of the disk name (logical partition) is indicated, after which the double-marker is put, and then through the scythe between (\) the names of the catalogs are reversed, in some sort of distribution of data file. For example, if you recorded a sound file and named it MySound.wav, and then placed it in the Sounds directory, which, at your own pace, was spread from the MyFiles folder on the D: hard drive, then outside of the file (which includes the path) you will see So:

D:\MyFiles\Sounds\MySound.wav

The decals are the cause of the situation, if the files (to be more precise - whole logical disks) are miraculously visible in one operating system, but the unknowns are known in another. As a general rule, it is due to the fact that in some cases operating systems can win over different file systems.

NOTE.

The file system is the format in which the information about the expansion of files on the disk is recorded. The universal file system is called FAT or FAT16. You can hack in MS-DOS, і in Windows, і in OS / 2, Linux, BeOS, etc. The same power of the FAT32 file system, FAT16 file system cannot be larger than 2 GB). The FAT32 file system can be understood by all operating systems, except for DOS. Other file systems are not universal. For example, the HPFS system is used, but the operating system OS / 2 is known to be different (that Windows NT early versions). The NTFS file system, as it is hacked in Windows NT/2000/XP, is not understood by Windows 95/98/Me, and in Linux it is better to hack only for reading, but not for writing. Typical for Linux, the ext3 file system sounds unreadable from Windows.

It is necessary to use dekilcom operating systems in such a way that they have up to one and the same disk (logical partition), the most universal choice will be the FAT32 file system.

Ways of manipulating files and directories, as a rule, are intuitively understood in case of different modern operating systems with a graphical interface, contrary to any explanation.

The main manipulations with files and directories are:

fold;

vidalennya;

copy;

| relocation;

rename;

creation of labels;

Change of the streaming directory.

The main medium for visualizing data in operating systems with a graphical interface is:

Working style;

A program that displays files on a computer (for example, Explorer) (Fig. 6.2).

Rice. 6.2. Program "Providnik".

To create a new file or directory, you need to go to the required folder, right-click, select the Create and Next item from the context menu, Folder to create a new directory, or one of the available file types to create a file. For example, if you want to create a text file, select the item Text document.

NOTE.

Selecting this item can also be done when creating files of an unknown type, or one that does not appear in this menu. When an empty text document is created, an empty file is created, which can be recalled at any time.

As a result, the icon of the new directory or the file will appear at the window of the explorer, after which you can give it a name. After completing the input of the name, press the Enter key.

For accessing files and directories in modern operating systems, the system is removed through Koshik. When the file is deleted, it is not left out of the file system, but transferred to Koshik, you can retrieve it. Files circulated in Koshik, which are a special system folder, continue to take up space on the hard disk of the computer.

To delete the file (move it to Koshik), select it from Explorer and press the Delete key. You can also click on it with the right mouse button and select another command from the context menu.

To see a sprat of files, you need to see them all. For this, click on the skin of them by calling, pressing the Ctrl key. If you press the Ctrl key, click on the target of a previously seen file, then you will be turned off from the view.

As it is necessary to see a copy of the last files in a row, you can click on the back of the first їх, that buv, pressing the Shift key, on the rest of the rank.

UVAGA!

These methods of viewing a group of files can be selected not only for viewing, but also for creating other files, such as copying or moving.

As soon as you know that the file that you see is no longer needed, you can see it in a row without placing it in Koshik, seeing and pressing Shift + Delete.

It is recommended for an unprepared correspondent to see the files in Koshik. To clear її (what you need to work an hour per hour), you need to right-click on the її icon on the Work Table and select the Clear cat item from the context menu.

You can copy and move files and directories, as well as create shortcuts in two ways. The first one is the exchange buffer. Tse rob in such a way.

Open a folder, see one or a few files and press Ctrl+C (or select the Copy menu item).

Then open the folder, copy the files to the next place, and press Ctrl + V (or select the Paste menu item) - the files will be copied. To create a shortcut, choose Insert Shortcut from the Edit menu.

To move files, see them and press Ctrl+X (or select the Edit menu item). Once the folder is recognized and pressed with Ctrl+V (or by selecting the Edit menu item Paste), the files will be moved.

Another way is to drag and drop (Fig. 6.3). At this point, the files are pulled over by the mouse when the left button is pressed. When it is necessary for the mother to step on the foot:

Files can be reloaded like in the folder view, or simply on the folder icon, as well as on the disk;

when you drag files from either folders to a folder, if they are on the same disk that you deleted, the files will be moved, and when they are dragged to a folder, they will be copied to another disk, lower than deleted, - copied;

when dragging files that can be expanded (EXE), shortcuts will be created on them;

If you need to copy files, then when dragging them, use the Ctrl key, and if you want to move, use the Shift key;

If you drag files not with the left mouse button, but with the right mouse button, then when you enter, a context menu will appear, in which you can choose what to work with such files: copy them, move or create shortcuts.

Rice. 6.3. Dragging a file from one folder to another.

To change the current directory, it is necessary in the left part of the Explorer program to select the required directory from the folder tree and click on the new mouse. At the right side of the window, it appears instead of the selected folder. In addition, you can enter the path to the required folder in the address row at the top of the window, similarly before entering website addresses.

To rename files, right-click on the required file and select Rename item from the context menu. You can also see the required file by clicking on the new one and pressing the F2 key.

An input field will appear, where you can enter a new file name. When finished, press the Enter key.

I realized that everything described above is worth the standard graphical tools for manipulating files in the Windows operating system.

In addition, tsі dії you can work for the help of the command row.

To speed up the command line in Windows XP, select the Start menu item Use Programs and Options Standard Command Line. After that, it is displayed at the command line terminal (Fig. 6.4).

Rice. 6.4. command line.

Sound from the command line to practice the coristuvachi of the “old” hartoise, as if they called the robiti manually.

Rozіb'єmo parts of the computer on chotir main groups:

• 1. System block;
• 2. I will arrange peripherals.
• 3. Koshti manipulation;
• 4. Sobi vіdobrazhennya;

The system block, the main part of the computer, deducts the total number of processes. The system block can be folded and folded from various components. Qi components are looked at later.

Koshti manipulations: keyboard, mouse, game joystick. All those attachments for help, such as we "say" to the computer, how to work, how to run the number of processes at once.

Make sure you check the monitor before you. All information about the operation of the computer is displayed on the monitor. The monitor allows you to see what is being entered in the computer at once, by a kind of calculation process of occupied the computer.

Peripheral attachments - structurally water-based attachments to the system unit. Attachments that can control the power and work on the commands of the system unit. To serve for the sake of the tribute. You can bring printers, scanners, modems, external attachments to the peripherals, which you can remember.

Attachment to the system unit:

The motherboard is the main part of the system unit, to which all attachments to the system unit are connected. Through the motherboard, you can connect the system unit with each other, exchange information, and provide electricity. Shvidshe tires (channels linking outbuildings) of the mother's board;

The processor is the brain of the system unit, which performs logical operations. Vіd yogo svydkostі, frequencies are rich in why to lay the svidkodіya computer and yogo architecture.

Operative memory - memory for time saving of data from the computer, it is less likely to win if the computer is working. Vіd obyagu and the security of operational memory to deposit the code of the computer.

Hard Disk - serve for easy storage of information, for new development of programs necessary for a robotic computer (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and files of the mailbox (Shipping files, as well as mailbox client, video, music, pictures.).

A video card is a board in the middle of the system unit, assigned for linking the system unit to that monitor, transferring the image to the monitor and taking part of the charge for preparing the image for the monitor. Vіd vіdеоkarty to deposit the quality of the image. The video card can be loaded with RAM and its processor for image processing. The higher the frequency of the processor of the video card and the more memory of the video card, the more cool (less released) games you can play on your computer.

The sound card is designed for the preparation of sound signals that are produced by the speakers. The sound card is sounded into the motherboard, but it is also structurally plugged in and connected through the bus.

Merezheva card - a board, an attachment, it is installed in the motherboard or it will be installed in it. Merezha card is used for connecting a computer with other computers through a local network or for connecting to the Internet.

CD/DVD-ROM - device for reading/writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. Tsі pristroї vіdrіznyayutsya shvidkіstyu zchituvannya or recording іnformаtsії, as well as the possibility of reading / recording different wear. It’s important to learn about the sale at the same time, maybe we’ll be around the universal CD-ROMs. Modern CD-ROMs and other reading and recording both CDs and DVDs of different capacities.

Drive - attachment, purpose for reading / writing information on a floppy disk. In modern computers, it is rarely installed. A card reader is installed in the disk drives of today's computers.

A card reader is an attachment for reading/writing information on a memory card. Card readers are concerned about the speed of reading/writing information. Card readers can be built into the system unit or are structurally independent, which are connected to the system unit via the USB port.

Ports of the computer - roses on the system block, assignments for connection of peripheral attachments, attachments of manipulators and attachments for displaying. We won't talk about the roses in the report, we'll just review them: USB, VGA, Live power socket, COM-port, Ethernet-port, Standard sound output socket, etc.

Living block - a block that lives in the middle of the computer. Blocks of life are getting stiffer. The tighter the living block, the more extensions you can connect to the middle of the system unit.

Coolers are fans designed for refrigerated cooling. The coolers are installed in the middle of the living block, on the processor, video card. An additional cooler can be installed on the system unit to cool the entire unit.

Radiators - metal plates, which are installed for the introduction of heat from the processors in the system unit. Sound the radiators and cool down with coolers, but let it go.

Basic PC peripherals:

A printer and a scanner can be connected to the main peripherals of the computer. Purpose printer for displaying information from a computer on paper. Printers can be divided into laser and inkjet printers.

Strumene printers work on paper for help, farby, how to take it from cartridges. Printers can be completed with a different number of cartridges, everything depends on the model. Strumene printers, as a rule, are colorful. Є inkjet printer, which can take photographs. Deyakі photoprinters can be connected to the camera / phone directly, bypassing the computer. Not a lot of stremenevy printers - dear friend, ink from a paper sings with water.

Laser printers come in color and black and white. Laser printers work with laser change. Laser promin is used on paper toner, which is used from a cartridge on paper. laser printers Ring, laser printers stand at the offices, because. to think high swidkіst druk and not expensive for sobіvartіstyu drukush. Like inkjet printers, laser printers can print cartridges. Qi cartridges are refilled with toner (powder).

Scanner- Attachment for scanning documents, photographs and navit photo-negatives. The widest type of scanners is flatbed. Different scanners can vary the speed of scanning. Also, scanners can be divided for extensions, like stinks are removed when scanning. Active scanners install special attachments for scanning negatives. The scanner sounds connected to the computer via the USB port.

Rich functional add-ons - printer/scanner/copier (copier) in one add-on. Take care of all your functions. The rice of such outbuildings is characteristic, the possibility of using them as a copier, bypassing a computer. Such combinations of attachments can be like a streamer, and a laser.

Sobe manipulation:

The keyboard is the mouse, the axis of the main functions of manipulation, computer control. Also, before making manipulations, you can use different joysticks, kerma with pedals, steering wheels, and ale stinks are mainly used for playing the game process. Here you can see that not all games that are released can correctly win, or you can win that other game manipulator.

P.S:

I want to vindicate your respect, so that progress does not stand on the ground, and tsya old age by the hour. But the architecture of the personal computer will not change so soon. To this end, the whole text will be curtailed, as an introductory part, for the presentation of computers more report.

Today, the world has new technologies for the production of old methods. Vcheni that іnzheneri are working on new vineyards. Ale "bicycle" has not yet been blamed.

Deyakі already zazjat opponents of the stone age to prophesy the swidka of the world of keyboards. The stench motivates us to replace the keyboard with the movement of the introduction. Obviously, it would be bad to say badly, ale є, first, different mov (do not denigrate, for example, Russian speak English), but, in a different way, not everyone can do without wiguks like “mmm…”, “uh…” , “tse… yak yogo there?…” ta in. All the same, I create problems in writing software, as it is possible to write in principle, but it is foldable, but that resource will be rich. At this stage, the development of personal computers to develop the most primitive system for recognizing movies, which would be sufficient to replace the keyboard, even capable of accessing system resources. It is unlikely that in the nearest future it will be in the "stone age" (otherwise, more precisely, we will see it), the keyboard will be generously occupied with the standard and, perhaps, the only way to introduce textual information. Before speech, but how, if the operating system is not yet occupied, go to the BIOS or install the system? Vbuduvaty podtrimku movy vnednya that in the BIOS? Well, earlier still oh yak far away.

Vykhodyachi z usky vyshchezazanogo, the choice of the keyboard all the same pridіlit deak respect. If you go to the store for a "non-revolutionary" outbuilding, pay respect to such factors:

ergonomics

Keyboard type

Ease of pressing keys

interface

Added capacity

Let's start in order. I didn’t put the ergonomics of the keyboard on the first place for nothing, because, in my opinion, it’s more important - if the keyboard is not handy, then it’s unlikely that the situation can be corrected by the Swiss processor and the video card is hard, and you can’t save more on the keyboard. Aja, it’s possible to type on it more than a dozen megabytes of text, but if you practiced a lot of text on a filthy keyboard, then it’s the fault of the nobility that the rest obscures the whole picture. And a lot of koristuvachiv, unfortunately, give them little respect and follow the principle “the cheaper, the better”. І more darma. If you want, from the other side, if you play in Unreal, then the number of keys is not particularly important, but press on good keys all the same, but it's not all the same time for Unreal to play! So don’t waste a little money on the dollar (I want, vtim, mayzhe not zustrich people who can “get” dollars) and buy a good keyboard.

Ergonomics

Under the ergonomics, you can understand all the power of the keyboard, as if you stand for clarity. We are negotiable only the most important of them.

Roztashuvannya klavіsh, as well as their form, rozmіri thinly. Keys that can change the shape and size of the world, splice: BackSpase, Enter, Shift.

There are two types of BackSpase keys: big chi small. More beautifully, zvichayno, great, it’s easier to drink in a new way, but at a price for the price, the keys are replaced with slashes down and, as a last resort, the small Enter key.

Yaka is so big. Ale rozmіrіv sіlkom їlkom vstachaє, to that, as me zdaєtsya, it's better, yakscho vrahuvat those, scho BackSpase becomes more. True, there are keyboards, some have large BackSpace, and Enter, and even short right Shift, which is even worse. As well as the Enter key is great, then there are also two possible options: for looking at the letter "L", turned to the next letter, and for looking at the letter "G". The remaining option is the most convenient, so that the onslaught will sound on the near part of the key, and with the G-configuration it is easy to pick up the other keys.

As it happened earlier, it’s possible to change Enter and Backspace the Shift (right) key. It's not very important, because Shift wins often, especially in combination with other keys, and it's not easy to do it. For example, to change the layout of the keyboard, it is easy to change the combination Cntrl + Shift, but if the Shift is small, it is not so handy. True, you can fight with Shift "ohm, but if you have a friend, you can fight with two hands.

Therefore, choose a keyboard with large Shift and BackSpace and small Enter. A bad alternative is the following key configuration: small BackSpace, large L-like Enter, and large Shift key. Ale is the first option, like on me, shorter.

The keyboards with the so-called Eraze-Eaze configuration are sharpened, if the divisions into two halves have been made. One of them (on your choice) activates the probe function, and the other one - the BackSpace keys. It’s churned up for the sake of clarity, but the vagueness of the windings is super-accurate to the basic rule of blind typing, it’s a good idea to try the onslaught of a free (and then be-yak) hand. So I’ll leave the letter of the word to enter with one hand, then the offensive probіl - іnsha. Luckily, with Eraze-Eaze you can not program the halves, leaving the Space function for both (tried). Deyakі models of keyboards can mother zbіlshenu Escape. Qiu singularity can be brought up to pluses, even if you spend it lightly. It's true, it's so easy to get around, because Escape is always ripped apart.

At the call with the appearance of the OS, which allows you to wake up the electricity, on the current keyboards, ring (if you want and not ob'yazkovo wake up) three so-called keys to sleep, which allow you to sleep, wake up and turn on / turn off the computer. Chi will need these keys, swear to you, but still stink, give respect to them. There are three options: the keys are folded in order from the scrolling keys at the bottom row, the keys are folded instructed from the scrolling keys at the top row, the sleep keys are folded over the Break group, when the Break group is moved down and swelled. The remaining version of the filthy team, if you have called for an attack on Insert (for example, Shift + Insert), then you can press PrintScreen into the buffer, and a picture of a megabyte by 3-4 or more will be loaded into the buffer (for example, Shift + Insert) I will allow the color palette), and then rub the front in place. Another way to expand is more “better” - when you press on the Insert key, you will actually press the button to release the live. Therefore, the first option, in my opinion, is the best.

For those who are victorious great and able to Russian language, it is important, as the Russian keyboard layout is vikonana and the Russian letters are applied in such a color. Cyrillic layout buvaє rosijska (Russian and russian typewritten) Typewritten layout, as if crying out from the name, repeating the keys of the other typewriter. Bula may be the standard before the advent of Windows, in which case a new layout appeared. The stench may be escaping, but in Russian small, but effective thoroughly, for example, the letter “e”, which may not be victorious, the bula was moved to a distant kut, and on the її place they placed a key with often victorious dot on the rose of the stench. top row and entered through the top register. , A foreign company provided us with a perfect layout.

The layout of the Cyrillic alphabet, obviously, to lay down only the driver's name (Windows after the installation, call May Russian, but you can also remember), and you can buy stickers, or just remember the roztashuvannya nevodpovidnyh inscriptions. Ale chi varto zim to take care of? Therefore, choose the keyboard from the Russian layout. Until the speech, іnshі at the same time і are not allowed out. The color of the applied Cyrillic alphabet may also have an important meaning. More beautifully, zvichayno, red, to that the red color is very memorable, but in principle the stars are on the right. Wanting to win, singsongly, all one varto slap the red color.

Microsoft has been working on a new type of keyboard, recognized for Windows 95. This keyboard has been named the Natural Keyboard. The literal translation has a natural keyboard, the literary one has an ergonomic one. Nadalі tsya name became nominal. Natural Keyboard can be opened to the sides of a vertical row of keys that lie up to the area of ​​the skin hand. Coristuvach relieves the tension of the trim of the hands in parallel one to one. The profile of the alphabetic part of the keyboard is a swollen arc. This allows for the need to trim the hands parallel to the table. Є support for the repair of hands. When I look at Natural Keyboard, it becomes clear that too many keyboards have simply subsided the conservative style of typewriters that they write. Natural Keyboard served as a model for succession. However, typists sometimes do not hesitate to call their keyboards ergonomic, even though they would like to look at the innovations of the original Microsoft keyboard. Maybe, there is only a small amount of such keyboards, like the stench is occupying. As you work richly with text and you are not limited by space, buy the most ergonomic keyboard. The next thing to note is that the stench is more expensive for the money.

Nadalі z'appeared the opening of the keyboard, which regulate the turn of the two halves. The skin is half of your own legs, so that you can regulate the frailty of other lines. The deyakı went farther away and saw the keyboard, which is formed from two halves. It might be better to do it manually, but you can’t put such a keyboard in a hacker style on your knee.

The palm rest, which appeared in MS Natural Keyboard, has been expanded to include more keyboards. Vaughn is recognized for the rearing of the hands, and not for their working position: it is necessary to follow the rules of the penzle of guilt and hanging over the keys. That's why it's called Palm Rest. However, why do you need to follow these rules, spiraling and with robotic wrists on the steel (I myself fall for such)? For the rest, the support will be quite easy, especially for different high keyboards. The stand also enhances the old look, especially if the vikonan is in a different color. Stands are built to be water-reinforced and lit. It was clear that the stand, that it is supported - a bigger solution, that allows you to safely switch to the keyboard without a stand. If the support is fixed, then it’s good, because it’s small, which allows a certain turn of the fastened lines, so that with a sickly keyboard for help, the support didn’t work on evil. Choose keyboards with backings that are waterproof. Respectfully, the hand rest is sold as an accessory, so keyboard owners without a stand can get it at any time.

Peripheral outbuildings. Peripheral extensions - extensions, structurally water-reinforced in the system block. Attachments that can control the power and work on the commands of the system unit. To serve for the sake of the tribute. You can bring printers, scanners, modems, external attachments to the peripherals, which you can remember.

Sobi vіdobrazhennya. Make sure you check the monitor before you. All information about the operation of the computer is displayed on the monitor. The monitor allows you to see what is being entered in the computer at once, by a kind of calculation process of occupied the computer.

Mother board. The motherboard is the main part of the system unit, to which all attachments to the system unit are connected. Through the motherboard, you can connect the system unit with each other, exchange information, and provide electricity. Shvidshe tires (channels zv'yazku pristroїv) mother's board, Tim shvidshe vіdbuvaєtsya splkuvannya pristroїv mizh itself, Tim shvidshe pratsyuє kom'yuter.

Hard disk. Hard Disk - serve for easy storage of information, for new development of programs necessary for a robotic computer (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and files of the mailbox (Shipping files, as well as mailbox client, video, music, pictures.).

Video cards. A video card is a board in the middle of the system unit, assigned for linking the system unit and the monitor, transmitting the image to the monitor and taking part of the calculation on itself for preparing the image for the monitor. Vіd vіdеоkarty to deposit the quality of the image. The video card can be loaded with RAM and its processor for image processing. The higher the frequency of the processor of the video card and the more memory of the video card, the more cool (less released) games you can play on your computer.

CD/DVD-ROM. CD / DVD-ROM - an attachment for reading / writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. Tsі pristroї vіdrіznyayutsya shvidkіstyu zchituvannya or recording іnformаtsії, as well as the possibility of reading / recording different wear. It’s important to learn about the sale at the same time, maybe we’ll be around the universal CD-ROMs. Modern CD-ROMs and other reading and recording both CDs and DVDs of different capacities.

Card Reader Card reader is an attachment for reading/writing information on a memory card. Card readers are concerned about the speed of reading/writing information. Card readers can be built into the system unit or are structurally independent, which are connected to the system unit via the USB port.

Computer ports Computer ports are sockets on the system unit, designated for connection of peripheral devices, manipulator devices and devices for display. We won't talk about the roses in the report, we'll just review them: USB, VGA, Live power socket, COM-port, Ethernet-port, Standard sound output socket, etc.

Postscript I want to take back your respect, so that progress does not stand on the spot and tsia statya old times. But the architecture of the personal computer will not change so soon. To this end, the whole text will be curtailed, as an introductory part, for the presentation of computers more report. Today, the world has new technologies for the production of old methods. Vcheni that іnzheneri are working on new vineyards. Ale "bicycle" has not yet been blamed.

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

Placed on http://www.allbest.ru/

Entry

For all the hours, people needed to rejoice. In the misty prehistoric past, the stench was puffed up on the fingers, or the bumps were on the brushes. Approximately close to 4000 years ago, at the dawn of human civilization, they were found to complete a collapsible numbering system that allowed the establishment of trade areas, the development of astronomical cycles, and other calculations. After a sprat of a thousand, the first manual counting tools appeared. And in our days, the most complicated calculations, like the impersonal other operations, would be used, not related to numbers, to rely on the help of the “electronic brain”, which is called a computer.

Fahіvtsі, maybe, do not forget to remember that the computer is not a brain (recognize, for the time being, - specify the deeds). It's just one more tool, one more attachment, inventions in order to make our work easier.

The development of outbuildings for the introduction and maintenance of data is a practical area that is closely tied to the calculation theory and technology. Historical roots are far better, lower computers, and smarter computer scientists have been engaged in development. Known by engineers and engineers, the effective implementation of two main power - how to enter data and instructions into the computer and how to extract the most detailed information in the most manual form - has been adopted by the created various hardware and software programs. Winemakers allowed to expand the scope of stosuvannya kom'yuterіv mayzhe inter cheloveka ї vyav - in the form of a detailed design of a piece brush to vikonnannya musical creations and management of "nekerovanim" letak.

1. Computer attachment

Rozіb'єmo parts of the computer on chotir main groups:

1. System block;

2. I will arrange peripherals.

3. Koshti manipulation;

4. Sobi vіdobrazhennya;

The system block, the main part of the computer, deducts the total number of processes. The system block can be folded and folded from various components. Qi components are looked at later.

Koshti manipulations: keyboard, mouse, game joystick. All those attachments for help, such as we "say" to the computer, how to work, how to run the number of processes at once.

Make sure you check the monitor before you. All information about the operation of the computer is displayed on the monitor. The monitor allows you to see what is being entered in the computer at once, by a kind of calculation process of occupied the computer.

Peripheral attachments - structurally water-based attachments to the system unit. Attachments that can control the power and work on the commands of the system unit. To serve for the sake of the tribute. You can bring printers, scanners, modems, external attachments to the peripherals, which you can remember.

Attachment to the system unit:

The motherboard is the main part of the system unit, to which all attachments to the system unit are connected. Through the motherboard, you can connect the system unit with each other, exchange information, and provide electricity. Shvidshe tires (channels linking outbuildings) of the mother's board;

The processor is the brain of the system unit, which performs logical operations. Vіd yogo svydkostі, frequencies are rich in why to lay the svidkodіya computer and yogo architecture.

Operative memory - memory for time saving of data from the computer, it is less likely to win if the computer is working. Vіd obyagu and the security of operational memory to deposit the code of the computer.

Hard Disk - serve for easy storage of information, for new development of programs necessary for a robotic computer (Windows, Office, Internet Explorer.) and files of the mailbox (Shipping files, as well as mailbox client, video, music, pictures.).

A video card is a board in the middle of the system unit, assigned for linking the system unit to that monitor, transferring the image to the monitor and taking part of the charge for preparing the image for the monitor. Vіd vіdеоkarty to deposit the quality of the image. The video card can be loaded with RAM and its processor for image processing. The higher the frequency of the processor of the video card and the more memory of the video card, the more cool (less released) games you can play on your computer.

The sound card is designed for the preparation of sound signals that are produced by the speakers. The sound card is sounded into the motherboard, but it is also structurally plugged in and connected through the bus.

Merezheva card - a board, an attachment, it is installed in the motherboard or it will be installed in it. Merezha card is used for connecting a computer with other computers through a local network or for connecting to the Internet.

CD/DVD-ROM - device for reading/writing CDs, CDs, DVDs. Tsі pristroї vіdrіznyayutsya shvidkіstyu zchituvannya or recording іnformаtsії, as well as the possibility of reading / recording different wear. It’s important to learn about the sale at the same time, maybe we’ll be around the universal CD-ROMs. Modern CD-ROMs and other reading and recording both CDs and DVDs of different capacities.

Drive - attachment, purpose for reading / writing information on a floppy disk. In modern computers, it is rarely installed. A card reader is installed in the disk drives of today's computers.

A card reader is an attachment for reading/writing information on a memory card. Card readers are concerned about the speed of reading/writing information. Card readers can be built into the system unit or are structurally independent, which are connected to the system unit via the USB port.

Ports of the computer - roses on the system block, assignments for connection of peripheral attachments, attachments of manipulators and attachments for displaying. We won't talk about the roses in the report, we'll just review them: USB, VGA, Live power socket, COM-port, Ethernet-port, Standard sound output socket, etc.

Living block - a block that lives in the middle of the computer. Blocks of life are getting stiffer. The tighter the living block, the more extensions you can connect to the middle of the system unit.

Coolers are fans designed for refrigerated cooling. The coolers are installed in the middle of the living block, on the processor, video card. An additional cooler can be installed on the system unit to cool the entire unit.

Radiators - metal plates, which are installed for the introduction of heat from the processors in the system unit. Sound the radiators and cool down with coolers, but let it go.

Basic PC peripherals:

A printer and a scanner can be connected to the main peripherals of the computer. Purpose printer for displaying information from a computer on paper. Printers can be divided into laser and inkjet printers.

Strumene printers work on paper for help, farby, how to take it from cartridges. Printers can be completed with a different number of cartridges, everything depends on the model. Strumene printers, as a rule, are colorful. Є inkjet printer, which can take photographs. Deyakі photoprinters can be connected to the camera / phone directly, bypassing the computer. Not a lot of stremenevy printers - dear friend, ink from a paper sings with water.

Laser printers come in color and black and white. Laser printers work with laser change. Laser promin is used on paper toner, which is used from a cartridge on paper. laser printers Ring, laser printers stand at the offices, because. to think high swidkіst druk and not expensive for sobіvartіstyu drukush. Like inkjet printers, laser printers can print cartridges. Qi cartridges are refilled with toner (powder).

Scanner- Attachment for scanning documents, photographs and navit photo-negatives. The widest type of scanners is flatbed. Different scanners can vary the speed of scanning. Also, scanners can be divided for extensions, like stinks are removed when scanning. Active scanners install special attachments for scanning negatives. The scanner sounds connected to the computer via the USB port.

Rich functional add-ons - printer/scanner/copier (copier) in one add-on. Take care of all your functions. The rice of such outbuildings is characteristic, the possibility of using them as a copier, bypassing a computer. Such combinations of attachments can be like a streamer, and a laser.

Sobe manipulation:

The keyboard is the mouse, the axis of the main functions of manipulation, computer control. Also, before making manipulations, you can use different joysticks, kerma with pedals, steering wheels, and ale stinks are mainly used for playing the game process. Here you can see that not all games that are released can correctly win, or you can win that other game manipulator.

P.S:

I want to vindicate your respect, so that progress does not stand on the ground, and tsya old age by the hour. But the architecture of the personal computer will not change so soon. To this end, the whole text will be curtailed, as an introductory part, for the presentation of computers more report.

Today, the world has new technologies for the production of old methods. Vcheni that іnzheneri are working on new vineyards. Ale "bicycle" has not yet been blamed.

Deyakі already zazjat opponents of the stone age to prophesy the swidka of the world of keyboards. The stench motivates us to replace the keyboard with the movement of the introduction. Obviously, it would be bad to say badly, ale є, first, different mov (do not denigrate, for example, Russian speak English), but, in a different way, not everyone can do without wiguks like “mmm…”, “uh…” , “tse… yak yogo there?…” ta in. All the same, I create problems in writing software, as it is possible to write in principle, but it is foldable, but that resource will be rich. At this stage, the development of personal computers to develop the most primitive system for recognizing movies, which would be sufficient to replace the keyboard, even capable of accessing system resources. It is unlikely that in the nearest future it will be in the "stone age" (otherwise, more precisely, we will see it), the keyboard will be generously occupied with the standard and, perhaps, the only way to introduce textual information. Before speech, but how, if the operating system is not yet occupied, go to the BIOS or install the system? Vbuduvaty podtrimku movy vnednya that in the BIOS? Well, earlier still oh yak far away.

Vykhodyachi z usky vyshchezazanogo, the choice of the keyboard all the same pridіlit deak respect. If you go to the store for a "non-revolutionary" outbuilding, pay respect to such factors:

ergonomics

Keyboard type

Ease of pressing keys

interface

Added capacity

Let's start in order. I didn’t put the ergonomics of the keyboard on the first place for nothing, because, in my opinion, it’s more important - if the keyboard is not handy, then it’s unlikely that the situation can be corrected by the Swiss processor and the video card is hard, and you can’t save more on the keyboard. Aja, it’s possible to type on it more than a dozen megabytes of text, but if you practiced a lot of text on a filthy keyboard, then it’s the fault of the nobility that the rest obscures the whole picture. And a lot of koristuvachiv, unfortunately, give them little respect and follow the principle “the cheaper, the better”. І more darma. If you want, from the other side, if you play in Unreal, then the number of keys is not particularly important, but press on good keys all the same, but it's not all the same time for Unreal to play! So don’t waste a little money on the dollar (I want, vtim, mayzhe not zustrich people who can “get” dollars) and buy a good keyboard.

Ergonomics

Under the ergonomics, you can understand all the power of the keyboard, as if you stand for clarity. We are negotiable only the most important of them.

Roztashuvannya klavіsh, as well as their form, rozmіri thinly. Keys that can change the shape and size of the world, splice: BackSpase, Enter, Shift.

There are two types of BackSpase keys: big chi small. More beautifully, zvichayno, great, it’s easier to drink in a new way, but at a price for the price, the keys are replaced with slashes down and, as a last resort, the small Enter key.

Yaka is so big. Ale rozmіrіv sіlkom їlkom vstachaє, to that, as me zdaєtsya, it's better, yakscho vrahuvat those, scho BackSpase becomes more. True, there are keyboards, some have large BackSpace, and Enter, and even short right Shift, which is even worse. As well as the Enter key is great, then there are also two possible options: for looking at the letter "L", turned to the next letter, and for looking at the letter "G". The remaining option is the most convenient, so that the onslaught will sound on the near part of the key, and with the G-configuration it is easy to pick up the other keys.

As it happened earlier, it’s possible to change Enter and Backspace the Shift (right) key. It's not very important, because Shift wins often, especially in combination with other keys, and it's not easy to do it. For example, to change the layout of the keyboard, it is easy to change the combination Cntrl + Shift, but if the Shift is small, it is not so handy. True, you can fight with Shift "ohm, but if you have a friend, you can fight with two hands.

Therefore, choose a keyboard with large Shift and BackSpace and small Enter. A bad alternative is the following key configuration: small BackSpace, large L-like Enter, and large Shift key. Ale is the first option, like on me, shorter.

The keyboards with the so-called Eraze-Eaze configuration are sharpened, if the divisions into two halves have been made. One of them (on your choice) activates the probe function, and the other one - the BackSpace keys. It’s churned up for the sake of clarity, but the vagueness of the windings is super-accurate to the basic rule of blind typing, it’s a good idea to try the onslaught of a free (and then be-yak) hand. So I’ll leave the letter of the word to enter with one hand, then the offensive probіl - іnsha. Luckily, with Eraze-Eaze you can not program the halves, leaving the Space function for both (tried). Deyakі models of keyboards can mother zbіlshenu Escape. Qiu singularity can be brought up to pluses, even if you spend it lightly. It's true, it's so easy to get around, because Escape is always ripped apart.

At the call with the appearance of the OS, which allows you to wake up the electricity, on the current keyboards, ring (if you want and not ob'yazkovo wake up) three so-called keys to sleep, which allow you to sleep, wake up and turn on / turn off the computer. Chi will need these keys, swear to you, but still stink, give respect to them. There are three options: the keys are folded in order from the scrolling keys at the bottom row, the keys are folded instructed from the scrolling keys at the top row, the sleep keys are folded over the Break group, when the Break group is moved down and swelled. The remaining version of the filthy team, if you have called for an attack on Insert (for example, Shift + Insert), then you can press PrintScreen into the buffer, and a picture of a megabyte by 3-4 or more will be loaded into the buffer (for example, Shift + Insert) I will allow the color palette), and then rub the front in place. Another way to expand is more “better” - when you press on the Insert key, you will actually press the button to release the live. Therefore, the first option, in my opinion, is the best.

For those who are victorious great and able to Russian language, it is important, as the Russian keyboard layout is vikonana and the Russian letters are applied in such a color. Cyrillic layout buvaє rosijska (Russian and russian typewritten) Typewritten layout, as if crying out from the name, repeating the keys of the other typewriter. Bula may be the standard before the advent of Windows, in which case a new layout appeared. The stench may be escaping, but in Russian small, but effective thoroughly, for example, the letter “e”, which may not be victorious, the bula was moved to a distant kut, and on the її place they placed a key with often victorious dot on the rose of the stench. top row and entered through the top register. , A foreign company provided us with a perfect layout.

The layout of the Cyrillic alphabet, obviously, to lay down only the driver's name (Windows after the installation, call May Russian, but you can also remember), and you can buy stickers, or just remember the roztashuvannya nevodpovidnyh inscriptions. Ale chi varto zim to take care of? Therefore, choose the keyboard from the Russian layout. Until the speech, іnshі at the same time і are not allowed out. The color of the applied Cyrillic alphabet may also have an important meaning. More beautifully, zvichayno, red, to that the red color is very memorable, but in principle the stars are on the right. Wanting to win, singsongly, all one varto slap the red color.

Microsoft has been working on a new type of keyboard, recognized for Windows 95. This keyboard has been named the Natural Keyboard. The literal translation has a natural keyboard, the literary one has an ergonomic one. Nadalі tsya name became nominal. Natural Keyboard can be opened to the sides of a vertical row of keys that lie up to the area of ​​the skin hand. Coristuvach relieves the tension of the trim of the hands in parallel one to one. The profile of the alphabetic part of the keyboard is a swollen arc. This allows for the need to trim the hands parallel to the table. Є support for the repair of hands. When I look at Natural Keyboard, it becomes clear that too many keyboards have simply subsided the conservative style of typewriters that they write. Natural Keyboard served as a model for succession. However, typists sometimes do not hesitate to call their keyboards ergonomic, even though they would like to look at the innovations of the original Microsoft keyboard. Maybe, there is only a small amount of such keyboards, like the stench is occupying. As you work richly with text and you are not limited by space, buy the most ergonomic keyboard. The next thing to note is that the stench is more expensive for the money.

Nadalі z'appeared the opening of the keyboard, which regulate the turn of the two halves. The skin is half of your own legs, so that you can regulate the frailty of other lines. The deyakı went farther away and saw the keyboard, which is formed from two halves. It might be better to do it manually, but you can’t put such a keyboard in a hacker style on your knee.

The palm rest, which appeared in MS Natural Keyboard, has been expanded to include more keyboards. Vaughn is recognized for the rearing of the hands, and not for their working position: it is necessary to follow the rules of the penzle of guilt and hanging over the keys. That's why it's called Palm Rest. However, why do you need to follow these rules, spiraling and with robotic wrists on the steel (I myself fall for such)? For the rest, the support will be quite easy, especially for different high keyboards. The stand also enhances the old look, especially if the vikonan is in a different color. Stands are built to be water-reinforced and lit. It was clear that the stand, that it is supported - a bigger solution, that allows you to safely switch to the keyboard without a stand. If the support is fixed, then it’s good, because it’s small, which allows a certain turn of the fastened lines, so that with a sickly keyboard for help, the support didn’t work on evil. Choose keyboards with backings that are waterproof. Respectfully, the hand rest is sold as an accessory, so keyboard owners without a stand can get it at any time.

2. Keyboard type

membranes

Nap_vmekhanіchni

Mechanical

The name of the membrane keyboards is similar to the fact that when pressing the keys, two membranes are locked. Turning the button is made with a gum dome (with a shaft in the center). The membranes sound like discs on a plastic swimmer, vikonan in a different way. For the bottom of the membranes, serve as an intermediate liner with openings. That is why in the speeches they often write "plіvka" or "plіvkova klavіatura". Since the membranes are located on the inner sides of the slabs, the construction is well protected, for example, like a poured caviar. In the larger protection implementations, everything looks like a single gum kilimok with domes that protrude, ruffled under the keys. To the pluses of such keyboards, you can see low noise, ease of pressing keys, protection from other objects and roads, low price. The only shortfall is the lesser durability among other types.

Napіvmekhanіchnykh keyboards have more durable (up to 50-100 million pressure) and metal contacts, which are not wiped, in expensive models the stench can be gilded. Everything is placed on a different payment. The key is rotated by a gum dome. In a different way, the mechanical keyboards are similar to membrane ones. The axis only cost the stench more expensively.

In mechanical keyboards, the button is turned by a spring. The disadvantages of such a mechanism are related to the airtightness and road safety. For example, purification from spilled kawi took about an hour. Well, the truth is, these models are outrageously, ale stink more expensive. A plus is durability and suppleness, especially if the contacts are gilded, as well as the strength of the vtomi (so it’s practical not to fall on the pressure on the pressure, which cannot be said about the mechanical and mechanical keyboards).

In my opinion, mechanical keyboards can have more shortcomings, lower gains. In the first place, the stench is weakly protected, in a different way, it makes louder noise, lower membranes, that one is richer and more expensive. Therefore, choose between the membranes and the mechanical ones as soon as possible. To the point, the number of keyboards for bagatma parameters are identical, to that the choice here is most often determined by the price. But the truth is, napіvmekhanіchnі dovgovіchnіshi, аlе аlе аlе expensive membrane саn you сає tає tає tаіnki (here close 20-30 mln. rush for good models), sho if it breaks, then all other components of the computer will already be on the call.

The keyboards can be used without clicking or without. In the literal translation, click (click) - clatter. It is realized by a thin arcuate plate under the key, as if bending like a riven. The click allows you to accurately guess that the key is pressed and do not skip letters when typing. Click like a rich coristuvacha, but better yet, buy a keyboard that works really well, and don’t enrage your robot and other people with all sorts of clapping. Sound the click on the mechanical keyboards (the oscillators change little of their variability), and also on the keyboards of other types.

There is one more type of keyboards – touch keyboards. The principle of її dії foundations on the basis of different potentials, which is added to one element. The number of these elements corresponds to the number of keys. Like sensitive elements, there are stream-conducting contacts, which look like two plates separated by a small gap. At the moment of finger sticking of the contact maidanchiks, the statistical potential is supported by a similar circuit, at the output, a signal is formed that is similar to the signal of the sound keyboard. The touch keyboards are unique, because there are no mechanical elements in them, but for the little stink of the stench it is worth remembering, lower sounds. The oscalls of the electronics are covered with a ball of polymer slick (symbols are also applied on it), the touch keyboard is more or less protected from outside splashes. True, as wide-width, similar outbuildings were not taken away from the connection with the unhandedness of the whiskey and the road, so you can only get it on the great industrial enterprises at the virobnicheskie shops, that is rare.

Ease of pressing keys

In my opinion, which is easier, which is better. Easy onslaught allows, with less effort, to make a move and not to miss letters. When buying, press the keys, match with other keyboards. Remember that you can, if you happen to push on the button, do it a lot, then why not make your life easier?

3. interface

Uses three interfaces: AT, PS/2 and USB-interface. AT already installed and bought the keyboard with such a socket varto, as if the motherboard is covered for the connection of such a keyboard.

Well, if you have an ATX motherboard, there may be another rose for the keyboard, PS / 2 titles. Therefore, choose a keyboard with a PS / 2 socket on the end of the cable.

In the rest of the hour, attachments for USB tires, including keyboards, became popular. The cream of the possibility of a hot connection / inclusion of the stench does not allow for obvious advantages, but it costs more dearly. Ale, even if it's pennies, then a shorter keyboard with a USB interface, a lower one with a PS / 2 (would like to see that such a keyboard is a modern one). Speaking of which, prices on USB keyboards are steadily dropping and, perhaps, will soon be on par with great keyboards, and that's one more plus. However, until it drops enough, it is unlikely that USB will be objectively good.

If you are neophyte (so you love everything new) and put your mind on the mediocrity of USB, then you need to choose whether you want to convert the keyboard to a USB hub or not. On the right, the USB keyboard can have a few USB ports (1, 2, 4) for connecting other peripheral devices in a lanso. In my opinion, typing the keyboard like a hub is not handy, to the one that the keyboard sometimes has to crash, and then all the cables pull after it, which is not handy.

Nareshti, the keyboards are without wires and wired. The keyless keyboards are folded with the help of the keyboard and priymach, which is based on the high-frequency radio waves. It’s also transmitting that the vicorist is infrachervone viprominyuvannya, but the stench didn’t gain a great expansion through those that direct contact of the annexes is needed for the functioning of the annex, and the greater expansion of the radio keyboard. If you like to play in Unreal, or you can type, lounging at the armchair and putting your feet on the table, then the arrowless keyboards will give you such a possibility. In other cases, the main points are reversed, and the axis is not very obvious - it is necessary to change the batteries, do not obstruct the transmission with objects, through which the radios and the like penetrate badly. Until then, such keyboards cost more expensively for the sounds. And if you just can't get the cable to fit, you can get more keyboard support for help.

Added capacity

Prior to the advent of Windows, our keyboards were limited to 101 keys. Then three more keys were added: two keys to the shortcut of the Start menu and one key to the shortcut of the context menu. It is unlikely that their presence is possible as an additional ability, shards of stench have become standard. But at the same time on the keyboards you can use a lot of other additional keys and buttons.

Internet buttons. Burkhlivy development of the Internet, causing the appearance of pop-up buttons. Call the stench to use the following functions: connect to the Internet, access the job site, and exchange the mail. The number of such buttons is different: from zero to two tens. Buttons ring out at the top, above the function keys. As you often surf the Internet, one-click buttons can save you an hour.

multimedia buttons. Multimedia here means everything. These buttons allow you to play with multimedia programs, including: increase or decrease the volume, mute the sound, go to the next / forward track, start engraving, increase the pause, end the engraving, hang the disc. Some of these buttons are smaller and have fewer functions, while the buttons are programmed for current functions. As you often use multimedia players, you can set your choice on the keyboard with multimedia buttons. Respectfully, the multimedia buttons have changed the interpretation of the multimedia keyboard: previously, the combine was called that because of the built-in speaker and the volume control (such and at the same time). Irrespective of those who hypothetically can think of keyboards with okremi groups of buttons, it is practical to release keyboards or only with keys for sleep or for us at once. At times, the keyboard is all the same called multimedia, also multimedia means the presence of all keys.

Sound additional buttons are implemented physically, which will increase the price of the keyboard. But it is also an original solution, if only one button is entered - the MF (Multimedia Function) jumper, so as to translate multimedia 12 function keys. Such keyboards, for example, at the BTC company. Genius has a button called EasyKey, but the sensation is the same. Deakoy neruchnistyu є nebhіdnіst peremikatisya. Another simple way to add programming keys is to play in the added one key, as if playing chords with the essentials. The butt is the Fn key, which is on other keyboards. The chant for chords is Fn+functional.

There are more keyboards with different add-ons for introduction. For example, a keyboard with a sensory indicator is shown on this little one. I am especially unaware of the recognition of such outbuildings - it is too expensive to cover the stench, but they cannot replace any sensory panels there. Try playing in Unreal with the help of such a Touch Pad! It’s unlikely that you have a video, that one for office zastosuvan, Touch Pad, maybe not the best solution. bar code (trade code, which is often used on packages), the stench is displayed for RS, which is used as a commercial device. in the middle of which there are 6 floating points, covered with a gumi ball.

Some models of keyboards for changing the layout can be used as a compact digital block, if the keys of the remembrance are not duplicated, and the block of keys of the Break group is changed to the beast. Others may be the mother of the digital block. In some cases (like nothing else) it is possible to connect to the keyboard of the additional block with numeric keys.

In other types, the dimensions change for the size of the change between the keys and / or the speed of the outer edge. Another way is not shkidlivy, but the first one can’t get in, because with a change in the number of keys between the keys, it’s possible to start typing with a friend. It’s even hotter, if the buttons can also change the volume.

Well, nasamkіnets all sorts of rubbish, but yakі tezh even more important. In the first place, the method of drawing on the keys is a little one. Good keyboards make little ones, wink for the help of a laser, on cheap wines of farboy applications. Friend, zvichano, gershe, wanting farba tezh stays for a long time.

Give respect to the presence of zachipok on the keys "F" and "J" and on the key "5" of the digital block. If few people want to be greedy with them, but if the devil is not hot, maybe if you learn how to make a fool of yourself. Until then, the dark voices will sometimes help you to look up (if the screen is black, it’s bright to turn on the molts, and you need to enter a password that is captivating). Also, prostegte, schob on the keyboard bouli step out.

One s vymog on the periphery є їхнє low vpromіnyuvannya. In other words, what is more important (more precisely, it is less important, but the radio-active keyboard itself cannot control visible damage to health), the radio receiver does not tremble and ship near the periphery. Guilty but compliance with the American FCC standard (part 15, subpart B, class B), which appears in the documentation, and also applied to the back of the keyboard. On this parameter, you can not use your respect, but the shards, if any, are a bigger-less man, the virobnik prepares only such keyboards. For lovers of trimming the keyboard on the knees, we can recommend models with a metal bottom.

The service keys can either be turned into a darker color, or they may not look like alphabetic ones. Vibir is only distinguished by your relish - here it’s a smut, it’s fitting.

Give respect to the visible yak_st viroba. As if with the first dot, or with the other slick infusion, the plastic begins to creak, as the scuffs are visible on the ridges, as the writing is obviously indistinct, then it is unlikely that such an attachment is a variant of respect. Even better, as the seller guarantees his goods. Ring out this term no more than fate, ring out the scarlet - just as the keyboard correctly proprated one river, then, more for everything, it’s more common for a long time, so, obviously, don’t blame it on the flowers and don’t bathe in the lavish bath. If you spilled on the keyboard, for example, kava, and it stopped working, then you can try to beat the board and wash it under a strong jet of water (of course, you need to dry the board before putting it back). Imovirnist, scho keyboard earn here 50%.

Instructed by the keyboard, Misha is also the most important addition to the introduction. Vlasne, such are the keys, on niy roztashovani. For help, you cannot enter textual information (so do not take other software-emulators of keyboards), but the headline is the same.

The principle of moving mice is even simpler: two sensors move the mouse horizontally and vertically, and based on the data, the driver of the mouse forms a cursor on the screen.

Use three types of mice. Tse:

Mechanical, in which the main element is sensors, which are used to check the bags. Mechanical sensors, called mice. After all, the movement of the mouse does not move so smoothly, that longevity is also small. To that, the oskіlki їkієє їkh zalivaє bazhati kraschogo, and komіvartіst not nagagato lower for optomechanіchі mice, practically all virobniks pinned their release.

Optomechanical. Analogous to mechanical ones, but the bags are guided by optical sensors. Such mice are overpowered, universal (they can work on a flat surface, cheaply, they have become too wide, and the stench itself will sound vicorous.

Optical. The optical mouse sends a light to the obscurity of the surface, and after the fermentation, the light goes back to the mouse and there it is analyzed by electronics, like in the fallow in the characteristics of the captured signal and see two straight lines of the bear’s hand, running either on the ridges of the fall, or on the other hand. The achievement of such a mouse is even higher than the arrogance, the reliability and the smoothness of the movement. The minus is that the price of such a bear is equally high, as well as those that need to be pressed all the time to the kilimk (otherwise the surface), otherwise the cursor collapses there, where you are tempted.

It needs to be said that earlier optical mice were beaten only with a special kilimk from the mark on the new one, which sounded at once from the mouse itself. Now progress has been made in my gallery, having allowed the creation of optical bears, which can be practiced practically on any surface. Here, the optical sensor is a kind of video camera, and when the mouse is awakened, the processor is working to capture the song at the same frame rate, analyzing the results, and directly indicating the mouse’s speed. The lack of technology means that if the processor does not have the necessary code, then when the manipulator moves too fast, the cursor starts to behave in an inconsistent order. However, for good (and so expensive) bears from cym, sound everything. It is possible to note that the optical target does not work on translucent and diffracting surfaces, for example, on the shield or the surface of a CD.

Another important characteristic of the mouse is the way to connect to the PC, so that the interface. Previously, the COM-interface was mainly used, now the standard is PS / 2. There are no special differences between them, but you can’t do anything to the PS / 2 port, nothing else, except for the mouse, the mouse with a 6-pin round PS / 2 socket. It is only necessary to indicate that in old computers there is no such rose, and here there is one - a mouse for a COM port with a 25- (more) or 9-pin socket on a short cable.

Also USB mice are covered by the USB bus. The stench is better for others, because, in a better way, you can take care of more calls in one hour (about the end), and, in a different way, you can turn them on with a working computer, which is especially important for portable PCs. True, the bears for the COM port can also be attached for a hot connection, but if you want to use PS / 2, you can, or you don’t need it for silent mirkuvan, so it’s so easy to burn the port. Until then, USB-mishі suchasnіshi. The axis is only a price rozcharovuє ... Until it falls to the level of mice "not USB", then, in my opinion, it will not be possible to say unequivocally that the mice for USB are richer. And if you have an antique computer, then there is only one choice - COM.

Now I told you about the warnings. Razdіlna zdatnіst misha vіmіryuєtsya in dpi and shows, skіlki vіdlіkіv (impulses, on how it is broken it is passed in_dstan) to kill the mouse with the passage of one inch. Obviously, the larger, the shorter, the larger scales allow the cursor to be more accurately positioned, and the cursor becomes more smooth. It is normal for the size of the mouse to become 200-900 dpi. With this accuracy, of course, lie in the rozdіlnoї zdatnosti screen of the monitor and the shape of the swidkostі ruhu. Before the speech, the increase in speed by way of setting the additional options in the control panel did not show the increase in dpi, as it matters, the driver simply sets more screen pixels to one view. When working in low resolutions, it’s not so easy, but with high resolutions, the cursor starts to collapse with commemorative haircuts, which are already fighting, especially when working with smaller objects, so either buy a good mouse, or put a low division of the building, or change the shift .

Optical targets can be set to 1000 dpi and more, so with different settings the cursor can be positioned exactly at high resolutions of the screen and the maximum speed of its movement. So, even if it’s pennies, choose optical mice, because the stench can cause the most of the average mice. Unfortunately, the dpi parameter is a little descriptive, but yoga, as a rule, can be determined by the price - why won’t it be more like a misha yakіsnіsha (more precisely, on the spot: what a misha yakіsnіsha, tim is more її price).

Insha river, skilki in the form of a mouse can be done in a second. It’s not possible to lie down already in the mouse, like in the interface. For mice with COM and PS / 2 interfaces, the number is more than 40, and for USB it is more than 100. This parameter indicates, how smoothly the indicator of the mouse can collapse with її shifts (the most shifts of the mouse itself). With full displacements, this parameter does not have a special value, since it is 40 per second as a whole, but when it is, let’s say, in Unreal Tournament, it’s even more true. Let's say you play in a separate building 1024x768. Here it’s up to you to come up behind you and insert a rocket at the place. If you lost your life, then no more than in one second you need to turn around 360 degrees and give a blow to the front, otherwise you won’t kill him. It doesn't matter if the mouse connected to the PS/2 port will collapse the screen in “portions” of at least 25 pixels. And if you aim at 25 pixels, then you will have a miss. Well, it’s true, use utilities that can smash a mouse (it sounds funny: smash a mouse) and increase the number of responses per second from 40, let’s say, up to 60. With a good effect, it’s not easier to win a USB-mish, how about it?

Previously, there was a Bus Mouse name that beat the system bus. The stinks were sold at once with their expansion cards and small special roses. At the same time, such a decision has become old and we will not report to it on the new one. Let's just say that old laptops can be damaged by Bus Mouse.

If tailed animals do not suit you, then bears will be born without tails. Like keyboards, stinks can vicorist either infrachervone or radio industry. Stay, obviously, more beautifully, to that which can be practiced for the availability of a direct line of sight with a catch. Just don't forget to change batteries. It seems, to the point, that such a mouse does not work like a battery, so the battery gives 1.2 V instead of 1.5. I don't know, I didn't check it myself.

A standard mouse has three buttons. The double buttons are even wider, so the third button is practically not victorious. Ale, more bears can be different, and no more additions. Most of all, it’s a lot, which allows you to scroll instead of the window. Zvichayno, tse zruchnіshe, lower ticks with a vkazіvnik along the line and pull її down. Therefore, choose mice with a ring. It can be ripped either on the side, or in the middle - for a skin-friendly setting. More mice can have additional buttons (type 1 to 40), which can be assigned to different functions. If you don’t respect them, then, I’m guessing, you won’t need the stench, but only to get it.

Another cіkavim raznovidom bears є її vidozmina at the look of the phone. The telephone there is a special one, it is connected to a special telephone socket. So that two darts did not come out of the mouse, they sounded together into one, but went to the telephone cable and the cable of the mouse was bubbling into a small small block, to which everything is connected. You can speak for the help of a loud call, without being distracted by the main occupation, for which the "michetelefon" may have a speaker and a microphone. Such an original solution is a great alternative to both the great and miniature phone, which, for example, hangs on the monitor. Since there is nothing foldable and expensive in these outbuildings, then you can make stinks at a very affordable price (approximately, a stiletto, a small phone with the same functions and a similar mouse), so the bears can be even more brown for those coristuvachiv, like they love to talk on the phone while being excited view the screen.

A small variety of mouse-like manipulators is a trackball (Trackball), which in essence is the bear itself, only turned upside down. The transfer of the cursor is done with the hand of a bag (more precisely, a bag, so that it is bigger, lower at the mouse). I especially think about the summability of such an attachment (maybe it’s the one that I just didn’t respect it at all), but wine is a good alternative for quiet coristuvachi, whose style of forcing those cups with those other accessories. If you are such a koristuvach, then savage respect, so that the corps will be made massive and not shoveled on the table, but a great sack. Please note that the trackball is especially handy when working with graphics programs, as it allows more precise positioning of the cursor. Maybe it’s something wonderful, but the trackball can also be dartless.

Choose the bears of the great rose. It’s even unacceptable, if it’s constantly waving from the hands. Good, if it’s not over there, then it’s easier for her to accept the ruin. That one vzagalі in the mouse, everything can be good, to that which is not handy, but the filthy worker Misha is already obscured by all those who didn’t work for you. Kilimok tezh may be great and handy. Not long ago, kilimki appeared with a gel cushion for the wrist, but, like on me, the bunny only conquers the nervousness. Before the speech, especially if the misha is optical, the kilimka’s replacement is better to win the arch paper - we’ll make it better, we’ll add the rubbish, fat and pet (it’s really important if you play in Unreal) wine is not bad. And if you get lost, it's easy and not bad to replace it with a new one.

CRT monitors (Cathode Ray Tube) are the widest type. As you can see from the name, all such monitors are based on a cathode-promenade tube, or, as it seems in the literature, an electron-promenade tube (ELT). The technology, which is victorious in this type of monitors, was created richly fatefully, and on the other hand, it was created as a special tool for vimiryuvannya zmіnnogo strum, simply kazhuchi, for an oscilloscope. The development of this technology has led to the latest before the creation of monitors.

The CRT monitor can hold the tube in the middle of a vacuum. From the front side, the inner part of the tube fold is covered with a luminophore (luminofor). As a luminophore for color CLTs, it is possible to finish folding warehouses on the basis of rare earth metals - іtryu, erbіyu, etc. Luminophore is a cere- mony, which makes it bright under the hour of bombardment with charged particles, in this case with electrons. Respectfully, that some luminophore is called phosphorus, but it is not correct, because the phosphor, which wins in CRT coverage, does not have anything to do with phosphorus. In addition, phosphorus glows as a result of interaction with sour weather when oxidized to P2O5 for a few hours. To create an image in a CRT-monitor, an electronic harmonic is vibrated, as if impromptu the flow of an electronic crystal on the inner surface of the glass screen, as if it was covered with different-colored phosphor dots. The flow of electrons on the path to the frontal part of the tube will pass through the intensity modulator and the fast system, which is based on the principle of potential difference. As a result, electrons accumulate great energy, part of which is stained on the light of the phosphor. Electrons are spent on a phosphor ball, after which the energy of electrons is transformed into light, then. The flow of electrons hums the points of the phosphor to glow. The color dots of the phosphor that glow, shape the image, as you see on your monitor. As a rule, a color CRT-monitor has three electronic harmonics (the skin glows with its own luminophore, which can shine with one color - black green or blue, which EPT-based monitors are often called RGB (Red, Green, Blue), but not even more correctly, the RGB-principle will be victorious on other monitors, and on the outbuildings, as they can reach the monitors even farther away). One harmata zastosovuetsya in monochrome monitors, yakі at the same time practically do not viroblyayutsya that few people tsіkavі.

To understand, like working an electron-promenev tube, it would be wrong to guess physics. As already mentioned, the basis of її is formed by three electronic harmonics, like letting out electronics. For the help of the Coulomb forces, the electrons are breathed in and in this way, all the beams of the necessary are created directly. A special system is involved in the maintenance of electronics, which is performed. When the skin of three beams gets on your luminophore, the light of the skin from them comes out. From these three colors, as you can see, it is possible theoretically to take any color vision by changing the strum of the skin from three electronic exchanges, which are used on the triad of points. Theoretically, it would be easy to create such an overall system, even though in practice good kinescopes can create such a large number of colors that it is unlikely that the “average statistical” human eye can distinguish them. Since the beam is one and thin, then to create a new frame, you need to move the beam across the screen. Moreover, it is necessary to work hard, because the phosphor dots do not shine for long, and before the stink fades, it is necessary to activate them again. Svіy hіd promіn starts from the upper left kuta and step by step sygaє lower right.

Schob EPT showed those that are necessary, and not those that I want, the necessary electronics are needed, as it indicates the quality of the monitor. Before speech, the very difference is like keruyucha elektronika, which are created by different vibrators, є one of the criteria, which determine the difference between monitors with the same electronic-promenu tube. It was understood that the electronic promise, for example, for red phosphor elements, is not guilty of adding green or blue color to the phosphor. In order to achieve such a vision, a special mask is created, the structure of which is to lie in the type of kinescopes in different types, wanting, singly, a wider type of kinescope (as well as its versatility, image quality and other parameters) to lie in the type of mask. EPT can also be divided into two classes - with delta-like scaling of electronic harmonics and with planar scaling of electronic harmonics. These tubes can have different masks, about which it will be told further. In case of tubes with planar expansion of electronic harmonics, they are also called kinescopes with self-aligned changes, since having injected the Earth’s magnetic field into three planar expansions, it is practically the same, and when changing the position of the tube, it is not necessary to carry out additional adjustments to the Earth’s field.

Shadow mask – the most wide-ranging type of masks for CRT monitors. The shadow mask is folded from a metal mesh in front of the glass part of the tube with a phosphor ball. As a rule, most of the current shade masks are made from invar (invar, an alloy of zinc and nickel). Open in the metal space as an aim (even though it is not known exact), and it will be safe for those who use the electronic industry only to use the necessary luminous elements, or less in the singing areas. The shade mask creates gates with uniform round openings, so you can easily pass through the electronic change. The name “thinova” is not rightly correct, for those who look farther away the masks will also be shaded, but according to tradition, it is customary to call the mask at the sight of the grate from round openings the shade one. Since it’s cheap to make a shadow mask and give a bad quality image, then kinescope is the most popular with it. The shadow mask is installed on most monitors Hitachi, Panasonic, Samsung, Daewoo, LG, Nokia, Viewsonic and others.

Shchіlinna mask (slot mask) - tse technology, which is widely used by NEC under the name of CromaClear. In this way, the luminophore elements are shaded at the vertical elliptical centers, and the mask is broken from the vertical lines. In fact, the vertical smugs are divided into elliptical centers, like a group of three luminous elements in three main colors. The minimum gap between two centers is called slot pitch. The value of the middle may be different horizontally and vertically. The smaller the value of the slot pitch, the more natural, the greater the clarity of the image on the monitor. The width of the mask is reversed, around NEC monitors (de middle elliptical), in Panasonic monitors with a PureFlat tube (previously called PanaFlat). Before speech, the first monitor from a flat tube was Panasonic itself from a PanaFlat tube. LG in their monitors has a vicor flat tube Flatron with a size of 0.24 mm (similar to Trinitron, which you can read about below, this technology is not available). Respectfully, the flat tubes Infinite Flat Tube (DynaFlat series) like Samsung do not have a thin mask, but a strong shade. Tubes with a slit mask, as a rule, are absolutely flat and give a clearer image, lower kinescope with a shadow mask.

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Powering the computer in pictures. Computer mіtsno vіyshov up to our pootu. Somewhere more than a TV set, but a computer - it is obov'yazkovo to stand in a prominent place. And there is nothing marvelous about it, even if you can watch a movie on a computer, listen to good music, and earn serious money.

Indeed, people create such masterpieces on their computers that they simply gasp for breath. Who sells their robots through the Internet, who creates websites and plug-ins before them, who mounts videos, slide shows, presentations, etc.

For photographers, it is time for the “gold of the century”. Well, if you know how to create a course on any topic (even if EVERYTHING is joking on the Internet), then sell your knowledge for good money not in a warehouse of special difficulties. Obviously, not everyone can make money with such a rank, but if you want to buy a computer, learn some course in Photoshop, slide shows, create a website, and your future, and the future of your children are safe.

And if you know well on cars, plumbing, gardening, choosing furniture with your own hands, then share your knowledge with people, as if you want to learn about it. And for whom you need to create your own video course or write an e-book. And if you have your own website, then your ability and chances of earning will increase hundreds of times. In short, I gave you straight away to use a computer, I would like it to be 30%, but I gave it all to lie down according to your imagination and industriousness.

But in any case, for the beginning, you need to master a computer, so that you don’t be afraid of yoga, but have fun with it, and for the sake of friendship, take the maximum mischief for yourself and your loved ones.

What is a computer made up of

For good reason, mentally, the entire computer can be divided into several main groups.

• System block;
• Take care of the information;
• Sobi manipulation;
• Peripheral outbuildings.

System block , tse naigolnіshe at the computer. Yogo can be matched with a tulub that head. Do you reveal such a monster, with cool whiskers? All calculations and processing of information are taken into the processor itself. Tse is not a simple attachment. Why wines are added up, we can look better.

Take care of the information tse, obviously, monitor. If it’s possible we don’t need wine, but for the time being we haven’t learned to take information only for additional signals. On my own monitor, I’ve bachimoly processed the information by the processor, I’ve understood the language for us, and on my own in pictures, numbers, and letters.

Sobi manipulation (Do not confuse with the help of mass information). Before them one can see the keyboard, mouse, game joystick, kermo too. For the help of tsikh koshtiv mi, we give the command to the computer, and make sure to manipulate the translation of these commands into a machine mov, as I understand the computer. So, the computer can make its language, as only a programmer can understand.

Peripheral outbuildings - Tse attachments that can manage well, but also work on the commands of the system unit. Before such extensions, one can have such a possession, like a modem and other external storage facilities. The computer can do without them, but for us, such an attachment will make life easier.

Powering the system unit:

• Motherboard - The largest and most important board in the middle of the system unit. Itself up to it are connected to the grid of computer outbuildings, as if they won’t provide electricity, and exchange information with them. Attachments, which are located in the processor block, are connected to the mother's payment for additional special roses. Qi rozn_mannya are called tires. Check the speed of the tires

• - The brain of the computer. The same wine vikonu uє logical operations. Vіd yogo svydkostі that frequency lie svydkodіya computer'yutera.

• serve for timchasovogo zberіgannya danikh. All data will be stored in the computer until it is cleared. As soon as the computer vimics or re-vandages, the memory is cleared. Vіd obyagu that svidkodії operative ї memory to deposit the svidkodіya computer.

• (otherwise, how is Yogo called - Winchester)- serve to collect information. In order for you to be able to save on your new data (folders and files), the hard disk must be formatted on a new operating system (Windows, Linux, etc.). Once the operating system is installed, you can install other additional programs, such as Office, browsers (programs for working on the Internet), Photoshop and others.

• – a fee assigned for the processing of video signals that are transmitted to the monitor. Without qієї pay, we can't see anything on the screen. A modern video card can have its own microprocessor and its own operational memory. The greater the memory, the greater the frequency of the work of the microprocessor of the video card, the shorter the image and the faster the change of the picture. It is especially important for cool games. The video card is already built into the motherboard or I will charge the motherboard.

• Sound card – circuit board for processing sound signals. A lot of current computers are already built into the motherboard.

• Merezhevo map vikoristovuєtsya to connect the computer to the local network. At the same time, it’s already a lot of someone creating a local network in themselves, so that all members of this family could work out of foreign documents and go to the Internet, independently one kind of one. The Merezhna map can also be budged.

• , serve for reading and recording CDs.

• cardreader– attachment for reading and recording information on all memory cards (telephone, camera, video camera, etc.). Card readers are also concerned about their read/write characteristics. The stench is buoyed into the system unit or called (they are connected via the USB port).

• serve for supplying and distributing electrical energy for all motherboards and connecting to it outbuildings.

The axis of such components is the basis of our love computer. Vychayte yogo and vikoristovyte at your goals to the fullest.