View signals: analog, digital, discrete. Type of signals. Call between signals of different types

Distinguish between several signals s(t): uninterrupted uninterrupted hour, uninterrupted discrete hour, discrete uninterrupted hour і discrete discrete hour .

Uninterrupted signals of an uninterrupted hour are called short-term uninterrupted (analog) signals. The stench can change in quite a few moments, taking on an uninterrupted multiplier of possible values ​​(Fig. 1.3). Before such signals, a sinusoid is visible to all.

Rice. 1.3 Continuous signal

Rice. 1.4 Uninterrupted discrete hour signal

Uninterrupted signals of a discrete hour can gain more significant values, or change less at the same time, ahead of setting (discrete) moments (Fig. 1.4).

Discrete signals of an uninterrupted hour are disturbed by the fact that they can change at certain moments, and their values ​​​​swell beyond the permissible (discrete) value (Fig. 1.5).

Discrete signals of a discrete hour (short discrete) (Fig. 1.6) at a daytime time and hour can increase beyond the permitted (daytime) values.

Signals formed at the output of a discrete refresh signal, as a rule, are discrete for the information parameter, so they are described by the function of a discrete hour and the end of the immutable possible values. In transmission technology, such signals are called digital data signals (DSD). The data signal parameter, which changes the change in the alert, is called informational. On fig. 1.7 shows the DDC, which is represented by the parameter of a certain amplitude, and the impersonal possible value of the representing parameter is equal to two. parametriv is called an element of the DAC.

The value that represents the parameter to the signal is called the significant position. The moment when the significant position of the signal is changed is called significant (SM).

Rice. 1.5 Discrete signal without interruption

Rice. 1.6 Discrete signal

Rice. 1.7 Digital data signal

An hour interval between two important significant moments of the signal is called significant (ЗІ)

The minimum interval for the hour, which is equal to the significant interval for the hour of the signal, is called single (intervals a-b, b-c and others in Fig. 1-7). The element of the signal, which can be trivial, which is equal to a single hour interval, is called single (e e)

The term “single element” is one of the main ones in the technology of data transmission. Telegraphy Yomu uses the term "elementary parcel"

Distinguish between isochronous and anisochronous data signals For an isochronous signal, whether a significant interval is an hour before a single interval or an integer number. Signals are called anisochronous, the elements of which may be trivality, but not less than the other particularity of anisochronous signals, i.e., those that can be one or the other in an hour for a certain day

The concept of "information" (Lat. information- Roz'yasnennya, viklad) that "remembrance" at the given hour is indistinctly connected with each other.

Information - tse vіdomosti, yakі є object of transmission, rozpodіlu, reworking, saving chi without intermediary vikoristannya. Notification by the form of presentation of information. Apparently, 80...90% of a person's information is taken through the organizer and 10...20% through the ear. Other organs are more likely to give 1...2% of information in total.

Information is transmitted from the viewer reconciliation. Advice - form of vislovlyuvannya (submission) of information, handy transfer to the court. Butts to support texts, telegrams, language, music, television images, data on computer output, commands in the system of automatic control of objects, etc. Informing to force for additional signals, like carrying information. The main type of signals are electrical signals. In the rest of the hour, optical signals, n / r, are increasing in width at the fiber-optic transmission lines of information. Signal- a physical process that reflects the message that is being transmitted. Vіdobrazhennya podomlennya bezpechuєtsya change to l physical size, which characterizes the process. The signal is transmitted (roared) by the hour, so that the function of the hour. The signals are formed by a way to change the quiet chi and other parameters of the physical wear, depending on the notification that is being transmitted.

Qia value є signal information parameterInformational parameter of alert - parameter, at the change of which "laid" information. For sound increase the informational parameter є mittve the value of the sound press, unruly image - coefficient of image, for rukhomih - the brightness of the light on the screen.

With what is important, the meaning can be understood yakostiі speed transmission of information.

The quality of transmission is greater, as there is less information on the receiving side. In order to increase the speed of transmission, it is necessary to use special entrances to change the flow of information and reduce the quality of transmission.

Strengthening remembrance on the other hand, with the help of material wear, n / r, paper magnetic lines and physical processes, for example, sound electromagnetic waves, strum thinly.

The transmission of that information is saved for additional signs (symbols), which allow it to be used in the singing form.

Notifications can be made by the functions of the hour, for example, language when transmitting telephone calls, temperature or vice versa when transmitting telemetric data, performance when transmitting over a TV station. In other cases, the notification does not function for an hour (for example, the text is in telegrams, the image is not at once). Signal transmitting an announcement at the hour. Otzhe, vіn zavzhdі є funktієyu o'clock, navіt yakshko vodomlennya (for example, neruhome izobrazhennya) so not є. Distinguish 4 types of signals: uninterrupted signal of uninterrupted time. (Fig. 2.2, a), non-stop discrete hour. (Fig. 2.2, b), discrete non-stop hour. (Fig. 2.2, c) that discrete discrete hour (Fig. 2.2, d).

Figure 2.2 - Uninterrupted signal for an uninterrupted hour (a), uninterrupted signal for a discrete hour (b), discrete signal for an uninterrupted hour (c), discrete signal for a discrete hour (d).

Uninterrupted signals of uninterrupted time. z-t shortened without interruption (analogue) signals. The stench can change in quite a few moments, taking on the meaning of an uninterrupted impersonal possible value (sinusoid).

Uninterrupted digital time signals can gain more significant values, but change less at the songs, pre-set (discrete) moments t1, t2, t3 … .

Discrete signals of uninterrupted time vіrіznyayutsya tim, scho can zmіnyuvatisya in sufficient moments, that їх values ​​take on more than permitted (discrete) values.

Discrete signals of a discrete hour(short discrete) at a discrete moment and time, you can gain more than the permitted (discrete) value.

According to the nature of the change in informational parameters, they are distinguished uninterruptedі discrete reminder.

analog signal є uninterrupted chi often uninterrupted function hour X(t). Mittevi value of the signal is an analogue of the physical value of the process that is being considered.

discrete the signal is discrete pulses, which go one by one with the interval Δt, the width of the pulses is the same, and the level (area of ​​the pulse) is an analogue of the digital value of the physical quantity, which represents a discrete signal.

Digital a signal is a discrete series of digits that occur one after another at the interval of the hour Δt, which looks like double discharges and which represent the value of a real physical quantity.

A non-permanent or analog signal is a signal that can be accepted whether it is equal to the same value in the same interval of values. Bezperervny for an hour signal ce signal, tasks on all axis hour.

For example, mova є uninterrupted reminders like for a equal, so for an hour, and the temperature sensor, which can be seen through the skin 5 times, serve as a wake-up call, without interruptions for a value, but discrete for an hour.

Understanding about the quantity of information and the possibility of її vimir є the basis of the theory of information. The theory of information was formed in the 20th century. The pioneers of information theory are Claude Shannon (USA), O.M. Kolmogorov (SRSR) R. Hartley (USA) and in. Zgidno with Claude Shannon, information - insignificance reserved. Tobto. Informativeness of information x-Xia scho to be avenged from nii core information to that. that part of the resurrection yaka zmenshuє іsnuyuchu to її otrimannya neznachnostі chogos.

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

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1. Analogue and discrete signals

1. A signal that changes continuously in hours so that at some point in time you can change its value is called analog.

2. A signal that changes discretely in hours so that its value is assigned only in rahunkov (with a song croque) moment and hour is usually called discrete.

3. At the lances of a discrete hour (with discrete signals), the entrance and exit of the guard may be a double wire, from the ground. So do not show yoga.

4. Conversion: analog signal is a discrete signal that is sent after an additional digitizer key and low-pass filter.

5. Discrete signals characterize the speed of transmission of discrete values.

The signal of the vibrating vibrators is called amplitude-pulse modulation.

The speed of transmission of discrete values ​​depends on the sampling rate.

2. Discrete and digital signals

1. Digital (dvіykovі) signals є let's call it a discrete type, if for the amplitude of any impulse, more than two values ​​are allowed: "0" or "1", apparently a streak and a streakless signal.

2. Transition to a discrete signal The digital signal is sent to the auxiliary digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

3. ADC converts into two receivers:

the skin discrete value of the signal is translated from the tenth to the two counting system;

a double number is set to a double signal, which can have two positions "0" and "1".

5 = 12 2 + 02 1 + 12 0 101

4. Digital signals are characterized by the speed of bit/s transmission.

Bit - minimal information, which means choosing one of two values: "0" and "1".

1 byte is equal to 8 bits.

5. For transmission through LEC 1 bit / s, sound 1 Hz of a range of frequencies.

3. The concept of timchas rozpodіlu kanalіv

1. Lansyug, which may have a few inputs and outputs and is characterized by functional features (subsidyuvach, filter toshcho), is called a system.

2. The system of thymic subdivision of channels is based on the data given to the skin subscriber of his individual hour of work.

3. A. An individual hour of work means the presence of individual keys-samplers.

B. Digital signals are transmitted through the line.

UU - keyed with keys.

C. For commutation to PBX, add input and output lines of subscribers.

With a spacious commutation, the numbers of the input and output lines are the same, for hours - different.

ZU - attachment, which zatrimuє (for a sprinkling of intervals).

4. Digital filter and yoga element

1. For discrete signals, the information is carried by the total pulse x(n)

2. Operations on the original impulses are carried out behind an auxiliary device called a digital filter.

3. The digital filter is implemented using the calculation technique and consists of three elements:

signal filter analog discrete

4. The synthesis of a digital filter consists of three stages:

A. An analog attachment is being monitored, which requires an operation on the outgoing signal.

B. The impulse response of the analog device is discretized by looking at the sequence of impulses from the original g(n).

The digital filter is implemented in the selected model.

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Today, people are flocking to different electronic devices. Without them it is impossible to live today. Aja go about TV, radio, computer, telephone, slow cooker and more. Before that, no one had thought about those, which signal was victorious in leather handicrafts. At the same time, the words “analog”, “digital”, “discrete” have long been heard. Deyakі see the signals from the resurrected є yakіsnimi and nadіynimi.

The digital transmission began to vikoristovuvatsya richly pіznіshe, nizh analog. This is due to the fact that such a signal is much easier to maintain, that technique at that time was not fully installed.

From the understanding of "discreteness" the skin of a person sticks steadily. As if translating the word from the Latin language, then we mean “pererivchasti”. Going far into science, we can say that a discrete signal is the method of transmitting information, which transmits a change in the hour of the medium-carrier. The rest of the nabuvaє be of any significance from the strength of the possible. At the same time, discreteness went to another plane, after the fact that the decision to vibrate the system on a chip was praised. The stench is complete, the protein components closely interact with each other. In discreteness, everything is exactly the same - the skin detail is completed and tied with other special lines.

Signal

The signal is a special code, which is transmitted in the space of one or the other dekilcom systems. Tse formularyuvannya є zagalim.

In the sphere of information and communication, a signal is called a special wearable be-any data, which is victorious for the transmission of information. Wine may be creations, but not acceptances, the rest of the mind is not obov'yazkovaya. As well as a signal to remind, yoga “catching” is considered necessary.

The description code is assigned a mathematical function. Vaughn characterizes all possible changes in parameters. In radio engineering theory, this model is considered the base one. Noise has noise as an analogue of the signal. Vіn є funktієyu o'clock, yak vіlno vzaєmodіє z transmitting code i spovoryuє yogo.

The article has characterized the type of signals: discrete, analog and digital. Also briefly given is the main theory described by those topics.

See the signals

Іsnuє kіlka nayavnyh signals. Let's look, as you can see.

1. According to the physical medium of wearing data, an electrical signal, optical, acoustic and electromagnetic, is added. Even more sprats are seen, but the stench is small.
2. According to the method of setting, the signals are subdivided into regular and irregular ones. The first is the determination of the methods of data transmission, as they are set by the analytical function. Vipadkovy are formulated for the rahunok of the theory of imovirnosti, and also the stench is taken whether it is a value in the time interval.
3. Depending on the functions that describe all the parameters of the signal, the transmission methods can be analog, discrete, digital (a method that can be quantized by equal). The stench vikoristovuyutsya for robots and rich electrical appliances.

Now you can read the transmission of signals. It doesn’t matter if it’s like a person, it’s a smut - think a little and guess the school course of physics.

Is the signal still being processed?

The signal is processed with the method of transmission and the removal of information, as it is encrypted in a new way. As soon as you will be out, you can win in a different way. In other situations, reformat.

The main reason for the processing of all signals. Won polagaє at a small squeezing of frequencies (so not to spoil the information). After that, it is formatted and transmitted on the correct files.

In analog and digital signals, special methods are used. Zocrema, filtration, sgortka, correlation. The stench is needed to reinforce the signal, as it may cause noise.

Creation and molding

Mostly for forming signals, the necessary analog-to-digital (ADC) and most often stench vikoristovuyuetsya only in a situation of zatosuvannyam DSP-technologies. In other types, there is no more use of the DAC.

When converging physical analog codes with further delays in digital methods, it is necessary to remove the information that is transmitted from special devices.

Dynamic range

Calculated by the difference of greater and lesser equalness, which is expressed in decibels. Vіn povnіstyu lie down in the vіd creation of that particular vikonannya. It is like talking about music tracks, so about the sound dialogues between people. Like, for example, the announcer, who reads the news, his dynamic range fluctuates around 25-30 dB. And for an hour of reading, such a work of wine can grow up to 50 dB.

analog signal

The analog signal is a non-stop transmission method. Not much of yoga can be called the presence of noise, which sometimes leads to a new consumption of information. Even more often such situations are blamed that it is impossible to count them in the code of important data, but de name the creation.

Itself through tse digital processing of signals nabula great popularity and step-by-step vitisnyaє analog.

digital signal

The digital signal is special, it is described in terms of discrete functions. The same amplitude can be taken on the same value already in the tasks. While the analog building signal comes with a large amount of noise, the digital filter removes most of the noise.

Of course, this type of transmission of data is to transfer information without an overworld semantic ambition. Through one physical channel, a few codes can be sent.

You can’t see the digital signal, the shards of the wines are seen as an environment and an independent way of transmission. Vіn є double flow. In our hour, such a signal is considered the most popular. Tse with simplicity vikoristannya.

Digital signal jamming

What makes a digital electrical signal different from others? Tim, that the fault of the building is to be regenerated into the repeater. If you have a call, there is a signal that can be changed, you will immediately change your form to digital. Tse allows, for example, televisions to re-formulate the signal, but without the noise effect.

If the code is to be found already with great creations, then, unfortunately, the wine is not renewed. If you take an analogue link in pairs, then in a similar situation, the repeater can take part of the data, drawing a lot of energy.

Discussing style calls of different formats, with a strong influence on a digital line, it is practically impossible to speak, shards of words and phrases. An analogous link in such a case is different, even if you can continue to conduct a dialogue.

Through similar failures, the repeaters often form a digital signal in order to speed up the line connection.

Discrete signal

At the same time, the skin of a person is corying with a mobile phone, or I am a “dialer” on my computer. One of the tasks of the software installation is the transmission of a signal, the same as a voice stream. For the transfer of uninterrupted sickness, a necessary channel, which will pass through the building of the greater equal. The very same thing was victorious to beat the discrete signal. I create not the wind itself, but the digital look. Why? That is why the transfer goes from technology (for example, to a phone or a computer). Why bother with this kind of transfer of information? With this help, the total number of data that is transmitted is changed, and it is also easier to organize batch correction.

The concept of "discretization" has long been steadily victorious in robotic enumeration technology. For such a signal, information is not transmitted without interruption, it is encoded with special characters and letters, but data, selected in special blocks. The stench is filled with and finished particles. Such a method of coding has long since moved to another plane, the prote is not known again. With this help, you can easily transfer small pieces of information.

Pairing of digital and analog signals

When buying equipment, it is unlikely that you think about those that you see signals vikoristan in that other device, but about their middle ground, that nature is more. However, sometimes you still have to understand things.

It has long since become clear that analog technologies are being consumed, even though they are not rational. Natomist to come digital call. It is necessary to think about what to go and what people are guided by.

To put it briefly, an analog signal is a way of transmitting information, which can be described by non-stop functions for an hour. As a matter of fact, apparently concretely, the amplitude of coliving can be equal to any value that is found in the singing boundaries.

Digital processing of signals is described by discrete functions of the hour. Otherwise, depending on the amplitude of the coliving of which is more expensive, we strictly set the values.

Passing from theory to practice, it is necessary to say about those that an analog signal is characterized by a change. Since there are no such problems in digital, the one who wins is successful in their “smoothing”. With the help of new technologies, such a method of transferring data from the building self-employment without handing in all the information given.

Speaking of TV broadcasting, we can already say with confidence: analog transmission has long lived for itself. More spozhivachiv to switch to a digital signal. The downside of the rest of the field is that if the analog transmission is accepted by the building, be it an accessory, then the current method is only a special technique. Even if you drink on the old method, having already fallen for a long time, all the same, you see the signals that you can’t get enough of everyday life.

per types (types) of signals are seen like this:

1. analog
2. digital
3. discrete

analog signal

analog signalє natural. It can be fixed for additional different types of sensors. For example, sensors of the middle (pressure, moisture) or mechanical sensors (acceleration, speed). Analog signals in mathematics, they are described by non-interrupted functions. The electrical voltage is described with the help of a straight line, tobto. є analogous.

digital signal

digital signal є piece, tobto. їх it is possible to take away only by way of transformation of the analog electrical signal.

The process of sequential transformation of an uninterrupted analog signal is called sampling. Discretization has two types:

1. by the hour
2. with amplitude

Discretization by the hour is called the sampling operation. And discretization for signal amplitude - quantization for equal.

over important digital signalsє light chi electric impulses. The digital signal vikoristovuyut the entire qiu frequency (smooth bandwidth). The whole signal is still filled with analog, only after the transformation is given numerical authority. І up to the new one can zastosovuvat numerical methods and power.

Discrete signal

Discrete signal– the same transformations of the analog signal, only a few of the neobov'yazykovo quantizations per equal.

All main information about types (types) of signals.