Geodetic measures thickened. Merezhі special recognition. Geodesic fence lines

In Denmark, the hour is greatest efficient method creation of geodetic lines, including geodetic lines thickened, є method, using satellite technologies (GL0NASS, GPS). However, this method emphasizes the obviousness of the receiving equipment, the high versatility of such a transition to a wide variety. To that order іz vysokoeffektivnymi sputnikovymi tekhnologii vikorovuyut і traditional methods. The next step is to indicate that the viconans are geodetic robots in closed quarters and in obsmezhennyh minds, if the guardianship of the companions is not possible or important, traditional methods are only possible for the celebration of rich zavdan. We focus on traditional methods of thickening geodetic lines.

Geodesic lines thickened budyuyut methods of triangulation and polygonometry for thickening the sovereign geodetic line to a thick, necessary for the creation of a significant sizing of zomok on a large scale. Triangulation of the 1st and 2nd grades is developed in the case of the first and second grades. There, de triangulation of the 1st and 2nd ranks of the viscons behind the minds of the masses is impossible numerically, to develop a polygonometric line of the 4th class, 1st and 2nd ranks. It is necessary to note that polygonometry of the 4th class for large-scale acquisitions in the provinces of sovereignty is measured with reduced accuracy.

Characteristic triangulation 1st class 2nd class polygonometry 4th class, 1st and 2nd category induced in tables 3.

When folding the polygonometry, the whole complex of the main geodetic robots is concocted: kutovі and linear vimіri, leveling. Cuts at the points of polygonometry are measured by the method of a fixed cut or by circular devices with optical theodolites. T1, T2, T5 from an accuracy of centering 1 mm. Heights at all points of polygonometry are transferred to grade IV or technical grades. Lines vimiryuyut without a middle: with light, movable peaceful fittings, or sideways - on the other side of the move, they are calculated for additional values.

Table 3

Geodetic treadmill to name a set of points on the earth's surface, fixed by special centers, the camp of which is assigned to a common system of coordinates and heights.

There are plans, heights and open spaces. Planned measures- tse taki, which have planned coordinates (flat - x, y or geodetic - latitude B that dovgota L) Points. AT high-rise determine the heights of the points on the surface of the surface, for example, on the surface of the geoid (more precisely, the quasi-geoid). AT open spaces indicate space coordinates of points, for example, rectilinear geocentric X, Y, Z or geodesics B, L, H.

Geodesic measures for recognition are classified as sovereign geodesic measures, geodesic measures of thickening, geodesic measures of special recognition and significant measures.

Derzhavna geodetic measure. Sovereign geodetic fence covering the entire territory Russian Federationі є її head geodetic basis. Derzhavna geodetic merezha (DMR) is recognized for the execution of the offensive main objectives, which may be the state, science and defense significance: the establishment of a single system of coordinates for the entire territory of the region and subdivision on the level of modern and promising vimog; geodetic security of cartography of the territory of the country and the water area of ​​the most important seas; geodesic security of development of land resources and land use, cadastre, life, exploration and development of natural resources; providing geodetic data for ground, sea and aerospace navigation, aerospace monitoring of natural and man-made environment; raising the surface of the Earth's gravitational field and its changes at the hour; the emergence of geodynamic phenomena; metrological safety of high-precision technical aids vznachennya roztashuvannya and orientation.

In the world, the accumulation of new DMR data is being modernized and now includes: a fundamental astronomical-geodesic tether, a high-precision geodetic tether, a satellite geodesic tether of the 1st class, as well as an astronomical-geodesic tether and geodesic tethers thickened.

Merezhi thickening. There, de needing to further thicken the fence (for example, near settlements), spiraling on the sovereign geodesic fence, develop thickening measures 1 and 2 in a row, The reach of 1 km 2 is not less than 4 points on the forgotten territory and 1 point on the unforgotten territory.

Znіmalnu merezh create and pіd hour zyomki mistevnostі. It develops at the points of the sovereign geodetic line and the line of thickening of 1 and 2 categories. Ale, with the help of okremih delyanok, a significant measure can be independent, motivated in the local system of coordinates. At significant barriers, as a rule, one hour at a time, the position of the points near the planet is determined by height.

Boundary shifts of the planned position of the points in a significant measure should not be revisited on the outskirts of the area and on the obscure territory of 0.2 mm at the scale of the plan and 0.3 mm on the area, covered with wood and chagarnikovy dew.

The coordinates of the points in the significant lines are determined by the laying of theodolite moves, by the tripod triangulation, by sifting, by the satellite method, etc. Walk the most wide theodolite.

Points of geodetic lines are fixed on the territory with special signs - centers, calling for security of stability and safety of points.

View of the center to fallow due to recognition of the measure and the nature of the soil. Official normative documents established the typical design of the centers, which should lie in the class and place of the minds. There are different areas of seasonal freezing of soils, areas of bagatoric permafrost, areas of widened loose sands.

Ticket number 17 and number 18. Methods for inducing planned (horizontal) geodetic measures: triangulation, polygonometry (18), trilateration.

In case of planned planning measures, the points and points of the measures are cleared - їх coordinates are due, but they are known. The coordinates of other points are assigned for additional assistance, which will be connected with them. Planovі geodetic lines are created in such ways.

Triangulation - The method of designating the planned stationing of geodetic points in the way pobudov bіla merezhі trikutnikіv, at some vimіryuyut kuti, and navіt dozhina deyih storіn, called basic sides (Fig. 5.1).

Let's say that the trikutnik has ABP enter the coordinates of points BUT( , ) that B( , ). Tse allows you to mark the direction of the direction of the direction directly from the point A per item B. Dovzhini two other sides of the tricot ABP can be calculated using the sine theorem; .

Proceeding like this, calculate the value of all sides of the measure. Yakshcho, cream to the basis b in other bases (in Fig. 5.1, the bases are shown by a chain line), then the two sides of the line can be reversed with control.

Directional cuts of the parties ARі VR trikutnik ABP equal; .

Point coordinate P be assigned to the formulas of direct geodesic problems; .

Similarly, calculate the coordinates of all other points.

Trilateration - The method of designating the planned stationing of geodetic points in a way to create a measure of tricutniks, at which they win the dozhina of their sides.

Yakscho at trikutniku ABP(fig. 5.1) v_domy basis b and vimiryanі side і on the basis of the theorem of cosinus it is possible to calculate the kuti of the tricot; ; ; . Also count the points of all tricks, and then, like in triangulation, the coordinates of all points Polygonometry the method of designating the planned position of geodetic points with a path of laying a laman line (polygonometric move) or a system of linking between a laman lines (polygonometric lines), in which they mimiryuyut kuti turn and dozhina sides.

Serve for the continuation of covering the territory of the region with geodesic reference priming. Consume more space for geodetic points dictated by a healthy eye and efficiency of work for all participants in the sampling sites. If all objects are straight-lined from a single coordinate system, then help handily work with everyone: architects, project managers, land surveyors, surveyors. The basis of the vision of rich regional food, insanely, is a topographic plan of great scale. And in its own right, the basis for large-scale topographic surveys is geodetic thickening.

Vihіdnymi points pіd hаschennya merezha priymayutsya points of sovereign merezh higher classes (vіd I to IV). It seems that between them they are most likely to be more than thirty kilometers (for class I) and up to a minimum of five kilometers (for class III). The space between the larger classes should be approximately one point per square, on average 20-30 square kilometers, with a survey of such a scale, like 1:5000. And with a larger topography at a scale of 1:2000, a larger average distance reaches 5-15 square kilometers.

Obviously, the reason is the need for a further increase in the number of geodesic points to cover the space of the main bases. Particularly important are the industries of those Russian regions. It is necessary to enlarge the geodetic lining. To bring the space to a few points in triangulation or polygonometry per square kilometer near the places, villages, to forget the part. And it also requires the presence of at least one point per square kilometer in the unforgotten areas of the city.

We know that the thickening of geodesic sizing is based on the constriction of the main geodesic principle, and in itself from the general to the private. In this order, in view of the basis of the most important class (I, II, III, IV classes), the lower classes are vibrated, or rather 1 and 2 ranks. More than that, due to the rapid nature of the development of geodetic motives, following from the stagnation of modern electronic vimiruvalnoy tekhniki vikonuvat budіvnitstvo same (single-rate) for the accuracy of measurements.

Pobudova and see points in the thickening of 1, 2 rows

For the main geodetic works, technical projects are being developed in bulk. The stench is determined by the optimal position for the distribution of points on topographic maps of different scales (1:25000, 1:10000). During the reconnaissance process, a residual version of the bookmark site, such as the center and the choice of external symbols, will come.

Up to the points of thickening 1, 2 ranks, their strength in fallowness in the method, which wins over the technical project.

When triangulating between stations, laying between points can be between five hundred meters - five kilometers (1st category) and two hundred and fifty meters - three kilometers (2nd category). With polygonometric moves, transferring from the project, dozhina polygons may be kept within acceptable boundaries. And between the borders, exits and junction points of the border crossings vary from two to three and five kilometers for the 1st order, that from the second to two and three kilometers for the 2nd order of the thickening. Triangulation and polygonometric measures of the same order are equal in accuracy. Therefore, be it any of the methods, which is the most suitable for outdoor activities from the least economical vitrates, and it will be a priority when choosing to conduct a complex work of thickening the measure.

Kozhen geodetic point 1 and 2 in order to be closed in the ground by the center let's install ceramics z budіvnitstva tsikh znіkіv vіdpovіdnym konstruktsіyami zvnіshnіkh zalіvіv.

The main types of construction centers are:

• turi;
• pyramids metal trihedral;
• pyramidi-tripods;
• pyramids chotigrand;
• folding signals(for consumption).

Geodetic tours can close up like a mineral soil, and on everyday spores. In my minds, stench sporadzhuyutsya on the tops of budives, zhorstko z'ednah z constructive elements of dahiv or perekrittiv. Images of tours are shown below in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

Fig.1. Tour with a bright sighting method.

Fig.2. Tour with a bright sighting method and a Maidan for victory.

Near the regions from the unforgotten territory, where the signs are trihedral or chotihedral pyramids. The stench is made from metal kutochkіv more importantly with a 50 × 50 × 5 mm peretina. At the upper part of the pyramids, sight lines are constructed, which are made from a pipe with a length of 500 mm and a peretina of a round shape with a radius of 250 mm. The image of ground signs like pyramids is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Zovnіshnі signs: trihedral and chotihrannous pyramids.

Crimean standard ground signs are used and special attachments, which are called pyramids-tripods. Deyakі z them mayut vysuvnі vіzirnі tsili zavviśki up to 19 meters, which are fastened on extensions. Vizirnі tsіlі are displayed on the hanging screeds in a mechanized way for only an hour. The height of the vlasne vizirnoy meti can be overestimated by two values ​​of the height of the pyramid. The image of the oval sign of the pyramid-tripod is shown in Fig.4.

Fig.4. A pyramid-tripod with a table and a hanging sighting method.

All terrestrial signs are made of simple structures made of stable reinforcements of the foundations and maternal elements. The stench, as a rule, is always treated with anti-corrosion coatings.

Center points in thickening different types fallow in the place of laying, geographic area, characteristics of soils, climatic minds. Typical centrifuges transfer fixed centrifuges in food soils, hard coverings and soils, from seasonal freezing. An image of such centers is shown in Fig. 5, 6, 7.

Fig.5. Center of hard coating.

Fig.6. Center for ruhomih pіskіv.

Fig.7. Center for soils from seasonal freezing.

When geodetic centers are in power, at the boundaries, they must be fixed with special marks with central openings in the tours installed to the beast of the buds. Crimson can be fixed at the upper ceilings, on metal structures such as water intake gates. Open with a diameter of up to two-chotirokh mm and a depth of up to five mm are minted with colored metal, for example, the middle, and strike the center with non-existent actual coordinates. We will encircle other, differently designed centers in geodetic points in the ranks of the lines, to be commissioned by the installation of concrete slabs with protective platinum into the ground. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya for the presence of postіynyh zvnіshnіh znіkіv them. The image from the scheme of attaching a geodetic point is shown in Fig.8.

Fig.8. Scheme of a geodesic point from a rozp_navalnym station.

Look at the geometry be-yaka geodetic treadmill- a group of points fixed on the space, for which the planned coordinates (X і Y or B і L) are assigned to the adopted two-dimensional coordinate system and the signs H for the accepted system of heights or three coordinates X, Y and Z for the adopted three-dimensional system of spatial coordinates.

The geodesic line of Russia was created for a stretch of ten years; at the same time, they changed like a classification of a merezh, and at the same time they died out to the accuracy of them.

Geodetic measures for recognition and accuracy are divided into three great groups:

• sovereign geodetic measures (DMR);
• geodetic measures of thickening (GSS);
• geodetic signs.

Nagalnym zavdannyam ninishny period є svorennya single clasifikatsiї vsіh іsnuyuchih and promising geodetic merezh, yak bіdpovіda international standards.

Derzhavna geodetic merezha (DMR)є the main geodesic basis of topographical surveys on a small scale and may be satisfied with the power of the people's state and the defense of the country with the help of high-profile scientific and engineering and technical projects. Planned lines are created by the methods of triangulation, polygonometry, trilateration and their subdivisions; the high-rise treadmill is created by the leveling steps and the treadmill of the geometric leveling. Sovereign geodesic merezha is subdivided into 1, 2, 3 and 4th class merezha, which are controlled by the accuracy of the cuts, they are revisited, the main side of the merezha is in the order of successive development.

Sovereign geodetic measure of the 1st class, called astronomical-geodesic measure (AGS), will be like polygons with a perimeter of about 800 ... 1000 km, made by triangulation chi polygonometric lines with a length of more than 200 km, and it is possible to expand on the scales of meridians and parallels.

Sovereign geodetic treadmill of the 2nd class will be in the form of triangulation treadmills, which are heavily covered with tricots of polygons, made by lankas of triangulation or polygonometry.

Vymogi up to the accuracy of the horizontal cuts and lines in the triangulation are set in table 1, in polygonometry - in table 2.

Table 1. - Accuracy of the alignment of the horizontal cuts and the difference between the triangulations.

Table 2. - Accuracy of the measurement of horizontal cuts and the difference in polygonometry.

In addition, it is the fault of the vicons to wash the number of sides at the door, beyond the perimeter of the polygons and the other ones.

Mean quadratic pardons for the passage of 1 km in the leveling passages in the I, II, III, IY classes are 0.8; 2.0; 5 and 10 mm clear; boundary pardons for 1 km on the move are accepted equal 3; 5; 10 and 20 mm

For topographic surveys, the Instructions of 1966 set the following norms for the width of DMR points:

• for zomok at scales of 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 - one point per 50 ... 60 km 2;
• for zjomok at a scale of 1:5,000 - one point per 20 ... 30 km2;
• for zomok at scales of 1:2,000 and larger - one point per 5 ... 15 km 2.

In importantly accessible areas, the number of DMR points may be changed, but not more than 1.5 times lower.

On the territory of the city, which may not be less than 100,000 inhabitants, or occupy an area in the borders of the city, not less than 50 km 2, the number of points in the DMR is due to but brought to one point per 5 ... 15 km 2.

Geodesic lines thickenedє planned-elevated priming of topographic surveys on a scale of 1:5,000 to 1:500, as well as the basis for various engineering and geodetic robots. The stench is created by the methods of triangulation and polygonometry. For the accuracy of the cut and finish polygonometry GSS ranks 4th class, 1st and 2nd grades (Table 3).

Table 3. - Accuracy of cutting cuts and dimensions of polygonometry of the 4th class, 1st, 2nd grades.

The following subcriticality, which is reduced by the 4th class of polygonometry of the GSS, is marked with a significantly lower accuracy, lower by the 4th class of the GGS.

The number of points in the GSS can be brought to one point per 1 km2 in the unforgotten territory and to four points per 1 km2 in the territory settlements and on the prommaydanchiks.

The sovereign geodetic tether of the 4th class can be entered by a transitional type of tether between GGS and GSS.

Icons of the points of the GSS are assigned from the level of the IV class or the technical level.

Geodetic measuresє without middle ground for topographic surveys of all scales. The stench is created by all possible geodetic impulses; the strength of their points may be safe high quality zoomki. Signs of points in significant measures are allowed to be removed from technical leveling (with a height of the cross-section h ≤ 1 m) or trigonometric leveling (with a height of the cross-section h ≥ 1 m).

On the territory of Russia, Crimea DMR, DSS, DPS (state leveling line) use and other types of geodetic lines:

• fundamental astronomical-geodesic measure (FAGS);
• sovereign fundamental gravimetric measure (DFGZ);
• Doppler geodetic tread (DGS);
• space geodetic tread (KGS);
• suputnikova geodetic treadmill of the 1st class (SGS-1);
• satellite differential geodetic measure (SDGS).

The creation of geodetic lines, whether of a class or a kind, is being built for a long time, divided and confirmed by projects. The project can also have a scheme of the border (the scheme of placement of the points in the border and їх zv'yazkіv), primed the type of centers and signs, the obligatory vimiryuvan and their accuracy, the fittings for the vimiryuvannya of the cutіv, vіdstaney, and the relocation and the method of vimіryuvan.

The design of triangulation, trilateration, and folding additional lines is, as a rule, on EOM for special programs.

At present, the most effective method of joining geodetic lines, including thickening geodesic lines, is the method of binding from satellite technologies (GL0NASS, GPS). However, this method emphasizes the obviousness of the receiving equipment, the high versatility of such a transition to a wide variety. To that order іz vysokoeffektivnymi sputnikovymi tekhnologii vikorovuyut і traditional methods. It should be noted that viconann geodesic robots are used in close quarters and in foreign minds, if the guardianship of the companions is unimportant, traditional methods are the only possible solution to the richness of the task. We focus on traditional methods of thickening geodetic lines.

Geodesic lines are thickened by the methods of triangulation and polygonometry for thickening the state geodesic line to a thick, necessary for the creation of a significant sizing of large-scale landscaping. Triangulation of the 1st and 2nd grades is developed in the case of the first and second grades. There, de triangulation of the 1st and 2nd ranks of the viscons behind the minds of the masses is impossible numerically, to develop a polygonometric line of the 4th class, 1st and 2nd ranks. It is necessary to note that polygonometry of the 4th class for large-scale acquisitions in the provinces of sovereignty is measured with reduced accuracy.

Characteristics of triangulation of the 1st and 2nd grade and polygonometry of the 4th class, 1st and 2nd grades are shown in Table 1.

When folding the polygonometry, the whole complex of the main geodetic robots is concocted: kutovі and linear vimіri, leveling. Cuts at the points of polygonometry are measured by the method of a fixed cut or by circular devices with optical theodolites. T1, T2, T5 from an accuracy of centering 1 mm. Heights at all points of polygonometry are transferred to grade IV technical grades. Lines vimiryuyut without a middle: with light, movable peaceful fittings, or sideways - on the other side of the move, they are calculated for additional values.

During the conduct of various national spodar, including land-ordering, entering the great territory, the necessary topographic maps and plans, folded on the basis of geodetic points, the planned camp of them on the earth’s surface was designated in single system coordinates, and height - in a single system of heights. With any geodetic points, they can only be planned or vertical or one-hour - planned and vertical.

Merezha of geodetic points are located only in accordance with the project laid down by her. The points of the fence are fixed with special signs.

Pobudovan on the great territory in a single system of coordinates and heights, the geodetic fence allows me to properly organize the survey of space. For the obviousness of such a measure, a loan can be arranged independently in different places, so as not to cause difficulties when laying down a wild plan or a card. In addition, to increase the number of geodetic points to a greater even distribution across the territory, to succumb to vimiryuvan and ensure control of geodetic robots that are fixed.

Geodetic lines will follow the principle of transition from the public to the private, tobto. In the beginning, in the great territory, there will be a row of punctures with a high accuracy, and then the chains will be thickened sequentially in points, which will be carried out on the skin stage with a lower accuracy. There are such thickened sprats. The thickening of geodetic lines is carried out with such a survey, so that the result would be a line of points in such width (thickness) and accuracy, so that these points could be an uninterrupted support for a future survey.

Planovі geodetic measures will be mainly using triangulation, polygonometry and trilateration methods.

The triangulation method is based on the fact that there will be a line of tricots, in which all the layers of tricots are controlled, and at least two sides on different ends of the net (the other side is controlled to control the first side, that the installed quality of all the strands). On the basis of one of the sides and kutіv trikutnikіv, the sides of all trikutnikіv merezha are marked. Knowing the direction of one of the sides of the measure and the coordinates of one of the points, you can calculate the coordinates of all the points.

The method of polygonometry is used for pobudovі merezhі hodіv, for those vimіryuyut mustache that side. Polygonometric walks are inspected by theodolites with a high degree of accuracy, vimiryuvannya cutiv and line. Whose method zastosovuєtsya sound at the closing of the masses. To promote the development of electromagnetic far-flung worlds to work on a dot-scale stagnation of polygonometry and of open space.

The method of trilateration works in the case of the stitching of tricots with the vimir of the other sides of the trikuts. At certain slopes, linear-cut lines are created, which are the lines of trikutniks, in some ways the sides of that kuti (everything else, in the necessary

Significant measures

Significant geodesic basis є merezhey punctures, yakі vikoristovuyutsya like stations in case of change of situation to the relief. The density of such points and methods of their use should be determined by the scale and method of harvesting, as well as by the nature of the harvest. Vihіdnimi dannymi for pobudovi znіmalnoї geodetic foundations є points and sides of the supporting measures. When cartographing small territories, a significant margin can develop independently. In case of any fluctuation, the density of a significant measure is to be blamed for being sufficient for the acquisition of mass in a given scale. Boundary variation in the designation of coordinates of the points of the significant base should be allowed to change the scale of the survey by 0.2 mm, tobto. 10, 20, 40, 100 cm at scales of 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000. for the unfriendly minds of mistevity (zalisnen or porous the surface) and the tolerances are increased at the second time.

Pobudova znіmalnoї nerezhі vykonuyut path laying theodolite, leveling, theodolite-leveling, theodolite-height, tacheometric, scale walks, rows of micro-triangulations and chotirikutniks without diagonals, as well as for geodetics. For significant measures, the coordinate values ​​are calculated with an accuracy of up to 0.01 m (for trigonometric leveling moves).

The speckles of the significant line are fixed on the moon, ringing with the timchas centers