It is important for the world to take accurate information at all times. Vіd tsgogo lie zhittєdіyalnіst people. To that with a skin day, there are more and more of themselves other outbuildings, how to collect and compile data. What is the next thing to understand about these processes?

The procedure for the withdrawal of data from the outer world

The collection of information can be done by a person. And you can speed up with technical methods and systems. In such situations, the whole process is carried out in hardware. For example, Koristuvachev far away took the data about the routes of the trips independently for the help of the layout at the station. Those same wines can be used for help by phone or computer.

It's not worth talking about those that the procedure for collecting information can be done with a collapsible software and hardware complex. What should be learned under such a process? This is the procedure for taking care of any data that needs to be hello world. Similar information is brought to a standard form for applied systems. Today technical outbuildings not only to collect data, to encode them and to look around. Also, the processing of information is required.

Vikoristannya different ways of working with danim. Technology of work with them

Under the processing of the following ordering, the process of extracting the necessary information from a set of sing data with additional special algorithms. Tsya procedure can be vikonana dekilkom ways. There are such ways of processing information, such as centralization, decentralization, distribution and integration.

Selection of counting centers for data processing

The processing of transfers is centralized, what can the accounting center (VC) be. For this method, the data is delivered to the VC in a short time. After all, you can hope for a result from looking at the singing documentation.

Vіdminnoy rice tsgogo method є trudomіstkіst. It's easy to finish the swedish, uninterrupted call. In addition, there may be a great interest in the information center. Until then, the regulated terms of vikonannya set zavdan, and do not zavzhd їh to go out at the hour. Such processing of information is collapsible through the presence of security measures, as it can protect possible unauthorized access.

Why does the decentralized method have a sense?

At the moment, the PEOM emerged as a decentralized method. Vіn allows you to automate any work area. Today, there are three different technologies for similar processing of data. At the heart of the first lie personal computers, yakі not united in local measure. A similar technology for processing information can be used to save data in a few files. To take away the displays, it is necessary to overwrite the files on the computer. Until the negative moments, you can see those who don’t have a mutual understanding. It is impossible to obtain great information. Until then given processing information is considered low protection against evil.

Another technology is run on computers, as if they are combined with a local network, to produce single data files to form. Prote with a great flow of information in such a situation, you can’t get into it. The third technology is run on computers, which are combined at the local network, until the server is also located.

Robot with great commitment

The distribution of information is divided into the fact that the functions are divided between different EOMs, as if they are connected to one dimension. Such a method can be implemented for the account of two paths:

1. It is necessary to insert the EOM at the dermal node of the border. In such a situation, it is necessary to get help from one or more computers. All lie in the real capacity of the system, as well as the needs.
2. It is necessary to expand a large part of the various processes in the middle of one system. Similar paths are selected for the processing of banking information for the presence of files or identities.

The split processing of information allows you to operate with data in any case with a given term. Dosit high rіven nadіynostі. Significant world will soon spend time on the transfer of information. The flexibility of systems is being promoted, and the development of various software applications is being developed. Specialized processes lie at the basis of the expanded method. In other words, the skin EOM is called to revise its task.

Data base selection for collecting and processing information

The integration method can be used to form an information model of a ceramic object. In other words, a data base is being created. A similar method allows the most efficient processing of information for a koristuvach. The data base can be zastosovuvat overnight by one person. Ale, a great deal of information will require a rozpodіlu. For this method, it is possible to sharply improve the quality, reliability and firmness of the work. Because of this, the methodology is included in a single information array, which is one-time input into the EOM.

More Bulo described the method of processing information. But for the help of some kind of technical assistance, is this process possible? The next report is about what food.

What do you think about your own technical help?

According to the technical requirements, a complex of autonomous views of the possession, which allows collecting, accumulating, transmitting, collecting and displaying data, as well as the organization of office equipment, management assistance, repair and preventive maintenance, etc., is possible. Before all refurbishment of other systems, the following are possible:

1. Technical data, which are based on different methods processing of information is due for the safety of the task with the minimum possible expenses. It is necessary to achieve maximum accuracy and reliability.
2. Need technical summancy, aggregation of outbuildings.
3. Guilty buti secured the nayvischa nadіynіst.
4. Costs for the purchase may be minimal.

Vitchiznyana that foreign industry produces just a great set of technical tools that help to gather information. They can be modified one kind of one elemental base, design, zastosuvannyam different wear data, as well as operational parameters and so on.

Technical assistance can be:

1. Additional.
2. Basic.

What should you know about additional types of outbuildings?

In the first place, there is a possession that ensures the practicality of the basic benefits. Also, there are extensions to the additional ones, which will help to keep the simple administrative practice. The stink of robbing yoga is comfortable. Tse mozhe buti office equipment and repair and preventive maintenance. Organizational attachments include a large number of nomenclature facilities, starting with stationery products and ending with delivery, reproduction, remote, shopping and data collection attachments. To go about everything, see the possession, for the rahunok of such activities, the management becomes easy, handy and comfortable.

What is the entrance to the complex of the main types of outbuildings?

The technology of processing information can be grounded on the main methods. Under them, there are the following extensions, creations for automation of work with data. In order to make it possible to establish control over the singing processes, it is necessary for the mother to give a managerial character. For rahunok them it is possible to characterize the camp, parameters technological processes, kіlkіsnі аnd varіsnі pozniki

The main information processing systems may include:

1. Attachment that registers and collects data.
2. Obladnannya, like receiving and transmitting data.
3. Koshti, like preparing data.
4. Additions of introduction, processing and modification of data.

Visnovok

In this article, such a topic was reviewed, as a choice of that collection of information. Bulo vyrіsheno zvernuti respect itself for the work of dannymi. It is necessary to make it more up-to-date and more accurate, as it will require high reliability, accuracy and reliability. Let's hope that this glance did help to expand, that it was the process of processing information.

The complex of technical zasobіv obrobki іnformatsії - tse sukupnіst autonomous additions to the collection, accumulation, transmission, processing and submission of information, as well as zaobіv office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. To the complex of technical zasobіv hang low vymog:

Safeguarding the accomplishment of tasks minimal vitrates, necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical integrity of outbuildings, their aggregation

Security of high reliability

Minimum window dressing for the bathhouse

A wide range of technical tools for the processing of information is produced by foreign trade and industry, which are supported by the elemental base, constructive vicons, different types of information, operational characteristics and others.

Classification of technical methods for processing information

Techniques for processing information are divided into large groups. Tse main and additional tasks.

Additional help - tse the possession, which secures the work of the main benefits, as well as the possession, which makes it easier to make the management work comfortable. Before additional information processing, office equipment and repair and preventive maintenance are included. Office equipment is represented by a wide range of costs, including office supplies, to delivery, replication, collection, request and reduction of basic data, administrative and production calls, and so on, to make the work of a kerivnik handy and comfortable.

The main tasks - tse znaryaddya pratsі z automated processing of information. Apparently, for the management of these and other processes, a single managerial information is necessary, which characterizes the state of the parameters of technological processes, kіlkіsnі, varіtіsnі and labor indicators of virobnitstva, postachannya, zbutu, financial activity, etc. To the main benefits technical processing be aware of: making the registration and collection of information, making the receipt and transmission of data, making the preparation of the data, making the input, making the processing of information and making the submission of information. Below, all the bones are reviewed in a report.

Otrimannya primary information that registration is one of the laborious processes. That is why there is a wide demand for extensions for mechanized and automated vimir, collection and registration of data. The nomenclature of these benefits is already great. Before them you can see: electronic cars, various smart phones, scoreboards, vitratomists, cash registers, machines for banknotes, ATMs and a lot of other things. Here, there are different registrars of records, recognized for registration and fixation of statements about government operations on machine noses.

Make sure to receive that transmission of information. Under the transfer of information, the process of transferring data (reconciliation) from one building to the next is understood. Vzaєmodіyucha sukupnі і єktіv, scho utvoryuyuyutsya pristroї transfers і obrobki danih, nazryvaetsya merezhey. Combine attachments designated for transmission and reception of information. The stench will ensure the exchange of information between the month and the payment and the exchange of information. The structure of the costs and methods of data transmission depends on the distribution of information and the processing of data, obligations and hours for the transmission of data, types of communication lines and other factors. Transfer of data by subscriber stations (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Arrangements for the preparation of these data are provided by the attachments for the preparation of information on machine noses, attachments for the transfer of information from documents on the nose, which include attachments to the EOM. Tsі pristroї can zdіysnyuvat sortuvannya that koriguvannya.

Use your own input to serve to store data from machine data and input information in a computer system

Costs of information processing play the most important role of a complex of technical tools for processing information. Before you can do the processing, you can bring computers, as in your own room we divide them into chotiri classes: micro, small (min); great and superEOM. Micro EOM has two types: universal and special.

I universal and specialized can be as well as re-insured on a rich coristuvachіv - potuzhnі EOM, possessed by dekilkom terminals and functional in the hourly mode (servers), and odnokostuvalnye (robochі stantsії), yak specialize on one type of robot.

Mali EOM- practice in the mode at a slower pace and in the rich task mode. Its positive side is its superiority and simplicity in operation.

Great EOM- (Mainfermy) are characterized by a great memory commitment, a high endurance to maturity and productivity. It is also characterized by high arrogance and arrogance of data; the possibility of connecting a large number of coristuvachs.

Super EOM- 40 billion operations per second.

The server is a computer, visions for the processing of requests from the available stations and providing these stations with access to system resources and sharing these resources. A universal server is called an addendum server. Hard servers can be brought up to small and large EOMs. Marshall servers are the leader, as well as Cray servers (64 processors).

Make sure to display the information for displaying the results of the calculation, final data and programs on the machine's nose, other screen, thin screen. Monitors, printers and plotters can be connected to the outbuildings.

Monitor - tse attachments, appointments for the display of information, which should be entered by a shorthand from the keyboard or a computer.

Printer - ce attached to the paper on the nose of the text graphic information.

Plotter - ce I will see an armchair and schemes of great formats on paper.

Lecture №3

The main nutrition of the lecture:

1. Technical knowledge of informatics.

2. Understanding the principles of EOM work.

3. Main components personal computer.

Tekhnіchnі zasobi informatics

EOM - the main technical task of processing information that is classified as a low mark, zocrema: for recognition, principle dії, ways of organizing the enumeration process, expanding that calculus, functionality, building up to a parallel program that in.

behind recognition EOM can be divided into three groups:

· universal (Zahalnogo prichennya) - pricheny for vyrіshennya najrіznomanіtnіshih іnzhenerno-tekhnіchnіchnyh zavdan: ekonomіchnyh, mathematicіchnyh, іnformаtsiynykh іnshih zavdanі, scho vіdіznyayutsya foldіstії algogorііv і thаt іѕ а great obligation аbluvanіh danih. The characteristic rices of these EOM are high productivity, diversity of data forms (two, tenth, symbolic), diversity of victorious operations (arithmetic, logical, special), large capacity of operational memory, organization of introduction and provision of information;

· problem-oriented - indications for the raising of a large number of zavdans, related to technological objects, registration, accumulation and processing of small amounts of data (key accounting complexes);

· specialization - for the improvement of the high number of tasks, in order to reduce the foldability and variability of their EOM, saving the high productivity and reliability of the work (programming of the microprocessor special recognition, controllers, which are designed to control the functions of technical equipment).

behind principle dії(The criteria for calculating the calculation of cars is the form for submitting information, for any stench to work out):

· analogue counting machines (AVM) - counting machines without interruption, processing from information given in a non-stop form, tobto. look at the uninterrupted series of the value of any physical quantity (mostly electrical voltage); in this direction, the magnitude of the voltage is an analogue of the value of the deakoy zminnoy zminnoy. For example, the introduction of the number 19.42 at a scale of 0.1 is equivalent to the input voltage of 1.942;

· Digital counting machines (TsVM) - discrete counting machines, working with information presented in a discrete, or rather in a digital, form - at a glance of decals of different voltages, equivalent to the number of ones in a significant change;

· Hybrid counting machines (HVM) - counting machines combined, working with information presented both in digital and in analog form.

AVM is simple and easy to use; Programming tasks on the basis of them is not difficult, the speed of the solution changes according to the size of the operator (bigger, lower in the digital computer), but the accuracy of the solution is even low (visible error is 2-5%). On the AVM, there are mathematical tasks that avenge differential equality, that do not avenge folding logic. The digital computers have the widest width, they can be seen on the uvazi, if we talk about the EOM. GVM dotsilno vikoristovuvatime foldable swedkodіyuchim technical complexes.

behind generations you can see the following groups:

1 generation. At 1946. The idea of ​​double arithmetic was published (John von Neumann, A. Burns) and the principle of the program that is taken, actively victorious in the EOM of the 1st generation. EOM was distinguished by great dimensions, great energy savings, low speed code, low pressure, code programming. The heads of the office were very important numerical character , how to take care of the folding of the fireworks, necessary for the weather forecast, the resolution of the tasks of nuclear energy, the management of lethal technology and other strategic tasks

2nd generation. In 1948 Bell Bell Laboratory published the first transistor. It is equal to the EOM of the previous generation, all technical characteristics have been improved. Algorithmic movies are used for programming, first try automatic programming.

3rd generation. The peculiarity of the EOM 3 generation is important for the design of integrated circuits, and the control of the computer's robot - operating systems. The possibilities of multi-programming appeared, cheruvannya memory "yattu, additions to the introduction-vivodu. After the crash, the operating system took over. From the mid-60s to the mid-70s, with a respectful look information services became the basis of data, what to avenge see different information from various knowledge galleries. First of all, the information technology of support will make a decision. Tsezovsim new way vzaєmodії people and computer.

4th generation. The main figures of this generation of EOM are the presence of attachments, which are remembered, the launch of the EOM for an additional system of self-adaptation from ROM, the diversity of architectures, the exhaustion of the OS, the integration of the EOM in the measure. Starting from the middle of the 70s, from the creation of national and global data transfer services, a reliable type of information services became a dialogue search for information in remote data bases.

5th generation. EOM with a wealth of dozens of parallel working processors, allow efficient knowledge processing systems; EOM on overfolding microprocessors with a parallel vector structure, which chimes dozens of the last program commands at once.

6th generation. Optoelectronic EOM with massive parallelism and neural structure - with a large number (tens of thousands) of clumsy microprocessors that model the structure of neuronal biological systems.

EOM classification beyond the scope and functionality.

Great EOM. Historically, the first were the great EOMs, the elemental base of which went through the path from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits from above the high level of integration. Proteo productivity turned out to be insufficient for modeling ecological systems, head of genetic engineering, management of folding defense complexes and others.

Great EOM is often called MAINFRAME behind the cordon and a bit about their death is very much overwhelmed.

As a rule, the stench is:

productivity not less than 10 MIPS (million floating point operations per second)

· Main memory vіd 64 to 10000 MB

· zvnіshnu memory not less than 50 GW

· Refunds for rich coristuvachіv work mode

Basic Directions of the Whistling- solving science and technology tasks, working with great databases, managing counting measures and resources like servers.

Mali EOM. Small (min) EOM - superb, inexpensive and efficient in operation, may be less equal to great EOM capabilities.

Super mini EOM wash:

· Main memory space - 4-512 MB

· Disk space - 2 - 100 GV

· The number of supporters of coristuvach - 16-512.

Mini-EOM directing the choice as a control calculation complex, in clumsy modeling systems, in automated control systems, handling technological processes.

SuperEOM. There are hundreds of millions of smart processors EOM with a code of hundreds of millions - tens of billions of operations per second.

Achieve such productivity on one microprocessor modern technologies impossibly, at the end of the day the value of the width of the widening of the electromagnetic waves (300,000 km / s), more than an hour of the widening of the signal at the distance of a kilometer of a hundred miles, is equal to the hour of one operation. To that, superEOM is created like high-parallel rich-processor computational systems.

Nowadays, the world has thousands of superEOMs, ranging from simple office Cray ELs to tight Cray 3, SX-X from NEC, VP2000 from Fujitsu (Japan), VPP 500 from Siemens (Nimechchina).

Micro EOM or personal computer. The PC is to blame for the mother of the characteristics that satisfy the needs of global accessibility and versatility:

small varity

autonomy of operation

· Flexibility of architecture, which gives the opportunity to adapt in the sphere of education, science, management, and indulgence;

friendliness operating system;

· High arrogance (more than 5000 years of directing to the vіdmova).

Most of them can be autonomously powered by batteries, or they can be connected to a cell.

Special EOM. Special EOM Orientation of the solution of special billing tasks and head of management. As a special EOM, you can also look at electronic microcalculators. The program, yaku vykonuє processor, perebuvaє at ROM chi OP, tk. the machine fails, as a rule, one task, then it changes less data. It’s handy (the program is stored in ROM), at which point the nadineness and SWIDCODE of the EOM are moving. Such a pidkhіd often vikoristovuetsya in on-board EOM, keruvannya mode of robotic camera, movie camera, sports simulators.

Understanding the principles of the work of EOM

The architecture of modern personal computers is based on the backbone-modular principle. The modular principle allows you to quickly complete the configuration of your computer and change it for the needs and modernization. The modular organization of the computer is based on the main principle of exchange of information between outbuildings.

The highway includes three bagator-discharge tires:

Data bus

address bus

· І control bus.

Tires є rich-carrying lines.

Data bus. On this bus, data is transmitted between different outbuildings. For example, reading data from RAM can be transferred to the processor for processing, and then retrieving data can be sent back to RAM for storage. In this rank, the data of the tires of the data can be transferred from the building to the building, whether it be straight.

The size of the data bus depends on the size of the processor, tobto. the number of double discharges that the processor completes in one clock cycle. The number of processors has steadily increased in the world of development of computer technology.

Address bus. I will add a choice, or the middle of the memory, where the messages are sent, or the data is read on the data bus, the processor is ticked. The skin is attached or the middle of the operational memory of my address. Addresses are transmitted via the address bus, and signals are transmitted via them in one direct way from the processor to the RAM and the extension (single-directed bus). Address bus width determines the address space of the processor, tobto. the number of coredkіv operative memory, yakі can mother unique addresses. The size of the address bus was gradually increased and in modern personal computers it became 32 bits.

Tire keruvannya. Signals are transmitted over the control bus, which determine the nature of the exchange of information on the backbone. The control signals are assigned to the operation of reading or writing information from the memory, it is necessary to work, to synchronize the exchange of information between devices, etc.

The reason for the importance of computers is based on such fundamental principles formulated in 1945 by an American scientist John von Neumann.

1. Principle program management. The program is composed of a set of commands, which are automatically selected by the processor in the sequence. Vibirka programs from memory team leader. This register of the processor sequentially sets the address of the black command, which is saved in the new one, to the last command. The oskіlki teams of the program are sorted in memory one by one, then a selection of teams is organized from the sequence of sorting out the middle of the memory. As well as it is necessary after the victorious command to go not to the offensive, but to the next one, the commands are victorious intellectual or crazy transition, yakі enter the number of the commissary of the memory from the leader of the teams in order to avenge such a team. A selection of commands from memory is attached after reaching that stop command. in such a manner, The processor executes the program automatically without handing people in.

2. The principle of homogeneity of memory. Programs and data are stored in the same memory, the computer does not distinguish between what is stored in this memory cell - number, text or command. You can win over teams the same way, as well as over tributes. Tse v_dkrivaє tsіlu low ability. For example, the program in the process of its development can also be reworked, which allows you to set the rules for the removal of certain її parts from the program itself (this is how the program organizes cycles and subprograms). Moreover, the commands of one program can be removed as the result of another program. Based on what principle translation methods- translation of the text of the program from the movie program of a high level to the language of a specific machine.

3. The principle of addressing. Structurally, the main memory is composed of renumbering the middle ones. The processor at a certain moment of the hour is available to be-yak komіrka. You can give names to areas of memory so that you can remember these values ​​for some time, you can change them in the process of typing programs with additionally assigned names. Computers, motivated by the principles of overarching, lie down to the type von Neumann. Ale іsnuyut computers, yakі principial vіdіznyayutsya vіd von Neumannіvskih. For example, the principle of program management can be modified, i.e., they can be practiced without a command locator, showing the current program command being modified. For the purpose of hunting down to be a change, which is saved from memory, it is necessary for computers to give it a name. Such computers are called not von Neumann.

Main components of a personal computer

The computer may have a modular structure, such as:

System block

Metal body with living block. At the present time, the system units are manufactured to the ATX standard, size 21x42x40cm, the living unit is 230W, the operating voltage is 210-240V, the output is 3x5.25"" and 2x3.5"", automatically mute after the completion of the work. The case also has a speaker.

1.1. System (mother) board(motherboard) different outbuildings, to enter to the system unit. The design of the mother board is broken down according to the principle of a modular designer, which allows the skin corysteve to easily change the vials out of tune or outdated elements system unit. Attached to the system board:

a) Processor (CPU - Central Processing Unit) - a large integrated circuit on a crystal. Vikonu logical and arithmetic operations that control the functioning of the computer. The processor is characterized by the firm clock frequency. The most popular vibrators are Intel and AMD. Processors can name the names of Athlon, Pentium 4, Celeron too. Clock frequency The processor's firmware code is set to Hertz (1\s). So, Pentium 4 2.2 GHz, max clock speed 2200000000 Hz (over 2 billion operations per second). Another characteristic of the processor is the price cache memory (cache)- more speed, lower RAM memory, in which case CPU data is saved most of all. Cache is a buffer between the processor and RAM. The cache is completely clear, it does not show up programmatically. The cache reduces the total number of clock cycles of the processor under the hour of the transition to RAM.

b) SpivProcessor (FPU - Floating Point Unit). Waking up at the CPU. Vikonu arithmetic operations with a floating coma.

in) Controllers - microcircuits that support the operation of various computer attachments (keyboards, HDD, FDD, mice too.). Here you can also see the ROM chip (Permanent Memory) in which ROM-BIOS is saved.

d) Slots(tires) - roses (ISA, PCI, SCSI, AGP only) operational memory, the video card is too thin).

Tire - vlasne, nabrir drotіv (line) different components a computer for bringing life to them and exchanging money. Additional buses: ISA (frequency - 8 MHz, number of discharges - 16, transmission speed - 16 Mb / s),

e) Operational Attachment (RAM, RAM - Random Access Memory (type SIMM, DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), RDRAM)) - microcircuits that serve for short-hour memory of intermediate commands, the value is calculated , CPU vibration, as well as other data. There, for the promotion of swed codes, the programs are selected. RAM - swidcode memory with an hour of regeneration 7 10 -9 sec. Capacity up to 1GB. Living 3.3V.

e) Video card (video accelerator) - an attachment that expands the possibilities and speeds up the work with graphics. The video card can use its video memory (16, 32, 64, 128 MB) to store graphic information and the graphics processor (GPU - Graphic Processor Unit), which takes on the charge for an hour of work with 3D graphics and video. GPU running at a frequency of 350 MHz and 60 million. transistors. Supported by different sizes 2048x1536 60Hz at 32-bit color. Productivity: 286 million pixels/sec. Maybe mothers watched on TV and videos. Pіdtrimuyutsya efekt: prozorіst i prosvіchuvannya, zatіnennya (otrimannya realіstichnogo osvіtlennya) vіdbliski, kolіrne osvіtlennya (dzherela Svitla rіznih kolorіv) zmaschennya, ob'єmnіst, zatumanyuvannya, vіdobrazhennya, vіdobrazhennya in Krivoy dzerkalі, tremtіnnya poverhon, spotvorennya still images scho viklikaєtsya water that we warmly repeat the transformation following noise algorithms, imitation of the dark on the sky and in.

g) Sound card - attachment, which expands the sound capabilities of the computer. Sounds are generated for additional recordings for the riddle (32Mb) of distinct sounds in different timbres. Up to 1024 sounds are played at once. There are different effects. Can be used for line input/output, headphone output, microphone input, joystick jack, auto output input, analog and digital CD audio input.

h) Merezhevo map - attachment, which is connected to the connection of the computer to the measure for the possibility of exchanging information.

The cream of the mother's payment at the system block is:

1.2. Nakopichuvach in zhorstki magnetic disk (winchester, HDD - Hard Disk Drive) - hermetically soldered case with magnetic disks, which are wrapped around, and magnetic heads. Serve for long-term storage of information as files (programs, texts, graphics, photography, music, videos). Capacity - 75 GB, buffer size 1-2Mb, data transfer rate 66.6Mb/sec. The maximum speed of the spindle wrap is 10,000, 15,000 rpm. HDD by IBM, capacity 120GB, spindle speed 7200 rpm.

1.3. Accumulator on a flexible magnetic disk(disk drive, floppy, FDD - Floppy Disk Drive) - an attachment that can be used to write / read information from floppy disks, which can be transferred from computer to computer. Floppy space: 1.22MB (size 5.25"" (1"" = 2.54cm)), 1.44MB (size 3.5""). 1.44MB is equivalent to 620 sides of text.

1.4. CD-ROM(Compact Disc Read Only Memory) - an attachment that serves to read information from a CD. Dviykova information From the surface CD is read by changing the laser. Capacity CD - 640Mb = 74hv. music = 150000stor. text. Spindle wrap speed 8560 rpm, buffer size 128Kb, maximum transfer speed 33.3Mb/sec. Streams that are visible when the video is created are not filled or overflowed by the buffer, which serves for the intermediate saving of data that are being transmitted. Є volume control and output to headphones (for listening to music CDs).

1.5. CD-R(Compact Disc Recorder) - an attachment that serves to read and write one-time information on a CD. Recording of grounds for changing the power of the speech of the lining of the CD under the change of the laser.

1.6. DVD-ROM disks (digital videodisks) can have a large amount of information capacity (up to 17 GB), because information can be written on two sides, two balls on one side, and the tracks themselves may be smaller.

First generation DVD-ROM storage The speed of reading information was approximately 1.3 MB/s. In Denmark, 5-speed DVD-ROMs can read speeds up to 6.8 MB/s.

Іsnuyut DVD-R discs (R - recordable, records), like a golden color. Special DVD-R drive be able to finish with a hard laser, which, in the process of recording information, changes the building of the cells on the surface of the recorded disc, which it displays. The information on such discs may only be recorded once.

1.7. Іsnuyut also CD-RWі DVD-RW disks (RW - Rewritable, which can be rewritten), like a "platinum" sound. Special CD-RW and DVD-RW drives in the process of recording information also change the capacity of okremih surface discs, however, the information on such discs can be recorded differently. Before overwriting, the recorded information is “erased” by heating the plates on the surface of the disk behind the help of a laser.

Warehouse EOM krіm system unit includes such an addition to the input-visualization of information.

2. Monitor(display) - an attachment for displaying graphic information. Є digital and rіdkokristalіchnі. Diagonally cut - 14"", 15"", 17"", 19"", 21"", 24"". Pixel size - 0.2-0.3mm. The frame rate is 77Hz at a different resolution of 1920x1200 pixels, 85Hz at 1280x1024, 160Hz at 800x600. The number of colors is determined by the number of discharges per pixel and can be 256 (2 8 de 8 - the number of discharges), 65536 (2 16 High Color mode), 16 777 216 (2 24 True Color mode can be 2 32) . Є electronic-promenevі and LCD monitors. Monitor vikoristovuyut RGB system to illuminate the color, tobto. colors come out of 3 main colors: red (Red), green (Green) and blue (Blue).

3. Keyboard(keyboard) - attachment for entering commands and symbolic information (108 keys). Connects to the serial interface (COM port).

4. Mish type manipulator(mouse) – command entry extension. The standard is a 3-button mouse with a scrolling wheel.

5. Other attachment(printer) - an attachment for displaying information on paper, slick or other surface. Connects to a parallel interface (LPT port). USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a universal serial bus that replaced the old COM and LPT ports.

a) matrix. The image is shaped with heads to punch through the furbow line.

b) Strumeneviy. The image is formed by farby microscopes, which are collected from nozzles (up to 256). Swidkіst rush krapel up to 40m/s.

in) Laserniy. The image is transferred to papier by a special drum, electrified by a laser, to which particles of farby (toner) are attracted.

6. Scanner- Attachment for entering images on the computer. Є manual, tablet, drum.

7. Modem(Modulator-DEModulator) - an attachment that allows you to exchange information between computers via analog or digital channels. Modems support one type of one maximum speed of data transfer (2400, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 33600, 56000 bits per second), supported by calling protocols. Buy modems internally and externally.

At some stage of the process, the technology for collecting information transfers analysis of data and assessment of the nutritional relevance of the topic. We use a number of factors, on the basis of which we look at and analyze the selected information.

• What kind of information do you need to collect?
  Selected information may be of interest to the target audience.
• What is the source of information?
  People: for example, student participants; additional staff - clerks, consultants, supporters of the program; faculty; Batkiv, administrators; voicing is allowed earlier than the removal of data.

Techniques for collecting information: documentation, appearance, caution

• Necessary information sharing?
  All the population, apply the population
• Technical data collection
  analysis of documentation, web interface, scanned forms; focus group

Interviews and interviews, arranged both on and off, and on the phone

Caution: for example, podіy, behavior, showing the activity of the participants

Analysis of documents: for example, program documents, activity journals, student work

Analysis of data that are regularly updated (for example, a system of appearance, appearance of intuition)

• Anterior testing and post-testing
• Literature review
• Other essential data dzherela (for example, archives and current documentation)

Technologies for the collection and processing of information and the development of various methods for the collection of data are invariably low in nutrition. For example, dosledzhennya can mother on the basis of the collection of information, in which the number of participants is large. The next round of interviews and focus group interviews are conducted with a large number of respondents in order to obtain more detailed and accurate information. Vykoristannya dekіlkoh dzherel іnformatsiї pomogaє zrobiti maximally primed vysnovki. For example, from the point of view of the initial program, the strategy for collecting data may include looking at and / or working with a focus group of students, interviewing and / or interviewing with candidates, and analyzing a record of behavior and student performance. Triangulation, there is no more choice of strategies for collecting data from different cells, allowing you to increase the nutritional value of the assessment.

If the methodology is to transfer more algorithms to the selection and processing of information, then take it to respect and practical approach. The hour, the time, and the scale of the assessment may be true. For a while, it is necessary to develop tools for data collection (for example, experimentation, analysis of data collection, further processing from the previous ones), without intermediary collection of information and re-verification of the data to the real one. Budgetary expenses can be used to establish the informative value of the obtained result. The scale of that chi іnshoy doslіdzhennya often fall short of the hour that the budget. For example, as the methodology includes interviews of twenty participants, and the financial resources of the facility, and the hour of contracting, the project is based on food.

The technological process of processing data in information systems is needed for help:

technical assistance for the collection and registration of data;

sobіv telecommunіkatsіy;

systems zberіgannya, pokuku and vibіrki danih;

contributing to the calculation of data;

technical zasobіv office equipment

In modern information systems, the technical processing of data vicory is complex, based on the technical and economic development of the dotsilnosti їх zastosuvannya, with the improvement of the spіvvіdnoshennia "price / quality" and the reliability of the work of technical zasobіv.

Information technologies

Information technology can be considered as a collection methods– adopting and processing data algorithms instrumental– software and technical faculties of processing data.

Information technology can be mentally subdivided into categories:

Basic information technologies - all universal technological operations of data processing, sound, how to lie down in the form of processed information, for example, launching programs for viewing, copying, remote, moving and searching for files in the same way. The stench is founded on the basis of widely stowed software and technical tools for processing data.

Special information technology - a complex of information support for basic information technologies, confession for vikonanna special operations z urakhuvannyam zmіstu and/or form a tribute.

Information technologies are the necessary basis for the creation of information systems.

Information systems

The information system (ІВ) is a communication system for collecting, transmitting, processing information about the object, which ensures the safety of practitioners of various ranks for the implementation of the management function.

Koristuvachami ІС є organizational units of management - structural subdivisions, managerial personnel, vikonavtsі. The basis of IC is formed by functional components - models, methods and algorithms for forming key information. The functional structure of the IC is the sequence of functional components: subsystems, task complexes, procedures for processing information, which determine the sequence of mind and mind.

The implementation of information systems should be carried out with the method of improving the efficiency of the state's work and the work of the object for the work of not only the processing and collection of routine information, the automation of office work, but also for the management of new methods. These methods are based on modeling of facsimiles of organization when making decisions (methods of piece intelligence, expert systems, etc.) counting measure and etc.

Classification ІС is carried out for the following characters:

the nature of the processing of information;

scale and integration of IC components;

information-technological architecture ІС.

Due to the nature of the processing of information and the complexity of the algorithms for processing ІС, it is accepted to divide into two great classes:

IC for operational processing of data. The traditional IS for the appearance and processing of the first data of the great obliga- tion from the zastosuvannyam zhorstko regulated algorithms, the fixed structure of the data base (DB) is too thin.

ІС support and decision. The stench is oriented towards the analytical processing of great communications of information, the integration of various data sources, the selection of methods and the means of analytical processing.

In the given hour, the main information and technological architectures were formed:

ІС with centralized processing of data,

architecture type "file-server",

architecture type "client-server".

Centralized processing transferring the connection to one computer of the PS to the core interface, addenda and database.

AT architecture “file server” rich koristuvacham merezhі hope files head computer merezhі file server. You can also save files for files, files for data bases and programs. All processing data will be carried out on the computers of the Koristuvachs. Such a computer is called working station(RS). The PS interface and add-ons are installed on it, which can be introduced as a PC add-on, as well as transferred as needed from the file server. The file-server can also be used for centralized storage of files of the same number of files, which are transferred by them from the PC. Architecture file server”Stops more importantly at local computer networks.

AT architecture “client-server“Software security is oriented as a collective selection of resources, and it is also processed by the distribution of the resource for the needs of employees. The software systems of the "client-server" architecture are composed of two parts: the software security of the server and the software security of the core-client. The work of these systems is organized in the following way: the software clients are downloaded to the computer of the host and force the application to the software server, as if they are working on the computer of the main access. The main processing of data is processed by a hard server, but in the computer of the coristuvacha, less results are processed. So, for example, the database server works in hard DBMS, such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc., which work with different databases. Database servers are secured with large data commitments (tens of gigabytes and more) and a large number of resources and ensure high productivity, superiority and protection. The "client-server" architecture, for the singing sense, is the main one for the additions of the global computer networks.