How to restore the value of the function min h4 h8. How do you see on the Arkush the range of the middle ones, the meanings of the yellow color? Which of the imaged attachments is not visible to the peripheral attachments of the computer
593. Which of the images of the outbuildings does not overlap with the internal outbuildings of the computer?
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2
3
4
594. Which of the images of the extensions is seen before the extensions of the advanced line storage of information?
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2
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595. Which of the pictured attachments does not fit to the peripheral attachments of a computer?
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2
3
4
596. Which of the images does not fit to the peripherals of the computer?
1
2
3
4
597. Which of the images can be used for peripheral attachments of a computer and assignments for copying, scanning, other documents, removing that facsimile information?
1
2
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598. Which of the pictured ports is allowed to plug in a USB flash drive?
1
2
3
4
599. Which of the image ports is not allowed to display images on external peripheral devices (monitor, TV set, projector)?
1
2
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600. Which of the ports shown can be used to connect an Ethernet cable to access the local network and the Internet?
1
2
3
4
601. What is the menu like?
Click with the right mouse button on the "Working Table"
Click the left button of the mouse on the "Working Table"
Use the keys "Ctrl+Alt+Del"
Windows buttons
602. Nosіy (disk, memory card, flash drive) which one does it allow to write the VIN file of this rozmіr?
700 bytes
70 MB
70 Kb
700 Kb
603. What program allows you to open files marked with this icon?
Graphic editor Paint
Word text editor
Browser Explorer
604. What program allows you to open files marked with this icon?
Graphic editor Paint
Word text editor
Program for preparation of PowerPoint presentations
Excel spreadsheet software
Browser Explorer
605. One of the programs "hangs" (does not work). How to viklikati the dispatcher of the task (pointing below), how to vikonati the command "take the task"?
Use the keys "Ctrl+Alt+Del"
Use the keys "Ctrl + Shift"
Use the keys "Ctrl+Alt+Shift"
Use the keys "Ctrl + X"
606. Move lower the window is active. You want to see all the files from someone else. Which keys can you use?
Ctrl+A
ctrl+v
Ctrl+Alt
ctrl+shift
607. You have inserted an external disk into the USB port. On which badge is it necessary to press a bear, so that you can hit it?
1
2
3
4
608. What happens if you press the Type button?
Files of the same type are grouped together
Will change the type of selected files
The "File Type" tab will be removed
Pravoruchu vіd stovptsya "File type" get a new stovpets
609. What field should be entered in the specified field, so that papas Zagalni know all files in MS Word format (doc, docx)?
*.doc*
doc, docx
MS Word
*.doc/docx
610. MS Word does not work. You called the dispatcher for the day and saw in the new program. How do you need to press the button now, to close the program in Primus?
1
2
3
4
611. To redeem the vіpadkovo vіddaleny file Ivanov.rar, You have opened “Koshik”. How do I need to press the button to send an update to the file?
1
2
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612. How do I need to press the button, how do I need to turn the vision text into two columns?
1
2
3
4
613. How to check the tab to recognize the number of characters, paragraphs and rows in the document?
1
2
3
4
614. How to press the button to display service non-letter characters (paragraph, tab, spaced)?
1
2
3
4
615. For the help of what kind of button is it possible to transform visions of the text into capital letters?
1
2
3
4
616. What will happen if you press the button "Shvidky Druk"?
The flow side is being developed
The entire document is distributed in one example
There will be a transition in the "Forward look" mode
A dialog box appears with printer settings
617. What is the command to speed up to make a copy of the document for other names?
1
2
3
4
618. How will you get the V command for a quick reduction of the lower paragraph to the same format as the upper one?
1
2
3
4
619. Which tab should I go to to change the fields of an edited document?
1
2
3
4
620. Did they press a button on the yak, would you like to take away such a text?
1
2
3
4
621. Which tab can I go to to put down the numbering of the sides of a document?
1
2
3
4
622 What zrobiti, schob it to go?
Click on the message with the left mouse button
Press the CTRL key and press on the message with the left mouse button
Press the CTRL key and click on the message with the right mouse button
Press the SHIFT key and click the right mouse button on the message
Press the SHIFT key and press the left button on the mouse
623. What will happen if you push the button?
An empty side will be created in this document
Switch to the "Forward look" mode
A new Word document will be created
Will be arranged for the current side
624. Go to which tab to change the author of the document, name the keywords?
1
2
3
4
625. You want the bottom paragraph to look like the top one. How do I need to press the button?
1
2
3
4
626. At some part of the double screen, click the left button of the mouse, so that you can enter a header and footer?
1
2
3
4
627. How do you see on the Arkush a range of middle ones, meanings in yellow colors?
See the range of the middle E2: E8, then press the ALT key, see the range of H2: H8
See the middle range of E2: E8, then, pressing the CTRL key, see the range of H2: H8
See the range in the middle E2:E8, then press the SHIFT key, see the range H2:H8
Vikoristovuvati smartly formatuvannya
628. You violated the number of osibs, as if you were replacing the state seats and the seats of the state civil service in the bodies of the victorious and legislature in 2013 p. Which of the options do you think is the problem?
= SUM(H4: H8)
= SUM(H4: H5)
=SUM(B4:B5)
=SUM($4:$5)
629. Do you want to insert a new arkush into the demo14 book with one click, so you need to click the button?
1
2
3
4
630. Do you want to see the entire sheet "asc. gr", how do you need to click the button?
1
2
3
4
631. You need to see the range of B:H columns for which you need:
Pressing the Ctrl key, click on the heading of column B (area 1), and then click on the heading of column H (area 2).
Click on the heading of column B (area 1), press the Ctrl key and click on the heading of column H (area 2)
Click on the heading of column B (area 1), press the Shift key and click on the heading of column H (area 2)
Press the Shift key and click on the heading of column B (area 1), then click on the heading of column H (area 2).
632. You want to see unconnected rows 10 and 20 for whom you need:
Click on the row 10 header (area 1) and then click on the row 20 header (area 2)
Click on the row 10 header (area 1), click on the Ctrl key and click on the row 20 header (area 2)
Click on the header of row 10 (area 1), click on the Shift key and click on the header of row 20 (area 2)
Press the Shift key and click on the row 10 header (area 1) and then click on the row 20 header (area 2)
633. In the middle of C9, it is necessary to take the value of the part of the population from 0 to 4 years (the value is in the middle of B9) in the middle of the population (the value is in the middle of B7):
Click on the C9 box, then press the "=" sign on the keyboard, enter the formula B9: B7 and press the Enter key
Click the middle C9, then press the “=” sign on the keyboard, enter the formula B9 / B7 and press the Enter key
Click on the middle C9, then enter the formula B9 / B7, press the “=” sign on the keyboard and press the Enter key
Click on the C9 box, then enter the formula B9:B7, press the “=” sign on the keyboard and press the Enter key
634. In the middle of C9, it is necessary to take the value of the pet's range of the population from 0 to 4 years (the value is in the middle of B9) in the middle of the population (the value is in the middle of B7) for a further autocopy of the formula for the range of the middle of the C10:C2:
Click on the C9 box, then press the = sign on the keyboard, enter the formula B7/$B$9 and press the Enter key
Click on C9, then enter the formula B9/$B$7, press the = sign on the keyboard and press the Enter key
Click on the C9 box, then press the = sign on the keyboard, enter the formula B9/$B$7 and press the Enter key
Click on C9, then enter the formula B7/$B$9, press the = sign on the keyboard and press the Enter key
635. At the middle of I7, it is necessary to take the average value of the range of the middles of B7:H7:
Click the middle of I7, then go to tab 1, speed up with the command Middle and press the Enter key
Click the middle of I7, then go to tab 2, speed up with the command Middle and press the Enter key
Click the middle of I7, then go to tab 3, speed up with the command Middle and press the Enter key
Click the middle of I7, then go to tab 4, speed up with the command Middle and press the Enter key
636. It is necessary to induce the value of the range of the averages H7:H21 for the declines:
Press button 1
Press the middle H6, and then press button 1
Click in the middle H6, and then go to tab 2
Go to tab 3
637. It is necessary to format the range of the middle J8-J22 after the clear middle J7:
Click the middle J7, then click the button 1 and use the cursor to see the range of the middle J8:J22
Click on the heading of the column J (button 2), then go to the tab 4 and speed up with the command Format after star
See middle range J8:J22 then go to tab 3
Press the middle J7 then go to tab 4 and use the cursor to see the range of the middle J8:J22
638. In the diagram, hovering below, you have changed the scale of the vertical axis for greater accuracy, setting the maximum value of 5. Which menu item do you need to go to?
1
2
3
4
639. Do you want to write “Zvedeni danі” at the left table, being in the center of the seen area, like at the right table. How to press the next button?
1
2
3
4
640. Do you want to write "Zvedeni danі" at the right table roztashovuvavsya so, as in the left table. How to press the next button?
1
2
3
4
641. How does it mean to appear at the seen center, as if the function =МІН(H4:H8) is called there?
624035
12427
136165
11479
642. Do you want the number of the right comirci to appear the same way as the number of the left. Which menu item should be selected?
1
2
3
4
643. Do you want the seen middle C19 to have a difference in the middle A19 - B19. Why is it necessary to introduce the formula?
3 samples
Zi sign "minus"
Three signs "even"
In the name of the middle
644. If you expand the area with the numbers 1, 2, 3 for the lower right corner, stretching the left button of the mouse, then the result will be, as in the fragment:
1
2
3
4
645. For the help of some instrument, a picture was taken away, like in the middle A24: A28?
1
2
3
4
646. How to go to the next tab to add a slide to the presentation?
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2
3
4
647. To change the design of the "Header and Object" layout, do I need to go to the bookmark?
1
2
3
4
648. How do you press the button to turn the vision text of Fragment 1 into a marking list, like in Fragment 2?
1
2
3
4
649. How do you press the button to change the vision of the text of Fragment 1 into such a look, like that of Fragment 2?
1
2
3
4
650. How is it necessary to press the button so that the word “Komirka” in the upper table looks like it does in the lower one?
1
2
3
4
651. How to switch to slide show mode?
1
2
3
4
652. What does the slide number icon mean?
Slide of inclusions in the prevіlny show
The slide will be skipped for one hour of the presentation
Animation effects are featured on the slide
Slide to replace video files
653. Which menu item should be selected to take the result like the little one on the right?
1
2
3
4
654. Is it necessary to use a shortcut to launch a browser to view WEB-sides?
1
2
3
4
655. You need to go directly to the site www.kremlin.ru. Which field will require the address to be entered?
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656. Which tab should I go to in order to extract the text from the site?
1
2
3
4
657. Which tab should I go to to change the coding?
1
2
3
4
658. Without closing the tabs of the site kremlin.ru You want to go to the gov.ru portal by opening yoga in a new tab. What is the next option to speed up?
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659. What will you do if you click on the specified button in the Internet Explorer browser?
Check out the safe mode review
Open new tab
The page has been looked over to get to the "Vibrated"
Turn on animation effects on the side
660. What will you do, how will you press on the badge?
Zupinka zavantazhennya side
Close Internet Explorer browser
Move to the front side
Side update
661. You took away the electronic sheet, where the copies of the addressees should be in the copy. How to press the button "Vidpovisti", what addresses will be in the "To" field of your sheet?
Igor Zhuravlev
Igor Zhuravlev, Andrey Kurosh, Alexey Chumachenko, Polina Vafina
Igor Zhuravlev, Polina Vafina
662. You took away the electronic sheet, where the copy of the addressees should be in the copy. What will happen if you press the button "Vidpovisti all"?
If the sheet is created, then in the “To” field, the address will be indicated, for which you need the exit sheet
If the sheet is created, then the “To” field and the “Copy” will be shown all the addressees, redirected to the output sheet
The worksheet will be created with an empty field "To"
When the sheet is created, addressees will be indicated in the “Copy” field, redirected to the exit sheet
663. You took off the sheet from the song's address. The copy field has another address. You want to know only those people, for the address of such a list. How do I need to press the button?
Vidpovisti
Vіdpovіsti vsіm
Create a reminder
Forward
664. Is the button “Until the end” now victorious?
To install a guess on the calendar
Schob p_dpotuvati v_dpov_d in_name of the ker_vnik
Schob sheet zavzhdi buv meanings yak unread
To send a sheet to the weak
665
The information placed in the “Internet” dimension looks like systematized data, organized in a format that ensures automatic processing without a frontal change by a person with the method of non-single, free and cost-free quotation
Input data
Passport of valid data
666. The meaning of some understanding is given below:
The collection of information about the collection of critical data, necessary for establishing the fact of the validity of the collection of critical data up to the number of other thematic headings, and the potential attachment for the completion of the task, as well as the establishment of the address of the placement, the method of enrollment of data automatically
Input data
Vidkrit state data
Passport of valid data
667. Which format does not require the preparation of data for the collection of data with the method of publishing it on the Portal of data of the Russian Federation?
XML format
DOC format
CSV format
668. How can I allow the program to run a program for creating a set of data in the CSV format from pictograms?
1
2
3
4
669. What is the table of support for publication of the collection of critical data?
Table 1
Table 2
Table 1
Table 2
670. What is the table of support for publication of the collection of critical data?
Table 1
Table 2
Table 1
Table 2
671. Which addresses should not be allowed to go to poke systems in the Internet?
www.yandex.ru
www.rostelecom.ru
www.ya.ru
www.google.com
672. Where are the official data of sovereign bodies distributed?
on the official websites of state bodies at the Internet
on the official website of the President of the Russian Federation
at the federal state information system "Federal portal of the state service and managerial personnel"
on the Data Portal of the Russian Federation
673. What type of file should be used for this translation in CSV format?
Word
excel
PowerPoint
Access
674
2
5
7
15
675. What element should be clicked to look through the computer's operational memory RAM?
1
2
3
4
676. What element should be clicked to change my keyboard?
1
2
3
4
677. What kind of buttons are used to create an icon of an active window?
Tab + Insert
Alt + PrintScreen
Ctrl+Insert
Shift+F5
678. To press on the row of the heading presented below the window?
1
2
3
4
679. Is it necessary to press the button on the yak to increase the size of the open window?
1
2
3
4
680. What is the order of seeing a file before the selected folder?
The selected folder and the vision file are on the same level
Viewed file is known to the selected dad
Viewed file to remove from your selected folder
Viewed file and selected folder can be found in different locations
681. For the help of which tab can I call the Power command to change the size of the selected folder?
1
2
3
4
682. For the help of which tab can you change the representation of the selected folder, so that instead of the folder, looking like the bottom little one?
1
2
3
4
683. Which command in the Organize menu allows you to change the size of the selected folder?
1
2
3
4
684. How do I click on the button to gain access to the command Finish work?
1
2
3
4
685. Do you think that the text can enter the first row of the skin paragraph by 1.25 cm.
1
2
3
4
686. You want the inter-row spacing of the 2nd paragraph of the text to be similar to the inter-row spacing of the 1st paragraph of the text and adding exactly 22 points. How to press the button, to call out the dialogue window?
1
2
3
4
687. Do you want the inter-row spacing of the 2nd paragraph of the text to be similar to the inter-row spacing of the 1st paragraph of the text and becoming 22 points. What is the sequence of actions in a dialogical window to allow us to take the result?
Enter in field 1 the value "12", then enter in field 2 the value "12" and press the OK button
Click on field 3 and select the command Exactly in field 4, enter the value 22 and press the OK button
Enter in field 1 the value "22" and press the OK button
688. You want to draw up a table in your document. What tab is needed for whom?
1
2
3
4
689. You want to draw up a table with invisible boundaries in your document. On which button is it necessary to press for whom?
1
2
3
4
690. Which tab do you need to go to in order to enable the change mode?
1
2
3
4
691. It is necessary to switch to the same tab in order to create a markup to the flow part of the document
1
2
3
4
692. Which tab should I go to in order to complete the current side and go to the next one?
1
2
3
4
693. You want to vindicate for a created document zmіst zmistu. Which tabs do you need to go to?
From the beginning, go to tab 4 and click on the “Styles” dialog box, resize the text, and then on the tab 1 click the Edit button
From the beginning, go to tab 4, click on the Styles dialog box, select the text, and then on tab 2, click the Edit button
Go to tab 1 and press the button Edit
Go to tab 2 and press the button Edit
694. You want to change the orientation of the side from book to landscape. How does the area need to be pressed on a weekly dialogue window?
1
2
3
4
695. Click the button to place the vision fragment in the clipboard without viewing it?
1
2
3
4
696. Can you place the little ones at the document behind an additional insert?
View
Service
Insert
697. Infection with computer viruses can become a process
Work with files
Robots with peripherals
Revisiting web pages
The function MIN wins to find the minimum number in the range to be followed, and rotate the appropriate number.
The MINA function is recognized for searching for the minimum value in the given range of data and turning the result.
Apply different functions MIN and MIN in Excel
AT Excel tables information about the date of the birth of office workers. Determine the minimum age of the practitioner.
Data table:
For rozrahunkіv vikoristovuєmo formula array (correct result is less with the pressing combination Ctrl+Shift+Enter):
The only argument is viraz PIK(TODAY())-PIK(B3:B10), which rotates an array of numerical values, equal to the difference between the flow rate and the age of the skin practitioner. As a result, we calculate the following:
The formula automatically virahuval that the youngest speaker is 27 years old.
How to calculate the sum of the minimum unknown values in Excel
Excel tables have a few columns of numeric data. Know the total value of the minimum non-negative values, which are the same for these columns. Dodatkovo know the least of the obvious ones in the table.
Output table:
For the designation of the minimum unknown numbers, we use the array formula:
!} !}The only argument is the YAKSHO function, which vikonu reverberating the array of data for the input of positive numbers. As the mind wins, the function МІН accepts an array as an argument in order to avenge only positive numbers. Similarly, we know the minimum values of other items. Subtract result (Ctrl+Shift+Enter):
We know the smallest number in the table for the additional formula:
As the arguments of the function, the values that are rotated by the skin function MIN for the assigned data vector. Victory as an array formula. Result (Ctrl+Shift+Enter):
Search for the lowest number of values for the minds of Excel
The company used to work with one supplier of products. It became clear to Prote that the deacons of the post-employees should pronounce more favorable prices. Excel tables have the codes of goods and discounts, so that other postal workers can be shown. There is no reduction, it is shown logical meaning Nonsense, because the number is more positive - the goods are more expensive. Find the best discount for the same goods themselves only for different prices of the lower post-employees.
Output table:
Formula for rozrahunku (formula array):
=0;"No formula";MINA(YAKSHO(A3:A15=D1;B3:B15;"")))" class="formula"/>Calculate algorithm:
- Funktsіya YAKSCHO perevіryaє Umovu MІNA(YKShchO(A3:A15=D1;B3:B15;""))>=0, de MІNA turning the minimum value of the reduction for the product, the code of which is indicated in the middle D1.
- The MINA function has a logical value. Possibly vipadok, if for any product the discount is not іsnuє (all meanings are nonsense), і the result will be 0 (zero). At this point, the text row "No money" will be rotated. A similar trend will appear, as all the reductions are only positive figures.
- If the mind is not reduced, the maximum reduction (maximum negative value) for the assigned product code will be rotated.
Let's count the biggest discounts of other goods. As a result, take (Ctrl+Shift+Enter):
Features of using the MIN and MINA functions in Excel
The MIN function may have an offensive syntax entry:
MIN (number1; [number2] ...)
Description of arguments:
- number1 is a general argument that characterizes the first number of the range, for which it is necessary to know the minimum value;
- [number2]… - another kind of offensive argument that characterizes another kind of offensive number from the required range.
The MINA function may have an offensive syntax entry:
MINA(value1, [value2]…)
Description of arguments:
- value1 is a general argument that characterizes the first entry in the range, for which it is necessary to know the minimum value;
- [meaning2]… - another offensive argument that characterizes another offensive entry to the existing range of data.
Notes 1:
- Differences in syntax are used to define the meaning of two functions: МІН works only with numerical values, МІН is an additional logical type of data.
- Although only text strings were passed as arguments to the MIN and MINA functions, but not as textual representations of numbers, the function rotate the value 0.
- The function МІН, which accepts as an argument based on the range of data, ignores not only logical TRUTH and nonsense, but also text rows and empty comics.
- Just like the argument MIN or MINA is a formula that rotates a pardon, the result of victoring these functions will also be a pardon code. It is recommended to recheck the data for the additional function of OSLIPOMILKA.
- Functions МІН and МІНА do not allow logical functions-analogues, as it is implemented, for example, in the function RAKHUNOK (RAHUNKI), then the reverification of these data should be reversed when vikonannі МІН and МІНА, passing it as an argument logical functions(like, like a pardon and something else).
Notes 2:
- The MINA function turns the value 0 (zero), as long as it is in the range, to which the message was sent, as an argument, to be passed text values or textual manifestation of numbers.
- Offensive functions win for the value of the minimum values of the value passed as an argument range, however, there are a few features between them:
- As one of the arguments in the MIN function, it is a logical value (TRUE or FALSE, which can be converted to the numerical value 1 and 0 is clear), the value will be corrupted by the roses. For example, the function \u003d MIN (100, TRUE, FALSE, 10) turns the value 0.
- As an argument of the MIN function, a reasonable range was passed, so that the data of the boolean type is avenged, the rest is to check for nothing. For example, the function \u003d MIN (A1: A4) turns the value 10, so the range of the middle A1: A4 is to return such data: 100, TRUE, nonsense and 10 is valid.
- In case of rozrahunka, data of the logical type were insured, following the victory over the MINA function. For example, write =MINA(A1:A4) with the value 0 turned (logical nonsense is equivalent to numeric 0), as in the middle of A1:A4, the data should be corrected as in the front paragraph.
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
15. Nutrition. Which tab should I go to to change the fields of the edited document?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
16. Nutrition. Press the button on the yak, to take such a text?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 2.
17. Food. Which tab do you need to go to in order to put the numbering of the sides of the document?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
18. Food. The text is sent to old dzherelo. What zrobiti, schob it to go?
Vіdpovіdі options:
5) hold down the SHIFT key and press the mouse button on the left button.
19. Food. What will become, if you press on the button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) an empty side will be created in this document;
2) you will switch to the mode " Front view»;
3) will be created new Microsoft document word;
4) the order will be drawn up on the current side.
20. Nutrition. You want the bottom paragraph to look like the top one. How do I need to press the button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 1.
21. Food. In some part of the double screen, click the left button of the mouse, so that you can enter a header and footer?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
22. Nutrition. How do you see on the Arkush the range of the middle ones, the meanings of the yellow color?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) see the range of the middle E2: E8, then press the ALT key, see the range H2: H8;
2) see the range in the middle E2: E8, then, pressing the CTRL key, see the range H2: H8;
3) see the range in the middle E2: E8, then press the SHIFT key, see the range H2: H8;
4) vikoristuvati smart formatting.
23. Nutrition. In 2013, they changed the number of osibs, as if they replaced the sovereigns and the sovereign civil service in the bodies of vikonavchos and legislators in 2013. Which of the options do you think is the problem?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) = SUM(H4: H8);
2) = SUM(H4: H5);
3) = SUM(B4:B5);
4) = SUM($4:$5).
24. Nutrition. You can insert into the book in one click Microsoft Excel New sheet, how do I need to click the button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
25. Nutrition. Do you want to see the entire arc of the Microsoft Excel workbook, how do you need to click the button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
26. Nutrition. Do you want to see the range of B:H columns for what you need?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) pressing the Ctrl key, click on the heading of column B (area 1), and then click on the heading of column H (area 2);
2) click on the heading of column B (area 1), press the Ctrl key and click on the heading of column H (area 2);
3) click on the heading of column B (area 1), press the Shift key and click on the heading of column H (area 2);
4) pressing the Shift key, click on the heading of column B (area 1), then click on the heading of column H (area 2).
27. Food. Do you want to see unlinked rows 10 and 20 for whom is it necessary?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) click on the header of row 10 (area 1), and then click on the header of row 20 (area 2);
2) click on the header of row 10 (area 1), press the Ctrl key and click on the header of row 20 (area 2);
3) click on the header of row 10 (area 1), click on the Shift key and click on the header of row 20 (area 2);
4) pressing the Shift key, click on the header of row 10 (area 1), and then click on the header of row 20 (area 2).
28. Food. At the middle of I7, it is necessary to take the average value of the range of the middle B7: H7?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) click the middle I7, then go to tab 1, speed up with the Middle command and press the Enter key;
2) click the middle I7, then go to tab 2, speed up with the Middle command and press the Enter key;
3) click the middle I7, then go to tab 3, speed up with the Middle command and press the Enter key;
4) click on the middle I7, then go to tab 4, speed up with the Middle command and press the Enter key.
29. Food. Is it necessary to induce the value of the H7:H21 middle range for falling?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) press button 1;
2) click the middle H6, and then click button 1;
3) click the middle H6, and then click the button 2;
4) press button 3.
30. Food. Is it necessary to format the middle J8-J22 for a clear middle J7?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) click the middle J7 then click the button 1 and use the cursor to see the range of the middle J8: J22;
2) click on the heading of the column J (button 2), then go to the tab 4 and speed up with the command format after clear;
3) see the range of the middle J8: J22 then go to the tab 3 and speed up with the command format after clear;
4) click the middle J7 then go to the tab 4 and use the cursor to see the range of the middle J8: J22.
31. Food. In the diagram, hovering lower, for greater clarity, change the scale of the vertical axis, setting the maximum value of 5. Which menu item do you need to go to?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
32. Food. Do you want to write "Zvedeni danі" at the left table, being in the center of the seen area, like at the right table. How to press the next button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
33. Nutrition. Do you want to write "Zvedeni danі" at the right table roztashovuvavsya so, as in the left table. How to press the next button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
34. Nutrition. How is the meaning to appear at the seen center, how is the function =МІН (H4: H8) called there?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 11479.
35. Food. Do you want the number of the right commissar to be the same as the number of the left. Which menu item should be selected?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
36. Food. Do you want to have seen the middle of C19 have a difference in the middle of A19 - B19. Why is it necessary to introduce the formula?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) from sample;
2) zі sign "minus";
3) zі sign "even";
4) in the name of the middle.
37. Food. If you expand the area with the numbers 1, 2, 3 for the lower right corner, stretching the left button of the mouse, then the result will be like on a fragment?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) ; 2) ;
3) ; 4) .
38. Food. Which tab should I go to to add slides to the presentation?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
39. Food. How do you need to press the button, so that the vision text of Fragment 1 is turned into a marking list, like in Fragment 2?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
40. Food. How do you need to press the button, so that the vision of the text of Fragment 1 is turned into such a look, like that of Fragment 2?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
41. Food. Is it necessary to press the button so that the word “Komirka” in the upper table looks like it does in the lower one?
Vіdpovіdі options:
42. Food. How to switch to slideshow mode?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
43. Food. Which menu item to choose, to take the result, like a right-handed little one?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 3.
44. Food. Which shortcut needs to be speeded up to launch the browser to view WEB-sides?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
45. Food. You need to go directly to the site www.kremlin.ru. Which field will require the address to be entered?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
46. Nutrition. Do not close the tabs of the site kremlin.ru You want to go to the gov.ru portal by opening it in a new tab. What is the next option to speed up?
Vіdpovіdі options:
4) 4.
47. Food. What will you do, how will you click on the icon?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) a zipper on the side;
2) close the browser Microsoft Internet explorer;
3) transition to the front side;
4) updating the side.
48. Food. You took away the electronic sheet, where the copies of the addressees should be in the copy. How to press the button "Vidpovisti", what addresses will be in the "To" field of your sheet?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) Igor Zhuravlev;
2) Igor Zhuravlev, Andrey Kurosh, Alexey Chumachenko, Polina Vafina;
3) Igor Zhuravlev, Polina Vafina;
4) A sheet will be created with an empty “To” field.
49. Food. You took away the electronic sheet, where the copies of the addressees should be in the copy. What will happen if you press the button "Vidpovisti all"?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) a sheet will be created, where in the “To” field an address will be assigned, for which you need a leave sheet;
2) if the sheet is created, then in the field “To” and “Copy” all recipients transferred to the output sheet will be clearly assigned;
3) a sheet will be created with an empty “To” field;
4) if the sheet is created, then in the field “Copy” the addressees will be indicated, rescheduled to the output sheet.
50. Food. You took off the sheet from the song's address. The copy field has another address. You want to know only those people, for the address of such a list. How do I need to press the button?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) opinions;
2) opinion of all;
3) create reminders;
4) send.
51. Food. Is the "Until the end" button to win now?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) to create a task;
2) schob pіdpovіd vіdpovіd vіd іmenі kerіvnik;
3) schob sheet zavzhdi buv meanings like non-readings;
4) to send a leaf to the weak one.
52. Food. Which understanding is pointed out below?
Vіdpovіdі options:
1) input data;
2) official state data;
3) the passport of the official data.
¨ Displaying the text on the screen by means of a video buffer without intermediary programming.
¨ Rozrobka application programs with some BIOS service functions for working with a screen and a keyboard.
¨ Introducing the blockage of program operations.
Robot No. 2 looked at various DOS system functions and displayed a symbolic information screen. However, the possibility of DOS is limited: there are no functions for changing the color of characters and the position of the cursor. In addition, DOS has the ability to form graphic images.
All the capabilities of the video system of the computer can be implemented with the help of the video functions of the BIOS flashing int 10h. Pererivannya int 10h secure: change video mode (text or graphic); visnovok symbolic text information; changing the fonts, adjusting the palette, working with graphic images. Programming the video system for the help of the BIOS is more cumbersome, but the prote is great high speed Visnovka is zoomed in more widely than others in application programs.
For this robot, the BIOS functions of servicing the video system of the computer are considered, and to navigate the functions of the robot with the keyboard. Pererahuemo functions, which are the subject of review in laboratory robots.
Int 10h:
function 00h - set video mode;
function 02h – setting the position of the cursor;
function 03h - read position and size to the cursor;
function 05h – insertion of video side;
function 06h (07h) – initialization or scrolling the window up (down);
function 08h - read character and attribute at cursor position;
function 09h - write character and attribute to the cursor position;
function 0Ah - writing a character to the cursor position with a stream attribute;
function 0Eh – writing to a character in teletype mode with a stream attribute;
function 0Fh – select display mode;
function 1003h - change the recognition of the high bit of the attribute byte:
function 13h - recording a row with a set attribute for the teletype mode.
Int 16h:
function 00h (10h) – reading a character from the keyboard with validation;
function 01h (11h) – checking the keyboard buffer for presence of a new character;
function 02h (12h) – deletion of the flags (extended) of the keyboard.
Int 15h, function 86h – trim.
Int 1Ah, function 00h - change the system hour.
8.2.2. DIRECT PROGRAMMING TO VIDEO BUFFER IN TEXT MODE
Modern video controllers support various text and graphics modes. Text modes vary according to different settings (the number of characters displayed horizontally and vertically) and color palette(Monochrome or 16-color mode). For graphic modes, the main classification feature is the number of colors, which are displayed at once, and, obviously, the number of bits of video memory, which is entered on the skin point (pixel) of the image. The following types of graphic modes are distinguished:
Monochrome (1-bit encoding);
16-color EGA/VGA(4-bit coding);
256-color SVGA(8-bit coding);
- Hicolor(16-bit encoding);
- true color(24-bit / 32-bit encoding).
Graphic modes VGA (SVGA) are obsolete, but texts continue to be successfully stagnated (Div. Table 3.2 p. 8.2.3).
Everything that is shown on the monitor - graphics, text - is immediately present in the memory, in the wake of the video adapter. In order for the image to appear on the monitor, it must be written to the riddle about the video adapter. In text mode for VGA-mad systems for video memory, an address space is introduced (crim 7-ї video mode with a monochrome adapter), which starts from the logical address B800h:0000h and the address BF00h:0FFFh, which ends. This region is divided into 8 sectors for the number of video sites (4 Kbytes per side). In this way, the post-link filed the address space of the video memory in the text mode may look like this:
B800h:0000h - side 0, moved in the range 0000h - 0FFFh
B900h:0000h - side 1, moved in the range 0000h - 0FFFh
- ...........
BF00h:0000h - side 7, shifted in the range 0000h - 0FFFh
A video buffer appears on the screen, which indicates the active side. For text modes, 2 bytes are entered for displaying a skin symbol: byte 3 ASCII- character code and byte z th attribute. When you ask for the address B800h:0000h to know the byte with the character code (the left upper cut of the screen), and in B800h:0001h- attribute of this symbol; B800h:0002h- the code of another character, and in B800h:0003h- an attribute of another character that in. When forming the image, the image was taken in the middle at the video buffer, in the DOS programs i BIOS, all relevant codes ASCII spend their essential functions and appear in the form of similar symbols. The attribute byte structure is shown in fig. 3.1.
Rice. 3.1. Attribute byte structure
3 fig. 3.1 next, a skin symbol can be accepted from 16 possible colors, which are assigned to the younger 4 battles. Bits 4-6 bytes of attributes set the background color for this character. Remaining bit 7, depending on the mode of the video adapter, it either determines the color of the background under this symbol (the same background can also accept 16 different colors) or the color of the symbol ( be restoredDOS for lockdown).
When the car is loaded, a standard palette is installed, the color code is indicated in the table. 3.1. Let's take a look at deyakі apply. So, the mode has the value of the senior navbyte attribute 8h signifies not a gray background, but a black one with a timid symbol, the color of such, as before, is signified by a young napivbayt; high byte value 0Ch- black ashes with a timid symbol. Switching the recognition of bit 7 to the subfunction 03h functions 10h respite int 10h.
Table 3.1
Cody colors in the standard palette
|
salatovy |
|||
|
Turquoise |
light turquoise |
||
|
violet |
Light violet |
||
|
Brown |
|||
|
Bright white |
Two-byte character codes are written to the video buffer in the order in which the stench appears on the screen: the first 80*2 bytes correspond to the first row of the screen, the other 80*2 bytes - the other then. When you move to the next row, the screen is displayed not by the carriage rotation codes and the row shift, but by the placement of the code in another video buffer area. In order for the program to gain access to the video buffer, it is required to enter the given segment address of the video buffer into one of the segment registers. If so, if you want to know more about it, you can record a record in the video buffer, whether it be the place (community) or not. Calculate the shift of the room in the coordinates "row-stovpets" (row,clm) you can do it like this:
VidAddr=(row*160) + (clm*2)
With a great deal of data, the informational frame is formed behind the scenes in the buffer of the coristuvach, which is in the data segment of the program.
Listing 3.1. Recording a row at the videobuffer 0- sides .
;Clear the screen
;Set the segment register ES to side 0 of the videobuffer, and ds to the data segment
;Send a string of characters from the videobuffer with the correct rank
; register si, di and cx
cld ;Look forward
rep movsb ;)* ;Send a string of characters with attributes to the videobuffer
;Start the program to see the result
;Write DOS on the command input, may overwrite the displayed information)
;Fields of data in the data segment of the program. Symbols and attributes: 0B0h - light-
; turquoise on black, 0E4h - red on yellow
msg db ‘*’,0B0h,’T’,0E4h,’E’,0E4,’S’,0E4,’T’,0E4,’*’,0B0h
For this fragment, the program has symbolic code and information, which is displayed, interleaved with its attributes. Such a method of forming fields of data, recognized for direct recording in video memory, becomes cumbersome, however, it can be simply said, as a symbol, which is shown, to mum one and the same attributes. So, as we want to display symbols in the text from the data segment with a single attribute 0E4h, then we just need to replace one command row, assigned to the hovered fragment by the symbol "*)" , on three. At the time of the order of the day, I saw the memory of the zodiac for us.
mov si,offset msg ;
mov di, 160 * 12 + 36 * 2;
mov cx,msglen ;Number of bytes to transfer
cld ;Look forward
mov ah,0E4h
stosw ;Vivantage "character + attribute" s x y videobuffer (ax→es:di)
loop cycle ;Repeat msglen times
;Fields of data in the data segment of the program.
msg db ‘*TEST*’
There is a better way of displaying the text to be formatted in the same video sequence without arranging the symbols of the transfer or in the left border. Introduction of elementary rules text editor the procedure for seeing is to greatly complicate the program. For this reason, for visualization, it is necessary to increase the BIOS functions.
Expanding the structure of the program, which makes it possible to review certain video pages, information is recorded on the back of the table by the method of direct programming of the video buffer, manually carried out from the loading of the function 05 hint 10h BIOS (clause 8.2.3.2).
8.2.3. ADVICE DATA FOR BIOS FUNCTIONS
8.2.3.1. Reset int 10h. BIOS Video Features
¨ Function 00h. Setting the video mode (Table 3.2) of streaming video with clearing the screen (Screen cleaning screen is implemented by function 06h and 07h).
Wiklik: AH = 00h,
Al= Video mode (mode code is set in low 7 bits, setting high bit to 1 prevents clearing the screen).
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,SI, taDI.
Table 3.2
Text and video modes in standard VGA, support
modern video controllers
|
Mode |
Expansion |
Color |
Rosemary to the sign |
Addresses |
Sideways |
|
|
pivtoniv |
||||||
|
pivtoniv |
||||||
|
3 (Mono ) |
||||||
For locking DOS, mode 3 is broken (at the same time, the program can be correctly designed to re-verify that the necessary text mode is installed for further inspiration).
¨ Function 02h. Set cursor position.
Specifies the position of the cursor on the screen in text coordinates, from which the text will be displayed. The number of the row and the tie is observed from the upper left kut. The cursor can be inserted both in the text mode and in the graphics mode, but the cursor is not visible in the graphics mode. The BIOS supports up to eight independent cursors - one per skin side (div. Table 3.2) independently depending on which side is active. Function 02 h
Wiklik: AH=02h; BH= side number (0,1,...7), ring 0;
DH= row; DL= Stovpets.
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,SIі DI.
¨ Function 03h. Reading the position and expanding it to the cursor.
Turn the current coordinates to the cursor on the selected side. This gives you the opportunity to go to the next screen time, and then turn around in the old place. Function 03 h The BIOS can be tweaked with other DOS functions to organize screen display.
Wiklik: AH=03h, BH= side number (0,1,...7), chime 0.
Rotation: DH, DL= row and column of the current position of the cursor,
CH, CL= the first and last rows of the spread to the cursor.
Wiklik ruynuє registers AX, BP, SI and DI.
¨ Function 05h. Installed video.
Install an active video page (both textual and graphical).
Wiklik: AH=05h, AL= side number (0,...,7).
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,SIі DI.
The program, as it installs a side, monitors the flow, may after the completion of the work and restore the day.
¨ Function 06h (07h). Initialization or scrolling the window uphill (down).
Initialize the window from the assigned coordinates, spaces ASCIIіz set attribute (AL=0), otherwise I scroll the window up (down) for a given number of rows ( AL= Number of rows). When scrolling, the rows that appear from the bottom (top) are filled with gaps ASCIIіz set attribute. The function can be manually changed for a smooth screen cleaning or a rectangular screen.
Wiklik: AH = 06h (07h);
AL = 0 - purification, AL=N(N>0) - scrolling on N rowkiv;
BH= symbol attribute of the window;
CH, CL = row coordinates (Y,X) left upper kut;
DH, DL= row coordinates (Y,X) right lower kuta.
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,S.I.і D.I.
¨ function 08h. Read the symbol of that attribute at the current position of the cursor on the selected side.
Wiklik: AH=08h, BH= side number (0,...,7), call 0.
Rotation: ah= symbol attribute, AL=ASCII- code symbol.
Wiklik Ruinu registry VR,SIі D.I.
¨ Function 09h. Writes a character with the specified attribute to the screen at the cursor position. Dіє yak in graphic, i in text modes. In the graphical mode, the characters are not guilty, go to the next row. All AL codes are looked at as symbols and look at the cursor position. After the symbol is seen, the cursor moves to the next position with function 02h. The repetition factor allows you to enter rows of the same characters. In text mode, the character is displayed from the value assigned to BL attribute. For graphic - vmist BL vplyvaet more on the color of the symbol, but not on the aphids under it. Graphic image rubbed under a knower.
Wiklik: AH=09h, AL=ASCII symbol code,
BL= attribute to character (text mode) or color to character (graphic mode),
BH= side number (0,1,...7), CX= Repetition coefficient.
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,SIі DI.
¨ Function 0Ah. Writes a character with a stream attribute to the screen at the cursor position. The function is similar to graphical and text modes. The symbol accepts an attribute that is inserted earlier than the previous position. All ASCII AL codes are treated as symbols and do not control the position of the cursor (as well as functions 09h). After seeing the symbol, the cursor moves to the next positionfunction 02h.
Wiklik: AH = 0Ah, AL=ASCII symbol code,
BH= side number (0,1,...7), CX= repetition coefficient.
Wiklik Ruinu registry AX,VR,SIі DI.
¨ Function 0Eh. Write the character from the stream attribute to the TTY mode.
Write character ASCII at the cursor position (in front of the inserted function 02h) on the active side and moves the cursor to the next position. Cody ASCII: 07h - call (BEL) 08h - croc back (BS), 0Dh - carriage rotation (CR), 0Ah - row shift (LF), are looked at like a keruyuchi that vykonuyutsya vіdpovіdnі їm dії. Other key codes are looked at as symbols and displayed on the screen. Dіє automatic translation the cursor to the next row after the completion of the front row, as well as scrolling the screen up 1 row after the bottom row is completed.
Wiklik: AH = 0Eh, AL=ASCII symbol code,
BL= symbol color (less for graphical mode),
BH= side number (0,1,...7), for promotions, there is an active side.
¨ Function 0Fh. Select display mode and line number .
Wiklik: AH=0Fh.
Rotation: AL = display mode, AH= screen width for text format
BH= active party number.
Wiklik Ruinu registry VR,SIі D.I.
butt. The procedure for restoring the position of the cursor on the side.
Enter : dh= row (0 - 25), dl= stovpets (0 - 79)
.......... ;Install register
¨ Function 10h. Subfunction 03h. Peremikannya bit "blinking / brightening".
Signifies the recognition of the high bit 7 attribute to the symbol: merehtinnya to the symbol, or the brightness of the background is promoted.
Wiklik: AX= 1003h, BL= Assignment of the 7th bit of the attribute:
0 - increased brightness, 1 - merekhtinnya (To be installed behind the castle).
The function immediately inserts all screen symbols that have the most significant bit of the background attribute set.
¨ Function 13h. Write strings of characters from given attributes.
Write the row to the streaming side of the video buffer, starting from the designated position. Cody ASCII: 07h- ring, 08h- crochet back, 0ah- row shift,
0Dh- carriage turns, look like managers, reshta - like symbols.
Wiklik: AH=13h, AL= recording mode:
0 - character attribute BL, the row should be replaced with only the code of characters, after the record, the cursor takes a different position (to show the advancing row, so as not to change the position of the cursor, it starts from the post-indented position);
1 - wakes up in mode 0 tim, after the record the cursor is closed like a row;
2 - a row to replace alternately the code of symbols and attributes (so that the skin symbol is described by 2 bytes - ASCII-code and attribute), after the record, the cursor takes a new position;
3 - wakes up in mode 2, after the completion of the view, the cursor is left in the end of the row.
BH= side number (0,1,...7), BL= attribute for modes 0 and 1,
CX= Length of the character string (the length of the string includes only character codes, but not bytes of attributes),
DX=DH.DL= coordinates of the cursor (row, row) at the exit point of the row on the screen,
ES:BP= addresses on the cob of a row in memory.
Give respect to the particularity of the address given !
1. Programs (initial workshop), which are written in the DOS operating environment, for locking the text mode 3, side 0.
2. Programs for the widest recognition of fault inquire the streaming video mode on that side (function 0Fh, int 10h) with further stuttering of BIOS functions.
.......
mov v_mode, al; save mode
Mov current_page, bh; Save row
3. If the program displays images on different sides, then the sequence on the skin side can be stepped on (the mode is transferred behind the lock from "0" - side):
Installed side function 05h;
Setting the position of the cursor by the function 02h;
Ordinal formatting to BIOS or DOS text.
Nadalі can but organize a cyclical review of the change of sides along the way of their remembrance of the function 05 h,int 10h. When exiting the program, the language will be changed to "0"-side. Zrobiti tse, for example, you can.
..........
..........
;Analysis of the keyboard buffer by the DOS function 06h int 21h
mov ah,06h ;Function input without validation
mov dl,0FFh; Introduction
out_program: ;View side by function 05h, int 10h
..........
The sides of the video buffer can be sequentially formatted using the method of non-intermediate memory programming. Choice of sides when choosing a separate initialization of the segment register ES(Div. 8.2.2). Revisiting instead of the sides can also be done by the way of their successive switching for an additional function 05h, int 10h.
4. The structure of the demo program, which performs the function "merekhtinnya - bright background" (function 10h, subfunction 03h, int 10h).
;Clear the screen
..........
;Initiation of 2 local vicons, skin with its own attribute and text. When
;attributes of the color senior (7th after the number) bit is equal to "1".
.........
continue: ;
mov bl,1; Merehtinnya
;Enter a 3 sec stunt
.........
;Turn on increased brightness
.........
;Enter a 3 sec stunt
.........
;Analysis of the keyboard buffer by the DOS function 06h int 21h
;pretty key
.........
jnz out_program ;zf=0, є character, to exit
jmp continue ;zf=1, no symbol, continue with the robot
out_program: ;
..........
exit: mov ax,4C00h ;
.........
5. How the program has organized a continuous cycle of displaying data on the screen by BIOS functions (09 h, 0Ah, 0Eh, 13h), then yoga cannot be interrupted in an emergency for additional pressing of keys ctrl+c(To get out of the program, as you can work with different DOS functions). So you can build it up, add a function to the body cycle 0bh respite Int 21h.
8.2.3.3. Retry int 16h
¨ Function 00h (10h). Reading the keyboard is a symbol for reading.
Read from the ring buffer symbol i scan code. After reading, the stench is removed from the buffer and rotated to register AX. If the buffer is empty, check for input. The skin key on the keyboard confirms the scan code, which only confirms this key. This code is overpowered by the keyboard with skin pressure, and the release of the keys is processed in the BIOS by a reset code Int 09h. Function 00h gives you the opportunity to take away the onslaught code without overkilling the code. Like a pressed key ASCII- character, then:
AL-ASC II symbol code, ah- button scan code.
Like a pressed key to show extensions ASCII- code, then:
AL - 00h, ah- extensions ASCII- the code.
Wiklik: AH=00h (83/84-key).
Rotation: AL=ASCII- code for the symbol, images on the keys / 00h,
AH= scancode/extensions ASCII-Key code.
Function 10h(AH = 10)- 00h for extended keyboard (101/102- key
ASCII- code for keys F11,F12, as well as for other combinations.
Like a sign of key keys or their combinations, crim meaning 00
h, vikoristovuyutsya 0Ah, 0Dhі E0h.
¨ Function 01h (11h). Rechecking the keyboard buffer for the presence of a character.
Indicates, chi є in the ring buffer of the symbol that will clear the input; turn the ensign ochіkuvannya that the very symbol for yoga manifestation. However, the character i th scan code is not removed from the buffer and can be removed again when the function is called again. 00
h Int 16h. This function should be up to asynchronous: after setting the entry buffer, it will turn the control
gram.
Wiklik: AH = 01h (83/84-key), 11h(101/102-key).
Rotation: ZF= 1, if the buffer is empty ZF= 0, if there is a character in the buffer, which is to be read. In what direction:
AL=ASCII- character code/ 00h, AH= scancode for keys/extensions ASCII- the code.
Function 11h(AH = 11h)- Enhanced Function Option 01 h for extended keyboard (101/102 -key). Allows you to select extensions ASCII-Kodi for keys F11,F12, as well as for other combinations. Like a sign of key keys or their combinations, crim meaning 00 h, vikoristovuyutsya 0Ah, 0Dhі E0h.
¨ Function 02h(12h). Otrimannya prapori keyboard.
Rotate the byte of the keypad, which describes the camp of the key keys, written in the byte (word) of the BIOS data area for the address 0000 h:0417h.
Wiklik: AH=02h
Rotation: A L= The first byte of the flags of the keyboard.
Bit bytes may have the following meaning:
0: 1 - rights Shift pressed
1: 1 lev Shift pressed
2: 1 - ctrl(whether) pressed
3: 1 - alt(whether) pressed
4: 1 - mode scroll lock
5: 1 - mode Num Lock
6: 1 - mode cap lock
7: 1 - mode Insert active
Function 12h(AH=12h)- Enhanced Function Option 02 h for extended keyboard (101/102- key). Display the same byte value as a function 02 h, for the address 0000 h:0417h, i, additional, another byte to the keyboard status (addresses 0000h:0418h) with current values:
0: 1 lev ctrl pressed 4: 1 - pressed scroll lock
1: 1 lev alt pressed 5: 1 - pressed Num Lock
2: 1 - rights ctrl pressed 6: 1 - pressed cap lock
3: 1 - rights alt pressed 7: 1 - pressed SysReg
8.2.3.4. Shutdown of program operations
Program zatrimki zastosovuyut at that moment, as if there were some point, the program needs to remember the current hour. Behind the view of running the program stutters are divided into two types: stutters that are implemented on the basis of the program running "empty" nested loops, and stutters that are implemented on the basis of the computer's system timer. Listing 3.2 has a first-type dummy implementation.
Listing 3.2. Program zatrimka on the basis of vykonannya investih tsiklіv іz command loop.
Proc delay ;
Mov cx, N; N - lichilnik zovnіshny cycle
Outer: push cx ;
Mov cx,0; Safely the maximum number of repetitions (64K times)
;internal cycle
Inner: loop Inner ;Inner loop
Pop cx
Loop Outer ;Repeated spring cycle N times
Listing 3.2 has a parameter N wins the role of the scale multiplier for the hour of the hustle
tass =N*tvikonannya internal cycle.
With this least single hour (tobto "tick"), an hour of vikonnanny of the internal cycle, which is folded, at one's own pace, for an hour of vikonannya 65,535 times of command loop. Parameter N selected experimentally for otrimannya tass(In ms or sec) The firmware code of a specific computer is fixed.
From the look of which I will butt the obvious shortcomings given approach, if it is necessary to ensure the timing of the clockwork in the program, regardless of the type of victorious computer. Therefore, it is reasonable to designate an hour of programmatic zatrimka without intermediary for the timer. Expiration of the timer signals with a frequency of 18.2 times per second do not lie in the productivity of the computer and play the role of a late hour. Implementation of this method vicorist function 00 h Flash BIOS Int 1Ah.
Int 1A h, function 00 h. Reading the clock cycle timer.
BIOS reset tool from system timer ( Int 8) for the duration of the resurrection (skin 55 ms or 18.2 times per second) at the subway word of memory with the address 0040h:006Сh. This function rotates the accumulated value ( double code) and drop yoga in 0 . At the register AL turn around 0 , as if instead of the lichnik, without changing the value, which is 24 years old (if the value is reached, the lichnik is thrown off), otherwise it turns AL= 1.
Wiklik: AH = 00h.
Rotation: CX:DX- The number of ticks of the system hour per night,
AL- Prapor crossing the doba.
Apply the meaning that they turn into CX:DX:
1 sec 12 h or 18,
1 hvilina 04 44 h or 1092,
1 year 1 00 07 h or 65543,
24 year 18 00 B0 h or 1573040.
For zatrimki less than 14 seconds, you can use only the youngest byte of the register DX
Listing 3.3. B this butt a delay of 5 seconds has been set, which means 91 times the timer
..........
movah,0; The function of "reading" the cycles of the timer
int 1Ah ;It takes the value of the cycle counter for cx:dx
add dx, 91; Add 5 sec. before the youngest word in dx
mov bx,dx ;
to post
repeat: int 1Ah
cmp dx,bx ;
jne repeat; If there is more than one, then I repeat again,
;and now the hutch is over
If it is necessary to introduce a fade with high accuracy, it is necessary to tweak the function 86h Flash BIOS Int 15h. Vaughn allows you to designate the hour of the fade in microseconds. Under the hour of vykonannya zatrimki allowed pererivannya. The program control is turned after the end of the specified hour.
Int 15h, function 86h
Wiklik: AH=86h, CX : dx= stutter hour in microseconds.
Rotation: CF=0- normal vikonannya, CF=1- The function is not supported.
Butt: CX:dx= 0098h: 9680h= 10,000,000 µs = 10 sec.
8.3. OPTIONS FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
1. Initialize the screen with the song attribute. Put on a new local window smaller size with the other attribute of color. In the central part of the window, enter the text (spread of rows) from memory with the cyclic implementation of scrolling the window in the sprat of rows uphill and down. Changing the type of scrolling is set by the program zatrimkoy (2...3 sec.). Move out of the program.
2. Initiate two video pages, skin with its own attribute and write down the text (they symbolize the text of the obligatory language of the mother of the other colors). Organize a cyclical change of video pages from a period of 2...3 sec. Transfer output from the program to the updates of the flow side.
3. On the screen, start 2 local windows. Leather with its own attribute and text with kіlkom rows. Organize a cyclic remembrance of the attributes of the first century on a friend and back. The cycle of re-micking is set by a time delay of 2...3 sec. Move out of the program.
4. On the screen, start 2 local windows. Skin vykno zі svoїm attribute and the text at kіlka ryadkіv. Organize a cyclical replay of the text from one week to the next with a time delay of 2...3 sec. Move out of the program.
5. On the screen, initialize vіkno_1 with the attribute and the text next to the row row. After an hour of zatrimki 2 ... 3 with a private layer on the new window_2 with the other attribute and the text. Cycle process. Move out of the program.
6. On the screen, initialize the local window with the attribute (i text), make the drift in a horizontal (vertical) direction. When reaching the boundary of the screen, the drift of the adjacent beam is constantly changing. The rok of the local vision in the expanse of the screen is to be blamed, but rather less than the expansion of the screen itself.
7. On the screen, initialize the window locally with the attribute (and text). After the onslaught of the command key, you begin to change your mind (pulsation), increasing that change singing period. Timchasovy krok zmini rozmіru vykna is guilty buti richly less for the period
pulsations.
8. Initialize the screen locally with new attributes. Organize the mode of viewing the text from the local window from the keyboard. Increase the possibility of editing the text, as well as the scrolling of the window during the next hour.
9. Initialize the screen and two small local windows in the New World. Help button<Tab> organize a remikannya to the cursor from the end to the next. Selected key<Tab> vikno nabuvaє podvischenoї yaskravostі. Move out of the program.
10. Initialize the screen and two local windows in the new. At the left of the window, enter the first half of the tables ASCII, and to the right - half to a friend. Transfer the cleaning of the window and exit from the program.
11. Initialize the screen and two local windows in the new (skin with its own attribute and text). Organize a cyclical remembrance of the beat "flashing to the background / blinking". Exit from the program is guilty of re-establishing the meaning of the battle for locking.
12. Initialize the screen and two local windows in the new. Have left to show a friend half of the table ASCII c symbols of pseudographics. Using the navigation cursor, for the help of the keys (¬, -, ®, ¯) organize the possibility of continuous creation of straight lines in another window.
13. Expand the program for displaying the text on the screen with a path without the middle programming of the video buffer with different formatting elements (accessing the left border, transferring the text to the next row after crossing the word of the right cordon).
Entry: D.S.:SI- addresses ASCI- rows, AH- attributes;
CX- Number of symbols seen;
D.H./DL- Row ( row)/stovpets ( clm);
Indent_LIndent_R- fields in the entrance (at the stovptsyah) levoruch and right-handed.
It is necessary to optimize the address of the video buffer ES:DI. The procedure is guilty of converting the missing value of the register ES.
14. Vykoristovuyuchi directly programming video memory, save a few sides of the video buffer with the upcoming review of them (viewing the screen) in the cyclic mode. When exiting the program, ensure that the flow side is turned on.
15. Expand the program for drawing a rectangle, vicory graphic symbols and ASCII coding. The coordinates of the upper left kut (row, stovpets) and the lower right fold are entered from the keyboard after a double request.
8.4. POWER CONTROLS
1. short description capabilities, which are given to the programmer by the BIOS basic input-output system, in parallel with the DOS service functions.
2. Name the video memory for displaying one character and, apparently, one video side of the monitor in text mode.
3. Give a characteristic to the symbol attribute of the video buffer.
4. Expand macros for:
¨ clearing the screen from inserting the cursor into the left upper corner of the screen;
¨ positioning the cursor at a certain point of the screen from memorizing its coordinates at the memory for additional changes rowі clm;
¨ seeing help mes dozhina length that attribute of color attrib from the positions that are changed rowі clm.
5. As a BIOS function, it retrieves the required information about the key on the keyboard.
