Telephone exchanges and borders. Automatic telephone exchanges - PBX

Telephone network, a complex of technical disputes and possessions, applications for the establishment of a telephone connection and is composed of telephone stations, telephone exchanges, line connections and subscriber installations. The subscriber's installation is called a telephone set, with a disk dialer or a keyboard, or it can be autodialed. Lines of communication on a telephone line can be redundant, cable, radio relay, optical (laser) and satellite. With the method of effective chanting of the lines, behind the auxiliary equipment, they create a single number of typical channels and a voice frequency link (300-3400 Hz). At telephone exchanges and hubs, switching of lines and channels is carried out, communication is carried out, and distribution of telephone notification flows is carried out.
Behind the functional and structural signs telephone on the line podіlyayutsya on mіstsevі (sіlskі and mіskі), vnutrіshnyozonovі, zonovі, mizhmіs'kі and international. Strong will be behind the so-called radial-nodal principle. telephone exchanges(multiple 50-200 skin numbers) call between each other through the hub station (US), and the hubs - through the central one, which can go to the automatic intercom telephone exchange (AMTS). The cities are non-regional (like the city has one telephone exchange) and the districts (like their kilka). With a small number of remaining (up to a few tens of thousands of numbers) district automatic telephone exchanges (RATS) connect with each other according to the principle of “skin from skin”, and whether or not RATS can go to AMTS. The great ones telephone on the line(I take up to a few hundreds of thousands of numbers and more) docile (as a means of improving the efficiency of the election of a line liaison with instructions from їх insufficiencies) organizing about universities in the input and output events, such as RATS are included.
The telephone line is a collection of local and internal telephone lines. The Mіzhmіska telephone line - tse sukupnіst AMTS vsіh zones, uzlіv avtomaticheskoї komutatsії (UAK) and linіy zv'yazku, scho zadnyuyat їх m_zh itself, UAK is recognized for zdіysnennya transit z'єdnаn mіzhmіskih kanalіv і obihіhіvіzії. At the telephone line, inspired by the radial-nodal principle, to reach the great streams of telephone calls between the same telephone stations, they create cross-line calls. The introduction of AAC and US allows you to change the number of transverse lines required for passing through the telephone line of all telephone calls that need to be reached, in a given direct line and with a given service level.
International telephone line - a collection of international ATEs, automatic transit hubs for international, including intercontinental, calls and lines that connect them with each other.

Basic directions for development telephone on the line- promotion of the level of automation of the processes of the installation of calls at telephone exchanges and universities; the provision of automatic telephone exchanges and AAC, which do not require permanent maintenance, is quasi-electronic (for some extensions, the control is based on elements of electronic technology, and the switching of the line connection is carried out by small-sized swid-coded telephone relays , for example, relays on reed switches) and electronic ones; creation of automated systems for dynamic management. To the warehouse of the rest, the extensions will be switched on, I will control that correction, as for the address information (for the subscriber number, which is called), you are responsible for knowing the best way to install the day. The telephone technology is equipped with microelectronics and electronic machines.

telephone station, complex technical aids, are designated for switching channels, linking a telephone line. At the telephone exchange, calls are made to the first telephone channels - subscribers and the last line calls - for an hour of telephone conversations and after the end of the negotiations; z tsієyu zdіysnyuєtsya zdіysnyuєtsya that rozpodіl pokovіv telekomnіvіdomleni zapryamkіv zv'yazku. telephone station- different type of knot zv'azku. chime in telephone exchange spread in a special future.
For the method of switching, the telephone exchange is switched to manual (RTS) and automatic (ATS). RTS telephone switches; switching of channels is carried out by a telephone operator. Automatic telephone exchanges fall due to the appearance of stagnant switching outbuildings: machines and ten-day-croco - prompted to shukach electromechanical, Vіdpovіdno with machine and electromagnetic drives; coordinate, for some switching attachments to serve bagatorazovі coordinates; quasi-electronic switching devices, which are operated by wired electromagnetic switching devices, for example, reed relays; electronic, for example, with switching for the help of napіvprovіdnikovih devices (such automatic telephone exchanges are rebuyed at the stage of distribution). PBX that functions in telephone networks different type, іstotno differ like in structure, і according to algorithm roboti. Tsya vіdminnіst can be a mother place and in the middle of a telephone line of one type: for example, in some telephone lines there are district exchanges, weekend and incoming calls (UIS and BC). At the cob stage development phone call at the telephone lines, the RTS were victorious. At 20 st. rozpochavsya the process of automating the telephone call: z'appeared automatic telephone exchange, yakі vdoskonaluvalis with the development of switching technology. Автоматизація процесів комутації дозволила прискорити встановлення з'єднань, покращити якісні показники обслуговування абонентів, скоротити експлуатаційні витрати, сприяла раціональній побудові телефонних мереж будь-якої ємності, зробила економічно виправданими децентралізацію обладнання (воно частково може розташовуватися в окремих будівлях, утворюючи так звані підстанції та концентратори ) merez, etc.)

PERSH AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE STATION OF MOSCOW

(Velika Ordinka, No. 25)

Directly opposite the Great Tolmachivskogo provulk there is a wake-up call for the first Moscow automatic telephone exchange. Vaughn was celebrated on the 6th leaf fall of 1927, the very day before the tenth anniversary of the Great Zhovtnevoy revolution. Similar to Radian architecture dominating constructivism - "the style of the hall, the concrete is the slope." In 1920, avant-garde artist V.Є. Tatlin worked on the model of his famous veg - a monument to the Third International. This is a kind of calling card to constructivism, according to the author's words, was shattered from "the hall, the rock of that revolution." In 1927, there were three telephone exchanges in Moscow - on Bakuninsky, 3rd Tversky-Yamsky and Arbat. The author of the project, who created a vision of their life, was the engineer V.V. Patik. Budivlya on the Great Ordintsya became the pioneer of the development of the Moscow City Telephone Line.

Ale y to vіdkrittya automatic telephone exchange іstorіya moscovskogo telefon bagat on podії. In 1882, the first telephone exchange appeared near Moscow at the booth of the merchant of the first guild K.A. Popov on Kovalsky Most. Only the most famous and the most rich people could afford their mother's phone number at that hour. The first subscriber list of twenty-six numbers was consumed by the Moscow insurance company, Moscow theaters and other restaurants. The newspaper “Kommersant” at the article “Telefonizator” directs a crack in the line: “The subscription fee was unbearably high - 250 rubles, a quarter for a hour. For comparison: at the fashionable store "Khutra" you can buy a raccoon coat for 65 rubles, and a thark coat - one of the most expensive ones - for 85 rubles. But the Vlasniks did not ring the first telephones, and even mothers at home fashionably marveled as a sign of wealth and well-being. The names of the first subscribers were read in the newspapers on the first sleepers, and drinking on the first side was considered more prestigious than the chronicle of the world.

The closure of the telephone exchanges significantly changed the look of Moscow: telephone poles appeared, darts stretched out among the budins. When Popov's booth was beaten, there was a spear of darts. People worked on the phone in telephone companies, but (wonderful speech!) stinks often barked one by one and were called on third-party authorities. Then the famous telephone panels came to replace the people. Having stuffed a bump on people, keruyuchi telephone stations gave the girls a harsh choice. Candidates are guilty of being mothers of the receiving voice, be young (from eighteen to twenty years of age), majestic, illumined and tolerant. However, the stench was paid a non-abyak fee - thirty rubles! For the sake of equality: the worker was satisfied with only ten or fifteen rubles for qualifications.

Pismennik L.V. Ouspensky in one of his drawings, not without nostalgia, guessed about the hour of “telephone pannochki”: “Those first telephone devices - the Erikson factory let out today - from our ninth glance, they would have been given incredible fears. The stench hung important, farbovani pіd gorіkh, similar to relatively prepared shpakіvnі. Their microphone was erased ahead of me by a pivmeter. It was necessary to speak bulo, breathing in yoga, diligently fixing the pipe with a honey sieve, and the sound reaching the ear through an important tube, as if it were necessary to put the bell to the new one with your hand. There were two buttons - left "a", right "b".

Telephone panel. Svitlin on the cob of the XX century.

Levu needed to press on, calling out numbers up to 39999; right - as a necessary number, starting from Thursday. Vidpovidala "pannochka". Pannochka can be asked to give Rozmov Yaknaishvidshe. Pannochka can be bulo vilayati. With her it is possible to bulo - in the old days, if the day is not enough - to lead a rozmova to the soul, to flirt. They confessed that one of them so captivated with a sweet voice some millionaire, some grand duke, that she "secured herself for all life."

Tsіkava ta kumedna іstorіya vinhokhodu automatic dialing. Vinahіdnik Elmon Strowger could not reach the telephone of the yearly hundred. In 1892, roci vin was the head of a funeral home near Kansas City. Through the steps of competitors, Strowger recognized the great battles. On the right, in the fact that the squad of the head of the funeral company worked as a telephone operator at the station of the city. Vaughn overpowered all calls of subscribers, as if the funeral home called out to their person. Strowger, who didn't call to say hello, having chosen the best way. Vіn nіshov nіshov skarzhitsya on bezsovіst competitor i yogo brigade to the prefecture or court, but simply by inventing a system that allows the skin subscriber to independently call the required number directly from home, without intermediaries. He hotly called his wine "No dames'n'damns telephone", which translates approximately as "A telephone without ladies and curses". Strowger is also considered to be the culprit of the dialer at the sight of the disk, which turns out to be twenty years old victorious in the skin radyansky sim'ї.

Go to automatic system near Moscow, passing in stages. In 1924, the last ten-day automatic telephone exchange was installed in 1924 for a thousand numbers out of the last one hundred numbers. In 1926, the first Moscow automatic telephone exchange was blown away by the automatic telephone exchange near Rostov-on-Don. Ale in Moscow, palm tree pershostі to lie down the Great Order. For the ATS unit, a special emergency organization was created - the Head Engineer's Office from the MGTS district. The building of the telephone exchange was built from monolithic reinforced concrete structures. The figure of industrial spores was overlaid on the architectural image. The re-installation of the station's possession was completed in the early 1930s. PBX started servicing establish state and the trades of undertaking Zamoskvorichchya. The first stations we visited in Moscow - at the Veliky Ordintsy, Bakuninsky and Arbat - were similar one to one, like two drops of water. The stench was small on top, the first of them was given a grand vestibule, a negotiating room, a telegraph office and a room for postal operations, another - an administrative office, and a third and fourth - a variety of equipment. The station on the 3rd Tverskyi-Yamskyi was built in the light of others with its architecture and planning, which was explained by the folding configuration of the plot, on which it was built. But the main uses were the same as in all others.

The first automatic telephone exchange Photograph of the 1930s.

First automatic telephone exchange Current photo

The appearance of the ATS on the Great Ordinance became a good sign in the life of Moscow and it looked like a great saint, in which hundreds of people took the fate. The people's commissar sent a telegraph to N.K. Antipov, saying: "Automated telephone exchanges are the latest in telephone technology, and the latest in Moscow Radianskaya Vlad". As soon as the representative of the buddies came forward, he handed the people's commissar a symbolic silver key, to which the keys were soldered to the doors of the automatic telephone exchange. There was a special ceremony, a little not theatrical action. The People's Commissar sent the automatic telephone exchange until the next day and made the first call to the Central Station, reminding that the Zamoskvoretsky Vuzol was launched into operation. Then an act was signed about the opening of the station.

Automatic telephone exchanges were ordered by the Galuzevy departments of the administration of the Moscow City Telephone Network. The number of stations and linear disputes increased, the number of territories that were served increased. Five telephone centers were created for this purpose: Centralny, Zamoskvoretsky, Miussky, Arbatsky and Baumansky. The stinkers were engaged in maintenance, repair, in-line development of all types of disputes, accommodation on the territory that is serviced. Kozhen vuzol functioned as an independent enterprise, was chosen by the head and the head engineer, prote under the order of MGTS construction. Most of the ATS services were handled by foreign tradesmen from great foreign companies, such as Erikson. But the mothers of the country were invisible to such important objects of foreign engineers, they had to pay such a big salary. That was why the program of the most visible tutor of the clergy of the fakhivtsiv was broken up, and at the same time they learned to engage in "wireappearing" and control of telephone conversations for the greed of state security.

Before the beginning of the Great War of the Witches, in all districts of Moscow, dozens of automatic telephone exchanges were called for the second time, with a total capacity of over one hundred and twenty thousand numbers. The era of "telephone ladies" is over. In the 1960s, total telephone installation in Moscow began. People stood at the corners on the otrimannya telephone number not one dozen rokiv. At the same hour, a chain of street telephone machines appeared near the capital. In 1968, the work was started by the first coordinator of the automatic telephone exchange for ten thousand numbers. The implementation of the station coordinate system changed the proportions that were formed between the increase in capacity and the number of service personnel. Until 1982, Moscow had one hundred and fifty-three coordinate stations. For example, in the 1980s, the hour of electronic exchanges has come. For the quality of the call, the speed of the service, the stinks richly turned their heads upside down, did not care about the great number of staff, allowed them to slap an impersonal. new services: wake-up call and call forwarding to a conference call.

Velika Ordinka, No. 25, side. 2. Current photo

At the Museum of the History of the Moscow City Telephone System, there is an automatic telephone exchange of a machine type, which can be used. The first such ATS was inspired in 1930 in Moscow. They dismantled more than 1998 roci, if there were no similar stations anywhere else in the world. Tsya station was listed to the London Guinness Book of Records for the best work experience - maybe sixteen years. It's wonderful, ale won and dosi pratsyuє. Ninі near Moscow deyut five hundred and thirty sіm automatic telephone exchanges іz kіlkіstyu linіy, yakі serve over chotiri millioni subscribers. The Moscow city of telephone lines is one of the largest city telephone lines in the world.

The first in Moscow is an automatic telephone exchange that ensures the safety of residents of Zamoskvorichya with a telephone call. In 1995, roci orders from automatic telephone exchanges called for the daily life (Velika Ordinka, No. 25, side 2) with majestic arch windows. Yakby is like a boulder built for a small mansion, which would destroy the character of the historical center and the scale of forgetfulness. Ale entrusted from the geometrically vivirenim constructivist booth, it looks organically. The stars of the main horizontal members of the facades of the automatic telephone exchange and the variety of details and the color of the new booths fit into the historical ensemble. Until the recent renovation, the front facade of the telephone station looked solid, and the house was crowned with a beautiful inscription “Telephone”.

State Musical College of Variety and Jazz Art. Today's photo

As we pass by the wake of dawn (Velika Ordinka, No. 27), we will invariably feel the sounds of music that are mooning from the vicon. The Central State Musical College of Variety and Jazz Art is the only primary pledge of Russia in the gallery of pop music. It was founded in 1994 on the basis of the pop culture of the Greater State Musical College named after the Gnessins. GMKEDI prepares stage artists, instrumentalists and vocal ensembles, vikladachivs.

GREAT ORDINKA. A SIMILAR NAME The followers of the past propagate more than one version of the named toponym. At the thought of the great philologists G.P. Smolitskaya and M.V. Gorbanevsky: “The name resembles the word horde, or rather, the toponym Horde. The road led to the Horde, or the Golden Horde,

VELIKA ORDINKA TODAY Velika Ordinka goes across the Maly Moskvoretsky Bridge to Dobrinskaya Square. Її the current straight forward was residually formed in the 17th century. Velyka Ordinka has preserved for us rare memories of the architecture of different epochs. On tsіy povnyano

Sadiba Kumaninikh (Velika Ordinka, No. 17) Ale nareshti we went to booth No. 17 along the Great Order. "What's so special about the new one?" - Ask you. As a whole, five-overhead wakefulness is remarkable, which winds up in other houses, according to the folding plan and is embellished with an old-fashioned fence.

MISSKA SADIBA DOLGOVICH (Velika Ordinka, No. 21) In the other half of the 18th century, the Great Ordination lives in the parish of the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God of Usikh Skorbotnykh Joy of the first-class merchant Afanasy Ivanovich Dolgov. Usim vin bov kind: and do your part by doing it competently,

INTERNATIONAL AVIATION COMMITTEE (Velika Ordinka, No. 22) From the guesthouses of Tolmachi on Veliky Tolmachivsky Provulk, we turn again to Ordinka. On the side of the provulk, two of the most important buds were planted, which occupied neither a lot nor a little in the whole quarter. AT

BUDIVLYA OF ROSATOM (Velika Ordinka, No. 24) In the majestic, simply colossal, among the quiet Zamoskvoretsky mansions, the State Corporation for Atomic Energy "Rosatom" was born. Whose houses are moved from an impregnable fortress, from a mighty bastion.

CHURCH OF ST. MYKOLI IN PIZHAH (Velika Ordinka, No. 27a) The yakbees did not stop our walk, but hurried, for example, to the work - and even then our gaze was constantly fixed on the white church of Mikoli in Pizhi. Tse spravzhnya koshtovnistnost of the Great Ordinka that one

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God (Velika Ordinka, No. 34, building 13) On the middle of eleven o'clock at the Marfo-Maryinsky monastery, the Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God is seen, inspired by the project of the architect O.V. Shchuseva at 1912 roci. At the laying of the cathedral stone on May 22, 1908 (about

Elizabethan Gymnasium at the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent (Velika Ordinka, No. 36) Nezabar we went to the booth No. 41, which was lying to Hanna Timofievna and Gennady Fedorovich Karpov. Rozmov's report is on us about this family. Ale, it’s so viyshlo, what’s the first thing for us on the way

BUDINOK OF KIREIVSKIKH-KARPOVICH (Velika Ordinka, No. 41) The architectural ensemble with the temple of the Iverskoy Icon of the Mother of God builds the budinok of Kiriivsky-Karpovih cob of the 19th century. This palace with a pediment portico of six pilasters of the Corinthian order, which can be seen on the smooth wall,

MANSION OF YELISIEVIKH-MINDOVSKIH (Velika Ordinka, No. 43) This house with a long-standing facade cannot deprive anyone of bayduzhim. The wondrous vine would like to see that Yogo shhoraz was lifted up by the red line of the Great Ordinka, and not into the glib yard. The first rulers of the mansion were the nobles

BUDINOK ARSENIOVIKH (Velika Ordinka, No. 45) The wing of the Kremlin mansion overlooks the miraculous booth of Arsenievikh, beloved by the inhabitants of Zamoskvorichch. Arsenievi - the oldest and widest noble family. For all those who wear it, there is a miracle book by the historian V.S.

OLEKSANDRO-MARIINSKY ZAMOSKVORETSKE SCHOOL (Velika Ordinka, No. 47) Ale turn back to Velika Ordinka. We are checked by the final payment of the amount. Remember, if we walked along the Great Tolmachevskiy Provulk, we passed through the library named after K.D. Ushinskiy. Now on

CHURCH OF KATERINA THE GREAT MARTYR, SHO ON VSPOL (Velika Ordinka, No. 60) It’s important to believe that we don’t care about temples on the way. Our whole walk logically developed from

FILIA MALY THEATER (Velika Ordinka, No. 69) The Maly Theater is a manifestation of the Russian culture, similar to the Tretyakov Gallery. And as a good thing, I’ll wake up the Great Ordinka at the Maly Theater, let me know here and know less її filiya. Special spirit of the Small, yoga philosophy that

PHARMACY OF FERRAIN (Velika Ordinka, No. 74) In 1880, the pharmacist of the first class and offspring of the honored citizen Karl Ivanovich Ferrein added a large sum of money to the merchant Mark Mikitovich Gusev for power in the pharmacy. Sadiba is small miraculous place on the Great Striltsi

Pіd automatic telephone exchanges toil on uvazі special outbuildings, which allows you to overpower the signals between phones, which are located in the distant country. The automatic telephone exchange functions not only with external barriers, but also with IP, GSM, internal barriers. The main task is the task normal sound between subscribers.

Key features

Іsnuyut different functions ATS, yakі not obmezhuyutsya povnovazhennyami miskogo zvyazku. For help, you can organize a yakіsny interdistrict rich-channel link. You can set up a conference call if the participants get a few subscribers. W additional functions we see the following moments:

• search for the automatic order of the appropriate call type;
• forwarding to a weekly call or an auto call;
• a note of information about those that the city's line was ringing;
• eavesdropping on a remote station;
• connection of additional equipment: fax, modem, automatic transmission;
• keruvannya at a remote station for an additional PC.

Rіznovidi

• Decade-rokovy - the first models, de zastosovuvalos elektromekhanіchne obladnannya rozpodіlu koshtіv kommunіkatsії. The only shortfall of such options is a constant transition through the oxidation of contacts, vibration.
• Coordinate attachment with relay drive. The principle of work is to go out of different coordinates.
• Quasi-electronic attachments, de-reed switches were made for the implementation of the switching process. The hour of operation is within reach high quality call without reshkod and noise on the line. There is only one minus here, but suttviy is consumed promotion rіven voltage, what do you care normal robot other technology.
• Electronic security may have a minimum capacity. The main area of ​​congestion is offices. Controlling the processes of the heaters.
• Digital ATS vikoristovuyut single type signal. Change that noise for an hour of victorious zvedenі to a minimum.
• IP options with wide functionality and the possibility of a clear call.

Vibir ATS

What is the best way to win - analog or digital? Analogue accessories are cheap for the price, lower other options. More superior and digital attachments, which guarantee a high quality. As far as the digital PBX is connected to analog lines, then the transfers are extended only to the internal call. It is necessary to set up a micro-textile DECT connection or connect the CTI function to various software solutions, you simply cannot do without a digital option.

Since you believe which type suits you best, you need to look up to telephones. On the market there is a great selection of models from various manufacturers. Attach buttons with indicators, on which you can write down telephone numbers, which are often called. Koristuvach can program several functions on the buttons. Bagato system attachments giving RK a display and speakerphones.

Vyrobniki spodіvayutsya, scho koristuvachі will vykoristuvat analog models in the role of a fax, but mostly stationary models. I’m sorry, because a wide functionality is not needed and I want to spare a penny, then optimal solutions become analog models.

The first telephone rozmov in our country was established in 1879 - between St. Petersburg and Malaya Vishera. The information of the Russian masses before the telephone call began from the High Order “On the attachment of the Russian telephones”, which came from the Cabinet of Ministers on the 25th of spring 1881.

Wisely, firmness knew from the powers of the vіdpovіdalnіst for a new klopіtka right. Vono said that the daily operation of the Russian telephone networks in Russia could be transferred to private companies in terms of up to 20 years, if all the disputes within the framework of the telephone system were transferred to the power of the state. Ale until this moment, the whole hour, while the services of a telephone call were being made, the clerk of the license had paid a small part to the state treasury - 10% of the subscription fee of the private sector and 5% of the fee, which was drawn up from the state authorities and the hromadas.

The concession for the life and operation of the city's telephone network in St. Petersburg, as well as in other places in Russia, is small international telephone company "Bella".

The first Petersburg telephone exchange opened in 1882 on Nevsky Prospect, 26, in Hansen's booth. At the time of entry, it served only 128 subscribers in the middle of the city, among them - Ludwig and Alfred Nobel, the Copper-Rolling Pipe Plant, as well as the plant and Hooke's office, banks, newspaper editorial offices, the Baltic government. zaliznitsi, richly stately established, and in the autumn of that same fate, their number increased to 259. Fights were tied up because the Mіska Duma and private housekeepers from non-communities allowed to pull darts along the racks through the dahi budinkiv. Prior to that, the first notable subscribers in mass order moved from Moscow apartments to dachas and for hours of installation they blocked the phone.

Moreover, “installing the telephone” meant sporudzhuvati small dominion over 8 kg. At the skin subscriber in the apartment they installed: electrical signaling attachment Gileland, Black microphone, Bell telephone and Leklange element. To finish off the “restless state”, the unfinished one is not handy at the victorious. The microphone is located on the bottom panel, through which the promoter of the noise will die in three deaths. And knowing the phone from the important, it was necessary to be smart and smart with the same important hand - so that you could change it, that it was done. The first subscribers sighed and complained about the lack of technology. Your telephone equipment broke down and demanded repair or replace it.

In the first years, the telephone was more expensive than pleasure. І subscriber base - some in St. Petersburg, some in Moscow, grew up for a quiet day, who could afford to deposit 250 rubles on a river. Not a penny, like a rozkishna tharkov fur coat in the high-road store "Khutra" cost 85 rubles. In case, if the phone is farther away from the central telephone station, it is three versts lower, the subscriber pays 50 rubles per leather verst over the subscription fee. Oh dear.

It's a pity there are no statistics phone lines. Ale mayzhe all the stinks were of a businesslike nature. The importance of roses dictated the rise of vimogi from the first days of telephony. Wimogi until the service is quiet, who pressed them.

A historical anecdote: only a few stretched out darts, the first to go to work in the telephone company called out people. Ale stink ... "did not pull." It turned out that people easily speak in third-party speech, and also often bark among themselves or with clients! Shaving the link.

The first "telephone pannochki" were illuminated, tolerant and virtuous. Young people - from 18 to 25 years old, and indefinite - "they didn’t bring thoughts and turbots to pardons at the time of marriage." Navit "tactical and technical" characteristics of telephone poles were strictly regulated: tall at that hour of growth (165 cm in length) and the length of the coat in the position with arms pulled uphill is not less than 128 cm. The payment was enviable - 30 rubles per month (qualifications the worker paid some 12 rubles per month). But in the calm and quiet way of life of the XIX century, such a robot did not fit. In 1891, a deputy correspondent for the magazine "Electrica" ​​spoke sensitively about the professional hardships of telephone panels: "Nerves attacked often irritated the poor woman working in the month after such an important entry into the vacancy." Lev Uspensky was nostalgic in the notes of an old Petersburger: “You can ask Panyanka to give Rozmov Yaknaishvidsha. Pannochka can be bulo vilayati. With her it is possible to bulo - in the old days, if the day is not enough - to lead a rozmova to the soul, to flirt. They confessed that one of them so captivated with a sweet voice some millionaire, some grand duke, that she “provided for her whole life”.

This is the fact that the call of the telephone operator was called for an auxiliary telephone, on which there was no disk, no buttons. Technologically, it looked like an offensive rank: the subscriber wrapped the handle of the inductor, sort of pointing a small generator at the diu and giving a voltage of 60 volts, it went through the wires of the telephone line to the switch. At the same time, on the commutator, a telephone operator sat behind it, automatically opening a blender, a bell valve. It was required to say something like this: "Mrs, Millionna, vіsіm-two." Tse meant that the girls needed to build a plug on the last end of the cord in the seventeenth nest of another row on the panel, before the devices arrived in the Million district. The girl called subscribers, or she turned to a loan, as she served the area, where the required number was known. The telephone operators already knew all the telephone numbers, who and who. On the next day, the pannochka inserted an experimental plug into the nest of the called subscriber and called her special number, oskіlki prizvische could be very important. The subscriber specifying the addressee. Now another plug is inserted into the number socket. This is how the call of subscribers was made. At the viklikan addressee, having begun a lunatic ring at the telephone. Then the telephone operator, having changed his mind, that the call was ringing, people were talking, put the key at the neutral camp and was ready to accept such a call.

After talking on the phone, the subscriber again had to wrap the handle of the inductor, and then, on the switch, put the valve on the switch. Vіdkrivavsya, scho served as a signal for the telephone operator - you can roz'ednuvat, rozmov completed. Tsya profession in those hours was respected even more importantly. It was necessary to go through a special request and give a signature about the undisclosed secret of special roses. Krym tsgogo, telephone operators at the time of admission to the robot were given another mind: foreign stinks could only come out for practical calls, so that there would not be a round of information.

At the time of service obov'yazkіv zv'yazkіvtsі of the tієї epoch, clothes are worn at the closed cloth of dark colors. The work behind the manual telephone exchange signaled vigilance, good diction. At the same hour Danish view professional activity vvazhavsya shkidlivim virobnitstvom.
In order to telephone outside the city, the subscriber needs to name the telephone operator of the place and number. Rozmova was called in by those checks. Such switches were called miscible batteries or “MB”.

The girls were constantly resting at the borderline concentration camp. Such a strain that respect - not making a strain for an hour of reading vіrshiv Feta chi home music. The telephonists were quickly drawn in, which led to pardons at the call. The robot of the "telephone pannochka" was foldable - for 200 years for a month it was required to sit on a thick steel with a microphone headset fastened on the chest, with important headphones, that shvidko put the plugs into the commutator's closet, standing in front of her. In a year, it was possible to make up to 170 clicks (for the “vibatchte - occupied” wine), but the robot went to demolition. Important subscribers, who paid serious pennies, were fooled and squandered.

At the time of the transition of the leaf fall in 1901 to the turn of the Russian telephone, the government of St. Petersburg had two telephone stations with a total capacity of 4375 numbers.

The first automatic telephone exchange in Leningrad (Ninі Petrograd telephone station) was put into operation on July 1, 1932. Yakby didn’t eat anything, we would do it, picking up the phone, twisting the handle and shouting into the phone: “Sir, be kind, give me the number 2-56!”

At the turn of the 19th-20th century, a telephone arrived to Moscow. The telephone system was established by the Bell company, which was agreed after 1901. The bidding was stunned, and the Swedish-Danish-Russian joint-stock company telephone partnership played. In 1904, it prompted a rozі novu, scho vіdpovіdaє vsіmі novіtnіmіmіm, first for all telephone exchanges in Mіlyutinskomu provulk.

For the life of the first telephone exchange, the place was chosen historically: Milyutinsky Provulok. In the 17th-18th centuries, it was called Kazennaya Street or Old Kazenniy Provulk at the government yard of the Semenivsky Regiment. If the colonial door moved to St. Petersburg, he bought the court room opaluvach Oleksiy Yakovich Milyutin (yogo budinok was taken under numbers 14 and 16).

Until the 20th century, the Yevpla church stood on the cob of Milyutinsky Provulok. After the revolution, they brought about the drive of the one that the temple is worthy of the street rush. They wanted to set up trust houses at the church, but the project did not come to fruition.

In such a perfect 1904 fate, on the cob of the Milyutinsky provulk, the station of the Swedish-Danish-Russian telephone partnership appeared.

Tsei budinok from the chervonoy chains of wake-ups for the project of I.G. Klasson under the supervision of A.E. Erikhson. At that time, Vіn became the best house near Moscow.

The first call of the Central Telephone Station for 12,000 numbers began to be launched on July 30, 1904.

After ten years and miraculously, technology has ceased to cope with the growing flow of subscribers. In 1914, the rotation along the red line was prompted another black station behind the project of the architect O.V. von Dessina- strict, monumental, high-rise building with a great arch-entrance, embellished with chavunny grates. On the sides of the entrance there are unique, single sculptures - a woman and a person, like a phone.

Milyutinsky Provulok. Laying of the telephone exchange 1902

P At the foundation of the largest telephone exchange in Europe, "among the guests there was the presence of the Japanese prince Akihito Komatsu, who was on the way to Moscow, after posterizing the Cossack jigitovka on the Khodinsky field, after passing through the shops in the evening"

On the other plan, you can see the parish house of the French church on Maliy Lub'yantsi. At the bungalow there was a little bunker (herd) of young youths, a French library, a children's garden and a nursery of the Moscow French colony.

Suggestions:

On the streaming day in Milyutinsky Prov., on the land of Kherodinov, the life of the central telephone exchange began Swedish-Danish company. Tse will be the first time in Moscow, on a high surface, with a high height of 20 sazhens. Bud_vnitstvo conduct Moscow architect A. E. Erikson; for vipadkovy zbіgom, and telephones will be the Swedish company "Erikson".

Moscow grows with one colossal spore, 39 sazhens in height. Budіlya tsya sporudzhuєtsya in Mіlyutinsky provulk and is assigned to the central telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian telephone association.

Appartment hall of insurance for 22,700 subscribers, but only for 10,000 subscribers.

Urochistostі bookmarks blew a prayer service, zdіysne at home budіvnitstva mіstsevym clergy.

Life of a telephone exchange. 1908-1909

The Swedish firm "Eriksson" was engaged in the design and installation, and the station, which cost 34 million rubles, became one of the best in the world. But the quality of the telephone connection still robbed the beauty of the best, the facade was adorned with a sculpture of a disconnected subscriber and a “telephone panno” that saves peace.

TELEPHONE STATION NEAR MOSCOW
Appointed on the 6th day of the opening of the new telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Telephone Association, it was timely paid due to the security of the cordon of cars necessary for the possession of the station.

The telephone exchange of the Swedish-Danish-Russian Association was sporudzhenno in Milyutinsky provulk near M'yasnitskoy, according to the project of the Swedish architect prof. I. R. Klasson, Moscow architect A.E. Erikhson and represent a grandiose future on six surfaces, a cream of the basement.

Budіvlya stantsії, zakіnchuyuchis vezhey, maє zavvishki 24 sazhens.

At the top, shortest version, there is a hardware room, reserved for a switchboard for 22,500 subscribers. P'yaty over vіdvedeniya pіd akumulyatornu that mashinu; offensive - for the purpose of saving the cloth of servicemen; on the third version, different services, distant, rooms for repair, resurrection, a library are placed; the first and the other will occupy an office on top, and in the basement there will be a warehouse, a main room and a boiler house.

Lighting in the wake of the station is electric, and steam-water is scorched.

Upon approval of the new station, all telephones will be replaced with new special designs. In new devices, only one znyatya from the auditory tube є by the call of the central station, but at the same time it appears on the apparatus of the red light. With the appearance on the device of such a light, a telephone exchange without a call asks the subscriber, which number is called, and rob the call of the day.

"Electric energy", 1903

Telephone station near Miliutinsky Provulk. 1904-1907
In 1908-1909, the whole facade is hidden behind the new building, which will be placed along the line of the pipeline.

Milyutinsky Provulok. Telephone station. 1903-1907

Moscow Central Telephone Station "Danish-Swedish-Russian Telephone Association". In front of the booth you can see a space, like a 1907-08 pp. be forgotten by the body of another cherga

Bud_vlya telephone station. 1909–1912 Side view of the Church of St.

Central Telephone Station Operation Hall.1910-1920

The telephone operators before entering the service were given a relay reverberation by the administrator of the station, the foreigners did not accept, but those who came abroad, sent a call. Zamіzhzhya was allowed only to senior telephone operators and only with the permission of the authorities. At the station, there was a suvoriy mode: the monters could not show up in the halls without a call from the chief, go to the telephone jacks, talk in the distant, chat with them at gatherings - no interest and thought were not enough to call the telephone operator in the workplace. The average wage for an ordinary telephone operator was about 32 rubles per month. The standard working hour is 200 years in 30 calendar days. (Z dzherela)

“Again, 11 ladies were accepted, and the numbering of them was divided so that now there are 3 telephone operators per 200 subscribers. For the same number of subscribers, there were 2 gentlemen.” ("News of the Day" 17 March 1901)

Bud_vlya central telephone station. 1914

Doshka on the facade of the MTS building near Miliutinsky Provulk guess about the battles that took place here in 1917. The station, as the most important strategic object, was occupied by the junkers, who left the place for a call. The provulok pretended to be on the barricade, the station - on the fortress. The commander of the Bolsheviks G. A. Usijevich, rozumіyuchi the importance of saving the object, moved to stop the artillery, going to the oblog. On the dvіnitsі suіdnої church of sv. They set up machine guns, near the mud hole on the still unfinished booth No. 20 - bombers. The battles ended with 1 leaf fall (according to the old style) with the defeat of the junkers.

For the Central Telephone Station of Moscow in Milyutinsky Provulk, a right battle broke out, after which the telephone call wasted for some hour. Nezabar zv'yazok bіdnovleno, on the cob of the 1920s, Moscow telephones were counted in tens of thousands. Step by step process of calling subscribers by switching to automatic mode.

Barricade beside the Central Telephone Station in Milyutinsky Provulk. 1917

A new threat hung in 1941 over the station on Markhlevsky Street (Milyutinskiy wire bearing the name from 1927 to 1993): Hitler understood the meaning of telephony for Moscow. Ale, take care of the situation, the “telephone pannies” continued the work.

Let's take a look at the switching room of the Central telephone exchange, which is located on the upper version of booth No. 5 on Markhlivskogo Street. Around 10,000 telephones were switched on at the commutator in the hall, and telephone operators served them. The hall was illuminated during the day through curses, under which the change of telephones was placed. Not seeming about a direct bombing, be it a trick of an anti-aircraft projectile that would instantly break through, shatter the possession ... The work in the hall for an hour after the spent time was even more nervous.

Ale telephone station near Milyutinsky Provulk has been working since 100 years ago.

Milyutinsky Provulok. Moscow Central Telephone Station 1924

Photograph from Miliutinsky provulk - stations of the "Danish-Swedish-Russian Telephone Association", later - Moscow Central Telephone Station. With the help of the updated information, the sign of the equipment room of the front line is shown in all relations (for those hours) of the technical controversy.

Only facts
The first telephone exchanges appeared in the USA and only people worked there. "Telephone youngsters" were less likely to call, find out who they want to call the subscriber, and conduct the call manually. Ale zv'yazok boov such a filth, scho subscribers often stared at the cry.

It became clear to me that the woman's voice sounded calmly at the roaring koristuvachs. On the 1st of September 1878, Emma Nutt, the world's first telephonist, began working at the Boston telephone company Dispatch. And on the 1st lime of 1882, telephones were delivered to Moscow.

Say what...
... the telephone operator's job was not easy. Before the bazhayuchih, high vimogi were presented: garna diction, stress resistance, receiving voice, knowledge of foreign languages, familiarity, high height and song of the dozhina of hands, so that you could easily reach the plugs of your lucky nests. Also, "telephone pannochki" could not remember the names, titles and other data of all subscribers. Tsya robot was well paid, so there were no hunters in the same way. In addition, sometimes at the telephone operators there were stunners, as if their voice suffocated. And there were no shards of impossible bulk among the subscribers.

Milyutinsky provulok, house number 5. 1988

architecture
STATION OF THE DANISH-SWEDISH-RUSSIAN TELEPHONE SERVICE
(nine - CENTRAL PHONE STATION)
Milyutinsky prov., 5
1902-1903 pp. , architect. Erikhson Adolf (Adolf Wilhelm) Ernestovich
(1862, Moscow - ?).
1907-1908 rr. , architect. Dessin O.V., with the participation of Miritz F.F. that Gerasimova I.I.

Complex, ideas around 1901 and a series of designs for a six-surface variant by architect A.F. Meissner, starting from 1902-1903. for another project.

The first impulses of the end (stosovno vulitsy) building behind the Erikhson project. The “neo-gothic” style of yoga is close to the other everyday life of the architect — Drukarn Sitina I.D. on P'yatnitsky, a project that was created in an hour (1903). The majestic eight-nine-overhead life was built up to the street, it was built at another stage of life (1907-1908), for the function it is unique for Moscow for the first century, which only started to acquire telephones. Like a lot of technical or common buds of the 20th century, the station was built in the Neo-Gothic style - you can see the deaf firewall walls with the towers-nishes from the richly laid down streets. Sporuda tsya (76 meters) - finds in Moscow at that hour, induced on the basis of a reinforced concrete frame by the house of Miritz F.F. and Gerasimova I.I., probably, made changes in the architectural forms of the dispute: the lower part of the building was built in the light of O.V. Dessin. project, moreover, she herself is most likely to be seen by a staring eye from a narrow wire. At the center of the symmetrical façade, there is a beautiful round arch, lined with red granite, at the foot of the grotesque sculptural image - a merry lady's frown of a man's head, which is spoken on the phone. Viznі metalevі adorn - ґrati vіkon ta vorіt, brackets.