Great throughput. How to fix the pipe throughput of the building How to fix the gas pipe building throughput

In today's IP-merges with the appearance of new impersonal add-ons, it becomes more and more important to evaluate the bandwidth requirement: as a rule, it is necessary to know if the programs are planning to stop, if the protocols for transferring data stink and how to exchange data

Illya Nazarov
System engineer of the company "INTELCOM line"

After evaluating the required throughput on the skin layer of IP-merezh, it is necessary to depend on the choice of technologies of the mesh and OSI channel lines. Vіdpovіdno to obranih tekhnologii vynachayutsya the most appropriate models of treadmills. The chain of nutrition is also not easy, the shards of throughput are able to lie without intermediary in the form of the productivity of the possession, and the productivity of its own line is in the form of software and hardware architecture. Let's take a look at the report on the criteria and methods for assessing the throughput of channels and the possession in IP-measures.

Criteria for assessing throughput capacity

In an hour of vindication of the theory of teletraffic, impersonal methods for investigating the capacity of channels were developed. However, on the basis of methods of rozrahunka, which should be carried out to measure with switching of channels, the rozrahunka of the necessary throughput capacity in batches to achieve folding and is unlikely to allow otrimati exact results. We are bound by a great number of factors (especially the power of modern multi-service measures), which make it easy to transfer. In IP-merezhs, the global infrastructure, as a rule, is beaten by anonymous programs, the skin of which can win over the air, control other traffic patterns. Moreover, within the framework of one session, the traffic that is transmitted from the direct route can be redirected to the traffic that passes from the return route. Until then, the rozrahunki are aggravated by the fact that the speed of traffic between the border nodes of the border can be changed. Therefore, in the majority of the fluctuations, in case of a delay, the assessment of the throughput capacity is actually reasonable sweeping recommendations virobnikov, statistical data and evidence of other organizations.

In order to more or less accurately determine how the building permit is needed for the design measure, it is necessary in the first line of the nobility, as the programs will be victorious. Dali for the skin program should be analyzed, as a matter of course, the transfer of data should be carried out at a selected interval, as protocols for which to be completed.

For a simple example, the programs are small corporate.

Butt of rozrahunka throughput capacity

For example, 300 working computers and IP-telephones were stocked in the measure. It is planned to win such services: e-mail, IP-telephony, video warning (Fig. 1). For video surveillance, 20 cameras are used, from which video streams are transmitted to the server. Let's try to estimate how much bandwidth you need for all services on channels between core switches and on sticks from skin to servers.

Slіd vіdrazu zaznachiti scho OOO All rozrahunki potrіbno provoditi for hour naybіlshoї merezhevoї aktivnostі koristuvachіv (teletrafіku was theoretically - CHPN, Godin naybіlshogo navantazhennya) oskіlki zazvichay in takі perіodi pratsezdatnіst MEREZHI naybіlsh vazhliva i zatrimki scho vinikayut, i vіdmovi in robotі dodatkіv, pov'yazanі due to lack of bandwidth, unacceptable. In organizations great vanity on the fence, you can blame, for example, in the end of the summer period, or in the seasonal influx of customers, if you are Great number telephone calls and more postal alerts are being enforced.

Email
Turning to our butt, we look at the electronic mail service. New protocols are being developed that work over TCP, so that the speed of the transmission is constantly corrected, pragmatically taking up all the available bandwidth. In this manner, when the maximum value of the delay in the management of the alarm is reached, it is acceptable, 1 second will be sufficient, so that the coristuvachev was comfortable. Dali need to evaluate the average communication. Acceptable, what is in the peaks of activity mail notifications often enough different attachments (copies of rachunkiv, call me then), so for our butt the average size of the addition is taken 500 kb. First, the remaining parameter, which we need to choose, is the maximum number of spivrobitniks, so that we can force an alert at once. Let's say, for an hour of emergency, half of the spivrobitniks at once press the "Send" button in mail client. Then we need the maximum bandwidth for e-mail traffic (500 kb x 150 hosts)/1 s = 75,000 kb/s or 600 Mb/s. Zvіdsi can zrobiti visnovok, scho for z'ednannya mail server It is necessary to win a Gigabit Ethernet channel in a network. At the core of the city, the value will be one of the additions that will establish the necessary throughput building.

Telephony and video warning
Other programs - telephony and video warning - have similar structure of transmission streams: video traffic is transmitted using different UDP protocols and may be less fixed transmission speed. The main thing is that in telephony streams are bidirectional and interleaved by the hour of the week, video streams are transmitted in one straight line and, as a rule, without interruptions.

To estimate the necessary bandwidth for telephony traffic, for example, at the peak of activity, the number of one-hour calls that pass through the gateway can reach 100. When using the G.711 codec Ethernet links the speed of one stream with headers and service packets is about 100 kb/s. Thus, during the period of the greatest activity of coristuvachs, the throughput of the building in the core of the cell becomes 10 Mbit / s.

Traffic videoposterezhennya rozrakhovuetsya dosit just the same for sure. Let's say that our video cameras transmit streams at 4 Mb/s dermal. The required bandwidth is more than the sum of the speeds of all video streams: 4 Mb/s x 20 cameras = 80 Mb/s.

As a result, the peak value for skin care services was lost: 600 + 10 + 80 = 690 Mbps. You will also need a building pass at the core of the city. When designing a line, it is also transferable and scalable, so that the communication channels could better serve the traffic of a network that grows. Our application will have enough Gigabit Ethernet to satisfy the vast majority of services and at the same time to be able to develop the network without interruption, connecting a larger number of nodes.

Obviously, the aiming butt is far from standard - it is necessary to look at the skin perfectly. The true topology of the mesh can be richly folded (Fig. 2), and the assessment of throughput capacity should be carried out for skin meshes.

It is necessary to be sure that VoIP-traffic (IP-telephony) is expanding not only through telephones to the server, but also between telephones without intermediary. In addition, in different regions of the organization, the activity of the organization may differ: the technical support service has more telephone calls, and the projects are more actively supported by others electronic mail, engineering work more for less Internet traffic, etc. Through the war, the deacons of the villages of the merezha can win over the greater throughput of buildings against others.

Korisna that povna passna zdatnіst

In our case, when resolving the security of the IP-telephony stream, we secured the codec, which is victorious, and resized the packet header. This is an important detail, as a mother needs to be taken away. Fallen in the way of coding (codec wicking), obligatory data that are transmitted in a skin package, and zastosovuvaniya protocols in the channel level are formed according to the throughput of the building flow. The very throughput capacity is responsible for being insured in assessing the necessary throughput capacity of the city. The price is most important for IP-telephony and other programs, which enable the transmission of low-speed streams in real time, in some packet headers, to set the exact part of the packet. For accuracy, we compare two VoIP streams (div. table). Qi streams vicorists are the same compressing, but different roaming of coryne navantage (wave, digital audiopot) and different protocols of the channel level.

The speed of the transmission is clear, not damaging the headers of the media protocols (in the case of the digital audio stream), it is the bandwidth rate. As can be seen from the table, with the same normal throughput building flow, the throughput of the building can be greatly shaken. In this way, in case of rozrahunka necessary throughput capacity for telephone calls at peak traffic, especially for call operators, the choice of channels and flow parameters plays a significant role.

Vibir obladannya

Selecting the protocols of the channel level should not cause problems (this time more often the cost of power, as the throughput can be on the Ethernet channel), but choosing the appropriate protocol from an authorized engineer can be difficult.

Rosvitok mesh technologies overnight due to the growing demand for additions to the capacity of the network, it is necessary to develop new software and hardware architecture. Often, in a well-taken vineyard, similar patterns of installation were given, but they were also recognized as the toppings of different treadmills. Take, for example, Ethernet switches: more than one choice of standard switches, victorious at enterprises, є switches to encourage the savings of data, in the organization of operator services, too. Models of the same price category are differentiated by their architecture, "sharpened" according to the order of the day.

The cream of the global productivity, the choice of possession is also to blame for the education of the technologies that are encouraged. Fallow in the type of possession of a single set of functions and traffic can be processed on the hardware level, without using up the resources of the central processor and memory. If so, the traffic of other programs will be processed on the software level, which will greatly reduce the overall productivity and, as a result, the maximum throughput of the building. For example, bagatorіvnevі commutators zavdjaki foldable hardware architecture zdatnі zdіysnyuvat transfer of IP-packets without reducing productivity with maximum occupancy of all ports. When tsomu Yakscho E zahochemo vikoristovuvati skladnіshu іnkapsulyatsіyu (GRE, MPLS), the takі commutators (prinaymnі nedorogі modelі) hardly chi pіdіydut, oskіlki їh arhіtektura not pіdtrimuє vіdpovіdnі protocol, i vipadku maintained upstream in such іnkapsulyatsіya vіdbuvatimetsya for rakhunok central mala produktivnіst CPU cycles. Therefore, for example, for example, routers can be considered, for example, routers, in which the architecture is based on a highly productive central processor and, in the larger world, lie in the form of software, lower hardware implementation. In this case, at the speed of maximum throughput, there is a great set of protocols and technologies that are supported, but not supported by switches of this price category.

The overall productivity of the possession

In the documentation prior to its possession, compilers often indicate two values ​​of maximum throughput: one is shown in packets per second, otherwise - in bits per second. It is due to this fact that the greater productivity of the merger property is spent, as a rule, on the processing of package headers. Roughly seeming, possessing a packet, knowing for a new way of switching, forming a new heading (as necessary) and passing it on. It is obvious that in this occasion the role played is not the data, which are transmitted at one hour, but the number of packets.

How to equalize two streams that are transmitted with the same speed, but also with a different world packets, then for transmission to the stream s smaller size packages need more productivity. This fact should be corrected, as in the measure it is transferred to vicorists, for example, the number of flows in IP-telephony is large - the maximum throughput per bit per second here will be a lot less, lower declared.

It dawned on me that with mixed traffic, it’s even better additional services(NAT, VPN), as tse buvaet at the most important vipadkіv, it is even more foldable to rozrohuvat navantazhennya on the resource of possession. Often, the authors of the possession or their partners carry out random testing of different models for different minds and publish the results on the Internet in the presence of similar tables. Knowing these results will make it easier for you to choose different models.

Submarine stone modular installation

If the fence is equipped with a modular one, then, having a flexible configuration and scalability, an ordinary virobnik, you can take away the impersonal "water stones".

When choosing modules, you should familiarize yourself with their descriptions or consult with a foreman. It is not enough to care only about the type of interfaces and their number - it is also necessary to become familiar with the architecture of the module itself. For similar modules, there is a rare situation, if, when transmitting traffic to one of the building blocks, the packets are processed autonomously, otherwise, the packets are simply forwarded to the central processor module for further processing (for the same call modules, the price for them can vary a few times). In the first type, the productivity of possession is high, and, as a result, the maximum throughput of the building is higher, lower in the other, shards are part of their work central processor translating processor modules.

Of course, the module is not often able to block the architecture (if the maximum throughput of the building is lower than the total security of all ports). It is connected with the interconnected throughput building of the internal bus, which modules are responsible for the exchange of traffic between themselves. For example, if a modular switch has an internal bus with a bandwidth of 20 Gb/s, then for a line card with 48 Gigabit Ethernet ports, with full coverage, only 20 ports can be beaten. Similar details are also required by the mother at your disposal, and if you choose, it is important to read the documentation.

When designing an IP-merezh, throughput is a key parameter, depending on the type of legacy architecture of the mesh. For a more accurate assessment of throughput capacity, you can use the following recommendations:

1. Use programs that are planned to be used in the future, using them for technology and communication with the traffic that is being transmitted. Vykoristovyte for the sake of retailers and informing colleagues, so that you can protect all the nuances of the robots and their supplements when prompted.
2. Learn in detail the merezhevі protocols and technologies that are used by these programs.
3. Please read the documentation carefully at any time of your choice. For the sake of the mother’s singing stock of ready-made solutions, be aware of the product lines of various varieties.

As a result at the right choice technology, that possession can be enthralled, so that you can satisfy the help of all the others with the help of your supplements, and, being a scaled gnuchka, serve for a long time.

Throughput capacity- vіdbivaє svyag danih, handed over to merezhey chi yogo part of the time. Razrіznyayut middle, mittevu and the maximum throughput building.

The average throughput of the building is calculated by the way of the solemn obligation of the transmission of data from the time of the hour to their transmission, and it is chosen to complete the trival interval of the hour - the year, the day of the day.

The mitteva of the throughput of the building depends on the average throughput of the building, so for the average, even a small interval of an hour is chosen - say, 10 ms or 1 s.

The maximum throughput of the building is the largest mitteva of the throughput of the building, fixed by the length of the period.

Golovne zavdannya, on top of that, it will be like a merezha - a quick transfer of information between computers. Otzhe, criteria related to the throughput of a measure, part of a measure, kindly inspire the quality of a measure of a measure and its function.

There are impersonal options for the designation of criteria in the first sight, just like in times of criteria in the "hour of reaction" class. The number of options can vary among each other: the number of points in the number of transmitted traffic, the average number of bags. Rozberemo different methods Please elaborate on the throughput capacity criteria.

Criteria that are considered alone vimiryuvannya іnformatsiї that is transmitted. As a single vimir of information that is being transmitted, the packets will sound (abo frames, given terms will be zastosovuvatsya as synonyms) or beat. Also, bandwidth is measured in packets per second or in bits per second.

so yak counting measures pratsyyuyut for the thesis of commutation of packets (or frames), then the number of transmitted information in the packets may be sensible, more so the bandwidth of the communication system, which works on the channel level and more, and more often the skin vanishes in the packets. Vtіm, through changing the size of the packet (the power of all protocols in the ATM cream, the maximum fixation of the size of the packet is 53 bytes), the amount of throughput in packets per second is related to the deed of non-insignificance - packets of which protocol and which size can be taken away? The most common way to handle packets is to the Ethernet protocol, as the widest, which can be the smallest size for the protocol of 64 bytes. Packages of the minimum duration are sorted in the quality of reference through those that create the most vague mode of work for the communication system - enumeration of operations that can be carried out with any package, that comes, in a weak world, to lie in an aerospace form, to that minimum duration means more significant number of operations, lower for maximum duration package.

Bandwidth reduction in bits per second (for local mesh more characteristic speeds, which are measured in millions of bits per second - Mb / s) give a more accurate assessment of the speed of information that is transmitted, lower when packets are blocked.

Criteria that are affected by the appearance of service information. Whether the protocol has a header to transfer the service information, and a data field, to which the information is transferred, which is important for this coristuval protocol. Let's say that the frame for the Ethernet protocol of the smallest size has 46 bytes (z 64) - the data field, and 18, which are left out, - the service information. With the increase in throughput in packets per second, the rate of Koristuvalnitskaya information it is inconceivable in the case of a service, but in case of a bit-by-bit death it is possible.

Since the bandwidth can be reduced without sending information to the corystuvalnitskaya and service, then it is impossible to set the task of choosing the protocol for the protocol stack for the network. Time explains Tim, Scho Naikschko at the Deputy One Protocol on the Introduction Merozі, then I don't mean the TSA, Scho for Fianny Korhvuvachivachіv Yakscho Budsyuvati Schvidska - Yakschko Frequency of Services IInformazії, Sich , then it is allowed, as an optimal way, to overcome the greater improvement of the variant of the measure.

If the type of the protocol is not changed when the measures are adjusted, then it is possible to set the criteria that do not see the data of the coristuvacha from the wild stream.

When testing the throughput capacity of the measure on the applied level, it is easier to test the very throughput building for the data of the coristuvach. For this, it is sufficient to decrement the hour of transferring the file to the initial expansion between the server and the client and split the expansion of the file for a subtracting hour. In order to achieve global throughput capacity, special tools are needed - protocol analyzers or SNMP or RMON agents, which are used in Operating systems, mesh adapters chi kommunikatsiyne statkuvannya.

Criteria, which are reviewed by the number and number of points of victory. Let's skip the building, imovirno, vimiryuvati between two nodes or points of a line, let's say, between a client computer 1 and a server 3 with a butt, pointed at fig. 2.2. With any control, the values ​​of the throughput capacity will change with the same minds of the robots themselves, depending on the fact that between these two points they live. To that, in the measure, the number of computers and servers is large at the same time, then the total data on the throughput of the building of the measure gives a set of throughput options that are suitable for different interoperable computers - this is the name of the traffic matrix of the nodes of the measure. Establish special mitigation tools to fix the traffic matrix for the entire network node.

In connection with this, if in the distances of data on the route to the university it is recognized that the sound must pass through the passage of transit intermediate stages of processing, then the performance criterion can be considered the throughput of the building of the adjacent intermediate element of the barrier - the adjacent channel, the segment or the communication outbuilding.

Knowledge of all throughput capacity between two nodes cannot be given new information about admissible ways її rasstannya, to that s zagalї digits it is impossible to see, which of the intermediate stages of processing packages in the most galmui robot merezhі. Also, data about the throughput of other elements in the network can be adjuncts for the praise of the solution about the methods of optimization.

At the butt, which is seen, packages on the way client computer 1 to server 3 pass through the next intermediate elements of the border:

Segment AR Switch R segment BR Router R segment CR Repeater R segment D.

Skin zhih Elentiva Maє Sovnu I will pass the building, tanning, tannaya passed the bandwall 1 І Server 3 Dorivnyuvatim Mіnіmalnіy with bandwidth of the hement_v route, and the shifting of the transfer of one package (one z Vіantіv visited one package) Dorіvnyuvatim Sum's Skoda every element. In order to increase the capacity of the warehouse lane, it is necessary in the first place to take care of the most important elements - to this particular type such an element will sooner be a router.

It is necessary to designate the overall throughput of the building of the merezh as the average amount of information transmitted between the usim nodes of the merezh in one hour. The total bandwidth of the building can be reduced both in packets per second, and in bits per second. When splitting the lanes into sections or half lanes, the throughput capacity of the lane is more expensive than the sum of the throughput capacities of the lane plus the bandwidth of the inter-segment or inter-marrier calls.

The delay of the transfer is defined as a delay between the moment when the packet is at the entrance of any trussed outbuilding, or part of the tethering is the moment when it appears at the exit of the tethered outbuilding.

Throughput capacity

Throughput capacity- a metric characteristic that shows the difference in the boundary number of units (information, objects, obligation) in one hour through a channel, system, vuzol.

Vykoristovuetsya in various areas:

• at the link and information P. S. - the maximum amount of information that can be passed;
• for transport P. S. - the number of transport units;
• in machine-building - obsyag povіtrya, scho to pass (olії, mastila).

You can use different, different daily special units - pieces, bits / sec, tons, cubic meters, etc.

In informatics, the throughput capacity is determined by the call to the communication channel, and it is determined by the maximum amount of transmitted information received for one hour.
Throughput building is one of the most important factors at a glance. It is estimated by the amount of data, as a merezha between can be transferred for one hour from one arrived to it I will add to the next.

Capacity of the channel

The greatest possible transmission speed for this channel is called its bandwidth. The capacity of the channel is the speed of transmission of information with the best (optimal) for a given channel a dzherel, an encoder and a decoder, which only characterizes the channel.

Bandwidth of a discrete (digital) channel without hopping

C = log(m) bits/symbol

de m - the basis of the signal code, which is victorious in the channel. The speed of transmission in a discrete channel without noise (ideal channel) is more efficient than the throughput, if the characters in the channel are independent, the prote m characters of the alphabet are equally likely (however, they are often victorious).

Bandwidth of the neural network

The throughput of the building of the neural network is the arithmetic average between the obligatory data collected and created by the neural network for one hour.

Div. also

• List of throughput options for data transmission interfaces

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Marvel at the same "Propuskna zdatnist" in other dictionaries:

Throughput capacity- Vitrata lead through the spillway fittings in case of non-flooded virva discharge. Dzherelo: GOST 23289 94: Sanitary-technical water filling fittings. Technical mind original doc. Glossary of terms for normative and technical documentation

There is a huge amount of naphthoproducts, which can be pumped by pipeline (through the terminal) in one hour. The place of storage in the tank (reservoir park) is a large amount of oil products, which can be placed in storage in … Financial glossary

throughput capacity- Vitrata of the working middle through the valve. [GOST R 12.2.085 2002] capacity of the building KV Vitrata rіdini (m3/year), with a thickness that is 1000 kg/m3, which is passed by the regulatory body with a pressure difference of 1 kgf/cm2 Note. More precisely… Dovіdnik technical translation

Maximum number information, which can be processed in one hour, which can be converted to bit / s. Psychological dictionary

Productivity, exhaustion, work, capacity Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Glossary of synonyms

Throughput capacity- - div. Service mechanism... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

throughput capacity- Category. Ergonomic characteristic. Specificity. The maximum amount of information, which can be completed in one hour, which can be reduced to bit / s. Psychological dictionary I.M. Kondakov. 2000... Great psychological encyclopedia

throughput capacity- The maximum number of transport costs, as you can pass on this road for a specific hour ... Glossary of geography

PASS CAPABILITY- (1) the most number of roads for land transport (million pairs of trains), which road can be missed in one hour (a year, a day); (2) P. s. channel zv'azku maximum speed of non-milk transmission (div.) this channel… … Great Polytechnical Encyclopedia

PASS CAPABILITY - naivishcha swidkist transmission of these equipment, with any information to be stored in a memory device without loss while saving the vibrating speed and analog digital conversion. for accessories with architecture on a parallel busbar... Glossary to understand the terms formulated in the normative documents of the Russian legislation

Necessary minimum of informatics.

As it turns out, the transfer of data is recognized as the transfer of information. Information - especially daytime and vimiryuetsya out specific loneliness.

Since the transfer of data is considered to be the transfer of information between computers, the same method of simulating the transfer of information is directed to the computer.

In informatics, the understanding of the bit is the minimum obsyag of information and there are two possible mothers: so - ni, truth - nonsense, loneliness - zero too thin.

The computer starts to sound not with the same bits, but with their groups. A group that occupies 8 bits is called a byte. 8 bits = 1 byte.

To that obsyag іnformatsiї zvіchâ vymіryuєtsya y kіlkosti bit chi byte.

In order to get rid of the scammers with a short name, ring out in the majority of browsers and add-ons of vantazhuvachiv - the small Russian letter “b” or the small Latin “b” - means “bit”, and the great letters “B” or “B” - “byte”.

Popular pardons pid hour analysis of swidkosti

Even with a wider pardon, when the speed is reduced, the interpretation of the data is incorrect, taking away from the programs of the zavantazhuvach, and you, bachachi, the value is 450 KBs, rob the whiskers, the speed is 10 times less than the declared rate of 4096 kbs. And in the first case, the speed is reduced in bytes, and if you multiply it by 8, it will take 3600 kbit / s (with the correction of the reduction of service traffic, the result is generally acceptable).

Another broader pardon with a reduced connection speed is those who marvel at the right lower cut of the monitor at the icon at the sight of two monitors, you read the message - Connection speed 100 Mb. Let's think about those that you have a tariff plan, for example 512 Kb/s, and 512 bits more, lower than 100, try visnovok about those who deceive you, and you start calling to the technical support service.

Let's figure out what to go! This icon is written - “Connection speed 100 Mb” remind you:

1) Modem connections to the computer and between them є physical connection;

2) The modem and the computer exchange information with each other at a rate of 100 megabits per second (100 Mb/s).

3) When FTTB is connected, the role of the modem is played by a booth switch.

At the moment, the speed of access to the Internet is lower on a high-width tariff plan, and the speed of exchange of information between a modem and a PC is lower. In this rank, there is no need for a reasonable connection to a secure connection to the Internet.

Throughput capacity

Also, we call it the speed of transmission of information, the amount of information, expressed in bits or bytes, is transmitted in one hour. The speed of transmission can be expressed in bits per second - bps, Kilobits per second - Kbps or Megabits per second - Mbps. Abo in bytes per second - B / s, Kilobytes per second - KB / s just, obviously.

Otherwise, it is even more similar to understand, as often they stray from the speed of the transmission - the throughput of the channel. Vimіryuyuzhev in the same Scho Schvidkіst, ale Yakschko Schvidkіst Shvidkі іnformazіii Shvidkіst Shvidko Provision Іnformakіya Vіd Jerele to Odersuvacha Svidnotely Before that Yak і at the test channels Іnformatiyia, then I am going to the channel to show it - Yak Bagate over a specific transmission channel in one hour. Tobto. throughput capacity - the maximum possible transmission speed for a particular channel.

In data transmission networks over one channel, information can be transmitted at once from bagatioh dzherel to bagatiokh oberzhuvachіv i, zalezhnі vіd a number of factors, the speed of transmission of information for a skin-specific pari jerelo-observer can be different, and the axis of the throughput is different, and the axis of the bandwidth is large , has become.

The sum of all the speed of transmission of information on a specific channel cannot be greater than the bandwidth of that channel!

However, the provider cannot guarantee the client a delay in setting the speed of transmission of information to / from any source of information from the border. The provider can guarantee the client only I WILL SKIP THE CHANNEL.

If it is specified in the contracts and prices of more providers, that the client hopes to have such access to the facility, but really, the price is not security, but the throughput of the channel.

And which channel? From the client in Krasnoyarsk to the server at the city of Uryupinsk or to the site www.windows.com?

Hi! The provider can guarantee the throughput of only quiet channels that you need. As a rule, the channel is from the client to the provider's channel for access to the global Internet, from the client to the central node of the provider, on which one is located internally. information resources, or in the same point of connection of the client to another. So, in a singing world, the provider vouches for the throughput of the construction of one of the main channels to other providers in the region.

Vіd chogo to deposit shvidkіst transfers.

Let's say that you, as a client, widired the speed of the transfer to yourself (in Rostov-on-Don) to the server, let's say in Novosibirsk. We have now “downloaded” the file of the great expansion from the server and hibernated an hour of this “downloading”. Then we filed the file for a certain hour and took away the security.

Only the axis singsongly You take away the lesser security, lower your declared "access security" (that is the throughput rate). І Your ISP may not be the best one for you.

I'll try to explain why.

There can be three main reasons for the great rachunk:

1) Perevantazhenіst kakogos channel zv'yazku mizh you that Novosibirsk server. And the channels there can be rich: from you to your provider, from the provider to your UpLink ("greater" provider), from your provider's UpLink to the provider's UpLink, to some connection of the Novosibirsk server (moreover, in this Mіsci may be able to connect a long line of channels that belong to different providers, including foreign ones), as well as between a server and a provider to some kind of connections. Moreover, the throughput of the skin channel can be different, and the "total" throughput of the entire channel will be no more than the lower throughput of the most "common" of the "pidkanal".

2) The interest of the server itself is great (it is just a matter of course "providing" you with information), or the exchange of security "providing" data, installed by the server's manager.

3) Low productivity Your merezhnoy obladnannya or great zavantazhennia of your computer'yushnym іnshimi zavdannya, if you carried out vimіryuvannya.

In addition, in the same way, you blew the pure security of the transmission of information, without any overhead vitrates. And їх tezh rich: service information in the header of the skin IP packet, commands for setting up the process of transferring information, resending the received packets, etc. At the average qi, the stained glass invoices become close to 5-15%.

Moreover, the more you have secured your access to the provider, the more it can differ from such a rank of security of transmission of information. Bo in order to simply generate information flow zі shvidkіstyu ponad 5 - 50 Mb / s, you need serious numbing fatigue. Zі svechaynogo personal computer with a budget lace card, so we can calculate the accuracy "plus or minus the great bast shoe"

How to measure swidkity correctly?

Chomus rich clients vvazhayut, scho skin provider "sleep and bachit" like a client to fool, like to give you "free access" less, lower wins.

Tse not so. If any serious provider tries to secure guaranteed bandwidth as accurately as possible and not only to the fact that any client can file a claim accurately and set up a claim to the provider.

How to change the bandwidth of the channel to communicate with the provider?

At the same time, among the clients it is fashionable to accept "free access" for the help of other sites like speedtest.net. However, for the help of these sites, you can only reduce the speed of data transmission from you to your site, and not the bandwidth of your channel.

As I have already written more, in a first way, "two great retailers", in a different way, the accuracy of such a world "overwhelms the best" (for reasons that have been added to the front distribution), in a third way, show the stench can only be so "lower" cordon” throughput capacity, tobto. that the throughput of the building is "no less" tієї, yak you were named.

Biggest best way Vimiryuvannya true bandwidth of your channel is in the attack.

You need to use a program in front of you, so that you can process the transferred/obtained information directly on the interface of your computer - such as TMeter, DUMeter or so.

After launching such a program, you need to "capture" your channel as much as possible, for example, start "downloading" as many files as you want from different FTP servers at once (moreover, the more - the better). Or one of the ways is to launch the popular today's add-on - Torrent, by typing how you can more interest in the new, and evaluate the wildness of the vanity. The axis of the same You can accurately determine the bandwidth of your channel to the provider, the more, the lower the provider allows you to, the information simply does not get through to your computer.

Trochs about ADSL

Buvayut and vipadki, if the provider can not give the bandwidth to the channel between you and merezhey, depending on you tariff plan. Most often, it is necessary to have ADSL connections in the terminals. If you have learned about the robot DSL access technology, then you can be aware that the bandwidth of this channel is rich in why it should lie in the old subscriber line, the community lived, as the cable was laid in that century. So, from the current vipadkah, the provider has the technical ability to send you through ADSL connection the maximum smug allowable for the technology is 25 mbs. Therefore, for a larger line, the norm is 6-8 mbs.

Building capacity is an important parameter for any pipes, canals and other downstreams of the Roman aqueduct. However, far from being sure on the packaging of the pipes (or on the very choice) the throughput of the building is indicated. In addition, in view of the scheme, the pipeline is also to be deposited; How to properly manage the capacity of pipelines?

Methods for rozrahunka throughput capacity of pipelines

Іsnuє kіlka techniques for the development of this parameter, skin z yakіh є adnexa for a clear depression. Acts of significance, importance of pipe throughput:

The outer diameter is the physical expansion of the pipe along the edge of the outer wall to the outer. With rozrahunka, it is indicated as Dn chi Dn. This parameter must be specified in the markup.

The diameter of the head passage is an approximate value of the diameter of the inner passage of the pipe, rounded to the nearest whole number. In case of roses, it is indicated as Du chi Du.

Physical methods for rozrahunka throughput capacity of pipes

The values ​​of the throughput capacity of pipes are determined by special formulas. To the skin type of viruses - for gas, water supply, sewerage - ways to roze your own.

Tabular methods of rozrahunka

Іsnuє table of approximate values, recognized for facilitating the designation of throughput capacity of pipes of internal apartment wiring. Most of the time, high accuracy is not needed, so the value can be calculated without carrying out folding calculations. Ale, in this table, the change in throughput is not guaranteed due to the appearance of siege growths in the middle of the pipe, which is attached to the old highways.

Use the exact table of throughput capacity, called the Shevelov table, as insurance material trumpets and impersonal other factors. These tables rarely fail when laying a water pipe in an apartment, but in a private booth with non-standard risers, they can come in handy.

Rozrahunok for help programs

At the order of modern plumbing firms, there are special computer programs for rozrahunka throughput capacity of pipes, as well as impersonal other similar parameters. In addition, online calculators are available, even though they are less accurate, they are cost-free and do not affect installation on a PC. One of the 3 stationary programs "TAScope" is a creation of foreign engineers, as well as mentally and without cost. AT great companies win "Gidrosistema" - the whole program of life, which trumpets according to the criteria, which is injected into their operation in the regions of the Russian Federation. Crimium of hydraulic rozrahunka allows you to enter other parameters of pipelines. The average varity is 150,000 rubles.

How to open up the building capacity of a gas pipe

Gas is one of the most valuable materials for transportation, because of the fact that the power can be squeezed and that the building winds through the cracks in the pipes. Before the expansion of the throughput capacity of gas pipes (as well as before the design of the gas system as a whole), special assistance is required.

The formula for the calculation of the throughput capacity of a gas pipe

The maximum capacity of gas pipelines depends on the following formula:

Qmax = 0.67 DN2 * p

de p - more than a working vice in the gas pipeline system + 0.10 MPa or an absolute gas pressure;

Doo is a clever passage of the trumpet.

Іsnuє foldable formula for rozrahunku throughput capacity of the gas pipe. At the hour of carrying out the previous re-roofing, and navit the first hour of the re-roofing of the by-button gas pipeline, do not sound victorious.

Qmax = 196.386 DN2 * p/z * T

de z – shyness coefficient;

T is the temperature of the gas that moves, K;

Obviously, to the point of the formula, the direct fallacy of the temperature of the right medium in the vise is indicated. What is the value of T, then more fit gas expands and embossed on the walls. To this, engineers at the rebuilding of the great highways are able to guard against the weather, so that they can pass the pipeline. Even the nominal value of the pipe DN will be less than the pressure of the gas, which settles for high temperatures in the inlet (for example, at +38 ... + 45 degrees Celsius), even though the main line is slower. Tse pull behind him a coil of valuable syrovin, and create the vibrancy of the chimney trumpet.

Table of throughput capacities of gas pipes in fallows in a vice

Іsnuє table of rozrahunkіv throughput zdіbnosti gas pipeline for often zastosovuvanih diameters and nominal working vice of pipes. For the purpose of determining the characteristics of the gas pipeline of non-standard expansions and the vice of the need for engineering installations. So, on a vice, swidkіst ruhu and gas, the temperature of the outside wind is poured in.

The maximum speed (W) for gas in the table is 25 m / s, and z (coefficient of velocity) is good 1. Temperature (T) is good 20 degrees Celsius or 293 degrees Kelvin.

Throughput building sewer pipes

The throughput of the building of a sewer pipe is an important parameter, which is to be deposited according to the type of pipeline (pressure or pressureless). The formula for rozrahunka is based on the laws of hydraulics. Crimium laborious rozrahunka, designation of throughput capacity of sewerage and vicorist tables.

For a hydraulic rozrahunka of the sewerage, it is necessary to designate the following:

1. pipeline diameter Du;
2. average flow rate v;
3. hydraulic crank l;
4. steps on the top h / Du (in rozrakhunkah they are in the hydraulic radius, which is the reason for the size).

In fact, the calculated values ​​\u200b\u200bof l chi h / d are interchanged, but other parameters are easily lost. The hydraulic slack at the front rosewoods is taken into account equal to the slack of the surface of the earth, with the flow of sewage waters being no lower than the self-cleaning dryness. The value of firmness, as well as the maximum value of h / DN for butt-lined merging, can be found in table 3.

Yulia Petrichenko, expert

In addition, there is a normalization of the minimum value for pipes with a small diameter: 150 mm.

(i=0.008) and 200 (i=0.007) mm.

The formula for the volume of vitrati rіdini looks like this:

de a - the living area across the stream,

v - flow rate, m/s.

Security is secured by the following formula:

de R – hydraulic radius;

C - coefficient of urination;

Zvіdsi you can enter the formula of the hydraulic lull:

According to them they sign given parameter for the need for rozrahunka.

de n is the coefficient of shortness, the maximum value is 0.012 to 0.015, depending on the pipe material.

The hydraulic radius should be equal to the stellar radius, but if the pipes are fully filled. In other types of vicarious formula:

de A - ce area transverse to the flow of the river,

P is the wetting perimeter, or the transverse dozhina of the inner surface of the pipe, which is located in the middle.

Tables of throughput capacity of non-pressure sewer pipes

The tables have all the parameters that are victorious for the hydraulic rozrahunka. Data to choose the value of the diameter of the pipe and submit the formula. Here, the volume of water supply q has already been paid, so that it can pass through the pipe cut, as it can be taken as the throughput of the building of the highway.

In addition, there are reports on the tables of Lukins, which are ready to measure the throughput capacity for pipes of various diameters from 50 to 2000 mm.

Tables of throughput capacity of pressurized sewer systems

In the tables of throughput capacity of pressure pipes of sewerage, the value lies in the maximum degree of filling and rozrahunkovo average crispness water.

Throughput capacity of the water pipe

Water pipe pipes into the booth are the most common. Shards on them go great vanity, then the cost of the throughput capacity of the water supply main becomes an important intellectual overhead operation.

Pipe penetration in the fallow in diameter

Diameter is not the most important parameter when rozrahunka ductility of the pipe, but it also has a significant value. The larger the inner diameter of the pipe, the greater the throughput, as well as the lower chance of clogging and traffic jams. However, the diameter of the crim is necessary to protect the coefficient of rubbing the water against the walls of the pipe (table value for the skin material), the length of the main line and the difference in the grip of the line at the entrance and exit. In addition, the number of columns and fittings at the pipeline is strongly influenced by the passage.

Table of throughput capacity of pipes for heat transfer temperature

As the temperature in the pipes, then the lower the throughput of the building, the shards of water expand and create additional rub. For plumbing, it is not important, but in scorching systems it is a key parameter.

Іsnuє table for rozrahunkіv on heat and heat transfer.

Table of throughput capacity of pipes fallow under the pressure of heat transfer

Useful table that describes the throughput of pipe building in a fallow type.

Table of throughput capacity of pipes in fallows per diameter (for Shevelevim)

Tables F.A and A.F. Shevelevikh are one of the most important tabular methods for investigating the throughput capacity of a water supply system. In addition, the stench must be cleared of the necessary formulas for a specific skin material. The whole volume of informative material, which is most often scored by hydraulic engineers.

The tables are wrecked:

1. pipe diameter - internal and external;
2. tovshchina of the wall;
3. term of operation of the water pipeline;
4. dozhina highway;
5. recognition of pipes.

Formula of hydraulic sprayer

For water pipes, the following formula is applied:

Online calculator: pipe throughput rate

How do you have some food, otherwise you can be-like dovidniks, in which methods are guessed here - write in the comments.