Telecommunication technologies. Computer networks, networks and telecommunications technologies Introduction to networks and telecommunications

Golovna / Zahist

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1 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 1 INTRODUCTION Primary discipline "Computers and telecommunications" - special, which gives basic knowledge for the development of professional and professional disciplines of specialty Obchislyuvalnі machines, complexes, systems and measures. The subject of the discipline is the theoretical and practical foundations of the computer networks and telecommunications. The discipline “Computer and Telecommunications” is based on materials from earlier disciplines: “Information Technologies”, “Electronic Engineering”, “Digital Circuit Engineering”, “Mathematical and Logic Foundations counting technique»; May intersubject communications with the disciplines “Operational systems and media”, “Design, variability and operation of the calculation technique”, “Metrology, standardization and certification”. The meta-discipline of the discipline "Computers and Telecommunications" to give students a systematized report on the principles of organization of computer networks of various recognition, methods of design and operation. At the beginning of the discipline "Computer and telecommunications" students are obliged to acquire understanding of the computer system, and recognition of that excellence in pairing with autonomously working computers. In the process of developing discipline, students master the main ambush and measures; the choice of communication possession, transmission facilities, access methods; exploitation. The logical structure of the course with the views of the main thematic divisions is presented in the table. Partition number Partition name Lecture number 1 Basic concepts of computer media 1 2 Local media 2 3 Global media 3 4 Packet transmission and exchange control methods 4 5 Media methods and media OSI reference model, standardization issues and protocols 7 7 Create joint measures Basic technologies for local measures 10-12

2 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 2 As can be seen from the structure, the course is based on a succession of eight thematic divisions. Kozhen distributed one or two lectures. Let's move on to the logical structure of the course until the first division and the first lecture. LECTURE TOPIC 1: "BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER MEREZH" take a look at the odds and shortcomings of computer merezh compared with autonomously working computers; Vivchiti different classifications of computer merezh. Lecture plan: 1. Designation and recognition of computer systems 2. Advantages and shortcomings of computer systems 3. Classification of computer systems 4. Bagatoshar model 1. Designation and recognition of computer systems x fates of the last century. The meta of their creation is the combination of technologies for the collection, storage, processing and transmission of information with the technology of communication. In this manner, the development of computer telecommunications has risen back to the Internet (in the eyes of the lowest) and back come Windows. For example, in the 1980s, the whole world had access to file servers and BBS (electronic board deafness), which were used in the middle of MS-DOS. BBS subscribers took away the opportunity to look at each other without cost, and to make a noise, to exchange by mail notifications that files, take part in discussions (forums) then. Computer networks have become a logical result of the evolution of computer and telecommunication technologies. With the help of the association of computers, the efficiency of data processing is significantly improved in the merezh. in the event of a need for intermediary noses of data and the efficiency of interaction with the EOM. At this time, personal computers in offline mode practically do not win, they, as a rule, are combined with computer networks.

3 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 3 other outbuildings, which ensures information exchange between computers at the merezhі, connected by lines of communication. It is possible to bring anonymous applications, if the company's computers are simply necessary: sales of air tickets and air tickets; banking measure; computer club. Explain other possible names of the computer network: computer telecommunication network, computer calculation network. The main recognition of computer systems is the provision of access to rozpodіlenih resources. Let's look at more sprats of the appointed people, tied from the understanding of the computer network. Telecommunication in sensi words tse spіlkuvannya between subjects (people, attachments, computers), yakі perebuvayut at such a distance from each other, yak turn on the non-intermediate contact ("thіlі" vіddalennya, "communication" zv'yazok, splkuvannya). butt. Telecommunications have sensi words: exchange of light signals on the sea between ships; telephone; telegraph; television broadcasting. Apply vocabulary: telecommunications of great places; telecommunication possession; telecommunications services. Computer telecommunication system for the exchange of information and separate processing of information, established impersonal interconnected subscriber systems and zasobami zv'yazku; the ability to transfer and process information orientated from them on a collective basis using overhead resources of hardware, information, and software. butt. Merezhevy printer, information base of data, OS Subscriber system for the collection of EOM, software security, peripheral control, making a call, which viconuates the applied processes. Before telecommunication lines are seen: 1. Computer lines (for data transmission)

4 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture Telephony measures (transmission of voice information) 3. Radio measures (transmission of voice information - wide range services) 4. Television measures (transmission of voice and images - wide range services) with autonomous working computers. The association of computers in the merezh may be without a face. Among them, one can name the following: a combination of all types of resources: hardware, software, information; cost savings with the use of more resourceful resources; the provision of a separate processing of data and a parallel processing of bagatma EOM; the possibility of exchanging great arrays of information between EOM, in the distance from each other significant data; providing more services, including such as e-mail, teleconferencing, electronic bulletin boards, online stores, forums, distance learning and much more; Іsnuyet and іnshі the advances of computer merezh: simplification of work with the improvement of technical, software that information aids; visible independence from the territorial distribution of computers; promptly that yakіsne priynyattya decision. Shortcomings of the computer system: the possibility of roaming every day computer viruses; possibility of unauthorized access to information; different resources of global networks (for example, the Internet) have the ability to remove unreliable old information. 3. Classification of computer systems Let's take a look at the deeds of them, seeing the sign of classification and see the measure. Classification 1 fallow between the nodes of the merezh (depending on the size of the territory. Three types of the merezh are seen behind the sign: LVS, GVP, RVS).

5 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 5 Local counting network (LAN) (LAN Local Area Network) covers subscriber systems, distribution in the boundaries of a small territory. Respect. It should be noted that the territory of the appointed person is not large enough to understand. The length of the scrap can be between as many kilometers as tens of thousands of kilometers. Up to the class of local merezhes, there are merezhes of enterprises, firms, banks, offices, principal mortgages, etc. In the wild, there is a LAN with a communication system, which should be one organization. Globally counting the network (WAN Wide Area Network) united subscriber systems, pink-seated in the great territory, which embraces the different lands of that continent. The global dimension is violating the problem of public information resources sharing and organization of access to them. Vzaimodiya AC skladє osnovі rіznih teritorialnyh merezh zv'yazku, yah zastosovuyutsya telephone line zv'yazku, rіdіzv'yazok, satellite zv'yazku systems. The butt of the global network is the Internet. The regional enumeration of the border (RBC), or the border of the megacities (MAN Metropolitan Area Network), the combined subscriber systems, the distribution of one type of one in the significant city: at the borders of the okremoi country, the region, the great city. Respect. Regional counting borders at the borders of the city are often called "mist". RVS is surrounded by an administrative unit. RVS length: from tens of kilometers to hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Channels zv'yazku RVS bezdrotovі and provіdnі linesіnії. At the same time, local networks are best suited for sub-resources on short distances and wide-range transmissions, and global networks ensure the work on long distances, but with a large number of services and a rich set of services, metropolitan cities occupy an intermediate position. Tsіkavim butt linking local and global networks to a virtual private network (Virtual Private Network, VPN).

6 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 6 This is the name of the organization's organization, which is taken as a result of the association of two or more territorial divisions of the LOM for the help of globally accessible channels of the global organization, for example, via the Internet. The union of global, regional and local counting measures allows creating rich hierarchies, as if to apply efforts for the processing of large arrays of data and access to practically unobstructed information resources. Local counting measures (LAN) can be included as components to the warehouse of the regional measure; regional merezhі to unite at the warehouse of the global merezhі; nareshti, global networks can establish more structures. The largest association of computer networks on the scale of the planet Earth today is the Internet. Classification 2 according to the method of curing. Behind this sign, they see the following: a measure from the centralized management (seeing the server); with decentralized management (peer-to-peer network); zі zmіshanim keruvannyam. Merezha with centralized management (bagatorіvneva or ієrarchіchna) cemerezha with a vidilenim server In such a measure, one of the computers has the function of managing the robot of the measure: the collection of data recognized for selection by all working stations; keruvannya in vzaєmodієyu between working stations; other service functions (administration, maintenance of equipment, etc.). Peer-to-peer (peer-to-peer, chi-merezh with decentralized management) merezhu, all computers are equal. Classification 3 with the organization of the transfer. Merezhі z selection of information: will be on the basis of a monochannel (single channel zv'yazku, shcho all the computers of the mezhі). Interaction between subscribers is carried out by selection (selection) of data blocks (frames) addressed to them: all the frames that are transmitted in the frame are available to all subscribers, and only the subscriber systems, which are recognized as such, receive a copy of the frame. Merezhі z routing information: in such meshes of transferring personnel from the manager to the manager, the number of routes can be won. Tom z

7 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 7 communication systems of the city are violating the task of choosing the optimal route. Classification 4 by access method. Competitive: the subscriber initiates data transfer, which means that the line is displayed, or that the transfer is made for a certain period of time, as if the line is occupied by another subscriber. Determinations: reservation for the hour of the skin subscriber є song interval, stretching out such a line to lay only a few. Classification of the 5th type of organization of data transfer. Tsya classification and measure of routing information. According to the type of organization of transmission, one can see such a measure: 1. Switching channels (channels). 2. Switching alert. 3. Merezhі komutacii ї іnformatsiynykh pokitіv Merezhiі komutatsії lansyugіv historically earlier. Switching of channels in the transmission channel to establish a cross-channel link for direct transmission between nodes to the transmission cob. Okremі channels are interconnected by special equipment by switches, which can establish a link between the same terminal nodes of the merezhі. Before the transfer of data, it is necessary to complete the procedure for establishing a warehouse, in order to create a storage channel in the process. The ease of this method conveys a number of shortcomings, and the most low coefficient of the number of channels (the stench can be turned on at the same time, it also takes more time to check other customers). An example of a measure with the switching of channels: the oversight of information by phone. At the measure of commutation, the information is transmitted in portions, as they are called notifications. The transfer of data is due immediately after the first call from the required channels. When using this method of switching, messages are transmitted through a shard of transit computers, and are buffered on disk (stored in memory). Transit vuzol can not send the transmission of part of the message further away, as it is still accepted. Please note, on the package, it may be more than enough. Leather server zdіysnyuєtsya advancing operations: reception of information, її folding, reverification, routing, transmission of notifications. Butt: e-mail, teleconferencing;

8 Computers and telecommunications. Lecture 1 8 At the time of switching information packets in data transmission, short packets of a fixed period are used (before the transmission cob, the notification is divided into packets). The skin of the package is secured with protocol information (the code for the beginning and the end of the package, the address of the manager and the controller, the package number in the notification, information for monitoring the reliability of the data transmitted from the intermediate nodes, the call and in the recognition point). Until the beginning of the transfer of information to the cross channel between the ruler and the possessor is not restored. Information package (IP) - part of the information that satisfies the current standard (package, which obov'yazkovo avenge the field of data). The advantages of switching information packets: a small amount of packet damage, blocking the line of communication, and not giving rise to a call in the switching nodes, the sound of a call, a low rate of pardons, and an increase in efficiency. Shortcomings of communication of information packets: problems of routing (violated both in software and in hardware way). Fixed routing transferring the presence of routing tables, which fixed routes from one client to another. Tse bezpechuє dosit simple implementation, but zavantazhennya merezhі may be uneven. Here the method of the shortest draw is stagnant. The essence of the method: the skin canal may be a priority, which is determined in the right way to the right proportion of the body. The transmission of data is assigned to the first independent channel with the highest priority. In this rank, vikoristannya tsgogo method transferring the zatrimka ІП minimal. Example: transfer of information to local Ethernet networks(Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet). Respect. Really establish and integrate measures (combination of commutations). Classification 6 for the sum of programs: homogeneous or homogeneous (se KS, yak podnyut program-sum of EOM); heterogeneous or heterogeneous (ce KS, yak podnyut programmatically insane EOM). Classification 7 of topology:

9 Computers and telecommunications. Lecture 1-9 wide (head tire, passive tree, passive star). For wide-ranging changes, there may be more than one RS for transmitting a frame, other RSs can receive a frame (measurement with selection of information); posledovnі (dovіlna or komіrchasta, kіltse, active star, active tree, povnozv'yazkova). In the last configurations, pritamannyh z routing information, data transfer zdiisnyuєtsya sequentially from one RS to the next; Classification 8 according to the scale of the generic term. Merezhi vіddіlіv vikoristovuyutsya a small group spіvrobіtnikіv, yakі pratsyuyut one vіddіlі podprijemstva; campuses of enterprises, organizations (“campus” student's place) to unite the borders of workers at the borders of the surrounding area of one territory; corporate measures measure the scale of the business, which will unite a large number of computers in all areas of the business. Classification 9 for recognition. informational (informational-poshukovy); key (technological, administrative, organizational and other processes); rozrahunkovі; compile documentary information and information. Classification 10 according to the type of data transmission media: Conduct; Bezdrotov. Conductors: coaxial, torsion pair, fiber optic. Bezdrotovі: with the transmission of information over radio channels with the transmission of information in the infrared range Classification 11 for the speed of data transmission: low-speed high-speed transmission Butt. Low speed:

10 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 10 Token-Ring ArcNet Medium Width: Ethernet High Width: Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet 4. Bagatosharova model Thus, a network computer is a foldable complex of interconnections and narrowly functioning software and hardware components. Vivchennya merezhі zagalom transferring knowledge of the principles of the work of the okremih її elementіv, yak-from: computer; communication possession; Operating systems; mezhezhі programs. The whole complex of software and hardware features can be described by a bagatospheric model. At the heart of any measure lies the hardware ball of standardized computer platforms. Merezhah successfully zastosovuyutsya computers of different classes - from personal computers to mainframes and super-EBM. The recruitment of computers at the fence is responsible for the collection of tasks that are violated by the fence. The other ball is the communication possession. Wanting computers to be the central elements of data processing at the borders, the role played by communications is no less important. Cable systems, repeaters, bridges, switches, routers and modular concentrators with additional components in the chain have changed into the main order with computers and system ones. software security, like a splash, get the characteristics of a merezhi, and for a vartistyu. Today's communication attachment can be foldable with a special multiprocessor, which needs to be configured, optimized and administered.

11 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 11 The third ball, which establishes the software platform of the enterprise, is the operating system (OS). In addition, the concept of management of local and subdivision resources is the basis of the merging OS, to ensure the effectiveness of the work of all mergers. When designing measures, it is important to protect, as little as possible, the operating system can be interchanged with other operating systems, which can ensure the security and security of data, as much as possible allows you to increase the number of cores, and you can transfer it to another type of computer. The largest ball of merging services is established by various merging programs, such as merging data bases, mail systems, data archiving systems, collective work automation systems, etc. It is even more important to imagine the range of possibilities that are available for programs for various areas of congestion, and also to know how much stink is the sum of other programs that operating systems.

12 Computer networks and telecommunications. Lecture 1 12 Later, in Lecture 1, we looked at the main concepts of computer networks and telecommunications, the advantages and disadvantages of computer systems, and different classifications of networks. To control that assessment, you will take away knowledge on the topic “Basic understanding of computer science”, you will be given a test, which you can find on the site. Dodatkovuyu іnformatsiyu z vchenoї those you can know from the literary dzherelakh. List of references that are recommended 1. Broydo VL, Ilyina OP Obchislyuvalni systems, facilities and telecommunications: A handbook for universities. 4th view. - St. Petersburg: PITER, Melekhin, V.F. Obchislyuvalnі machines, systems and measures: assistant / V.F. Melekhin, E.G. Pavlovsky. - 2nd view., erased. - M: Academy, Olifer V. G., Olifer N. A. Computer measures. Principles, technologies, protocols: A handyman for cherries. 4th view. - St. Petersburg: PITER, Pєskova, S.A. Merezhі and telecommunications: Navch. posibnik / S.A. Pєskova, A.V. Kuzin, O.M. Volkov. - 2nd view., erased. - M: Academy, Tanenbaum E.S. Computers. 4th view. - St. Petersburg: PITER, 2011.

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Misha

Keyboard

Keyboard – keypad attached to a personal computer. Serve for entering alphanumeric data and control commands. The combination of the monitor and the keyboard provides the simplest interface for the speaker.

Keyboard functions do not require support by special system programs (drivers). Necessary software for cob work with a computer is already in the permanent memory chips (ROM) in the warehouse of the basic system of input and output, and to that the computer reacts to the pressure of the keys once it is turned on.

The standard keyboard may have over 100 keys, functionally divided into several groups.

A group of alphanumeric keys is designated for the introduction of symbolic information and commands that are typed after letters. The skin key can be used in a number of modes (registries) and, optionally, victorious to enter a number of characters.

group function keys revenge twelve keys located at the upper part of the keyboard. The functions assigned to these keys lie in the power of a specific program that works at the moment, and in certain situations, in the power of the operating system. Zagalnopriynyatoy for most programs please about those that the F1 key calls the final system, in which you can know the fine-tuning about the action of other keys.

The service keys can be assigned to the keys of the alphanumeric group. At the link with scho, that they often have to squirm, the stench may increase the expansion. They are preceded by the SHIFT, ENTER, ALT, CTRL, TAB, ESC, BACKSPACE and other keys.

Two groups of keys are keyed by the cursor and right-handed in the alphanumeric panel.

The group of keys of the additional panel duplicates the digital and other character keys of the main panel. Appearance of additional keyboards to lie down to the beginning of the 80s. At that time, the keyboards were obviously expensive outbuildings. Pochatkove recognition of the supplementary panel was expected to reduce the cost of the main panel for the hour of the rozrahunkovo-cash calculation, and start the management hour computer games. In our days, the keyboards are brought to low-value outbuildings, which are worn out quickly, and hang on, and the essential need to protect these types of wear is not.

Misha – attaching a keruvannya manipulatory type. Є a flat box with two or three buttons. The movement of the mouse on the flat surface is synchronized with the movement of the graphic object (the mouse indicator) on the monitor screen.

On the keyboard view, the mouse is not a standard control body, and the personal computer cannot see a port for it. For the mouse, there is no permanent rewriting, and the basic input and screening does not allow for software tools for processing the rewriting of the mouse. At zv'yazku z tsim y the first moment after the computer was not upgraded, Misha did not work. She will require special support system software- Mouse drivers. Destination target driver for interpreting signals coming through the port. In addition, the wine will provide a mechanism for transferring information about the establishment and the host of the operating system and working programs.

The computer is controlled by the movement of the mouse across the area and by short-time pressing of the right and left buttons (clatters). On the view of the keyboard, the mouse cannot be victoriously for the introduction of sign information - we will support the principle of control. Moving the mouse and clicking її buttons є podіyami z look її program-driver. Analyzing the number of subdivisions, installing the driver, if there was a subdivision and screen display at the moment, the indicator was known. The data are transferred to the application program, with some kind of processing. Behind them, the program can designate a command, like a mav on the court of the coristuvach, and rozpochati її vykonannya.

The combination of the monitor and the mouse secures the most modern type of interface, which is called graphic. Koristuvach posterizes on the screen graphic objects and elements of care. For the help of a mouse, you change the power of objects and bring the elements of care computer system, and for the help of the monitor, I take feedback from the graphic looker.

Before adjusting the parameters of the mouse, you can see: sensitivity (indicating the amount of movement of the indicator on the screen with a given linear movement of the mouse), the functions of the right and left buttons, as well as sensitivity to the undercurrent pressure (the maximum interval for an hour, when two clicks are pressed).

Merezh computer (CS) – the collection of computers and terminals, connected behind auxiliary channels to link into a single system, which allows you to split data processing.

In a wild mood telecommunications network (TS ) understand the system, which is composed of objects, which creates the functions of generation, transformation, saving and saving the product, called points (nodes) of the chain, that line of transmission (communication, communication, connection), which change the transfer point .

Depending on the type of product - information, energy, weight - they are divided into information, energy and speech measures.

Information measure (ІС)– communicative measure, as a product of generation, processing, collection and selection of information and information. Traditionally, the transmission of sound information is carried out by telephone, the image - television, the text - telegraph (teletype). In this hour, more and more information is being measures of integrated service, that allow you to transmit sound, images and data in a single channel.

Counting measure (BC) - Informational measure, to the warehouse, which is included in the calculation of the possession. The components of the enumeration measure can be EOM and peripheral attachments, which are dzherel and receivers of data, which are transferred along the measure.

BC is classified as a low sign.

1. The fallow, depending on the station between the nodes of the merezhi, the substation can be divided into three classes:

· local(LAN, LAN - Local Area Network) - how to shove the borders of the territory (sound at the borders in the distance of the stations there are more than a few dozen or hundreds of meters from each other, 1 ... 2 km apart);

· corporate (scale of business ) - sukupnіst pov'yazanih among themselves SCRAP, scho shooplyuyut territory, on yakіy placed one enterprise or I will establish in one or something close to roztashovannyh booths;

· territorial- ohohlyuchi significant geographic space; Among the territorial networks, one can see regional (MAN - Metropolitan Area Network) and global (WAN - Wide Area Network) networks, which can be seen as regional and global scales.

Meta training of students in the basics of computer networks - ensuring knowledge of the theoretical and practical foundations of the LAN and WAN gallery, of the network application programs and add-ons for the creation of web pages and sites, of the organization of computer security and protection of information in the networks, as well as Internet Business Opportunities.

The computer network is a collection of computers, which can create information interaction one by one for additional communication and software security.

Telecommunications - the transmission and reception of such information as sound, images, data and text on a large scale via electromagnetic systems: cable channels; fiber optic channels; radio channels and other channels. Telecommunication measure - the whole set of technical and software tools, for the help of which telecommunications are built. Telecommunications measures include: 1. Computer measures (for data transmission) 2. Telephone measures (transmission of voice information) 3. Radio measures (transmission of voice information - wide-range services) 4. Television measures (transmission of voice and image services - wide-range)

What are the needs of calculation of computer facilities? Computer networks are created with a method of access to global system resources (information, software and hardware), distributions (decentralized) at this network. For the territorial sign, the divisions are divided into local and territorial (regional and global).

Sliding apart computers and terminals. Computers are connected to computers, the skins of which can be processed autonomously. Terminal barriers sound to connect other computers (mainframes) with terminals (appendices for entering and displaying information). The butt of the terminal annexes and the chain can be the chain of ATMs or the sale of tickets.

The main feature of LAN and WAN is in the quality of the variant line communication and in the fact that in LOM there is only one way to transfer data between computers, and in WAN it is impersonal (and overhead channel communication). Since the line of communication in the LOM is larger than the one, then the speed of the transmission of information in the LAN is richer, lower in the WAN. In addition, there is a gradual penetration of WAN LAN technologies and, at the same time, which significantly increases the quality of the network and expands the range of services. In such a manner, the differences between LAN and WAN are step by step smoothed out. The trend of convergence (convergence) is typical not only for LAN and WAN, but also for telecommunication networks of other types, to which radio, telephone and television networks lie. Telecommunication barriers are made up of the following components: access barriers, backbones, information centers. The computer mesh can be shown with a bagato-ball model, which is made up of balls:

 computers;

 communication possession;

 operating systems;

 Merezhі programs. At the computer chains there are different types of computers. Computers and these characteristics determine the ability of computer systems. Before the communication possession lie: modems, mesh cards, mesh cables and industrial equipment mesh. Up to the intermediate equipment one can see: receivers or transivers (traceivers), repeaters or repeaters (repeaters), concentrators (hubs), bridges (bridges), switches, routers (routers), gateways (gateways).

To ensure the interoperability of software and hardware systems in computer networks, single rules were adopted as a standard, which defines the transfer algorithm for networks. As a standard, the merezhye protocols were adopted; Shards of mutual possession in the border cannot be described by one single merezhim protocol, then buv zastosovaniya bugatorіvneviy pіdhіd until rozrobіv zabіv vzaєmodії. As a result, a semi-modal model of interconnected systems - OSI was developed. Tsya model rozdіlyaє zabіljaє vzaєmodії on sіm functional rivnіv: applied, predstavnitsky (representation of data), session, transport, merezhevy, channel and physical. The set of protocols, sufficient in the organization of mutual adjustment of measures, is called a stack of communication protocols. The most popular stack is TCP/IP. This stack is used to connect computers to Internet and corporate networks.

The protocols are implemented by autonomous and interoperable operating systems (communication devices that enter the OS), as well as by telecommunication equipment (bridges, switches, routers, gateways). To merezhnyh dodatkіv lie raznі postovі application programs(Outlook Express, The Bat, Eudora and others) and browsers - programs for browsing web pages ( Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozzila Firefox and others). Before application programs for creating sites lie: Macromedia HomeSite Plus, WebCoder, Macromedia Dreamweaver, Microsoft FrontPage and other programs. There is a great interest in the global information network of the Internet. Internet is a combination of transnational computer networks with different types and classes of computers and networks, which work on different protocols and transmit information from different channels. The Internet is an intensifying zasib of telecommunications, the collection of information, the conduct of electronic business and remote (interactive or on-line) education.

Teaching materials for full-time students

5. Srazok vykonannya іndivіdualnogo zadannya (referat) - take advantage

7. Created Website

8. A glimpse of the created web site

9. Supplement for selection of colors - "Color" - Zavantazhiti

11. Text for independent creation of a web page and site - Zavantage

12. Little ones for self-creation of a web page and site - Zavantage

13. E-book: Technology of registration of abstracts and control work - Zavantage

Teaching materials for students in remote and correspondence forms of learning

4. Zrazok control robot for students of remote and part-time forms of training for the KST course: Kontrol_rabota - Availability

Calculation or computer measurements

Basic concepts of the discipline "Computer networks and telecommunications"

Meta training of students in the basics of computer networks and telecommunications - to ensure knowledge of the theoretical and practical foundations in the organization and functioning of computer networks and telecommunications, professional activity rozpodіleni data, applied programs and resources measure.

In this hour, personal computers in offline mode are practically not vikoristovuyutsya, they are combined in the counting or computer networks.

Merezha computer- The security of computers and telecommunications possession, which ensures the information exchange of computers at the border. The main recognition of computer systems is the provision of access to rozpodіlenih resources.

Telecommunications(Greek tele - in the distance, far and lat. communicatio - splkuvannya) - the transmission and reception of any information (sound, image, data, text) to a different electromagnetic systems (cable and fiber optic channels, radio channels and other wires) jetless channels zv'azku).

Telecommunication network- tse system of technical zasobіv, zkakoї zdіysnujuutsya telecommunіkatsії.

Before telecommunications measures are seen:

Computer facilities (for transmission).
Telephone networks (transmission of voice information).
Radio measurements (transmission of voice information - broadband services).
Televiziyni merezhі (transmission to voice and image - wide range of services).

The subject of the discipline is the theoretical and practical foundations of the computer networks and telecommunications.

The initial program for the course for a total of 198 academic years is divided into two separate (initial) modules for a total of 2.0 and 3.5 credits (for an ECTS loan to become 36 academic years) and is composed of classrooms to take that independent work students.

Head of discipline Computer networks and telecommunications:

forming knowledge of the theoretical and practical foundations of zastosuvannі computer merezh;
learn to connect the PC to the mesh, and practice in them;
learn how to spell hardware, software information resources merezha;
learn how to practice with merezhevymi application programs.

As a result of the development of discipline, students may:
KNOW:

technologies and principles inspire computer merezh;
principles of functioning and interdependence of hardware and software features of computer technology;
how to set up Microsoft Windows OS for robots in multiples;
merezhev application programs;
application programs for creating Web-sites and Web-sides;
Ukrainian and international search results on the Internet;
main opportunities for business on the Internet.

VMITI:

win counting systems for professional activities;
connect the PC to measure and practice in them;
pratsyuvati z merezhimi application programs;
create and design Web-sides and Web-sites.

BE AWARE:

with the main trends in the development of methods and technologies of computer systems;
with mechanisms for transmitting data through communication channels;
with possible resources SCRAP;
with Internet service.

Vikoristovuvana literature:

Computers and telecommunications: Navch. Posіbnik / V. O. Tkachenko, O. V. Kasіlov, V. A. Ryabik. - Kharkiv: NTU "KhPI", 2011. - 224 p.
Broido V.L. Obchislyuvalnі systems, merezhі and telecommunikatsii: A handbook for universities. 2nd view. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006 - 703 p.
Computer systems. Principles, technologies, protocols: A handyman for cherries. 4th view. / V.G. Olifer, N.A. Olifer - St. Petersburg. Peter, 2010. - 944 p.
Moore M. ta in. Telecommunications. Posіbnik for pochatkіvtsіv. / Authors: Moore M., Prіtsk T., Riggs K., Saufvik P. - St. Petersburg: BHV - Petersburg, 2005. - 624 p.
Denisova A., Vikharev I., Belov A., Naumov G. Internet. Self-reader. 2nd view. - St. Petersburg. Petersburg. 2004. - 368 p.
Hester N. Frontpage 2002 for Windows: Prov. Z English - M: DMK Press, 2002. - 448s.

To the skin generation of power in the development of new technical background, improve the system of appearance, processing, transmission and data collection The middle of the 19th century was marked by the mass victories of satellite communication, counting technology, computer systems. As a result, it positively contributed to the development of new telecommunication technologies.

The modern world is impossibly without telecommunications technologies, which erase the state cordonies and between people, make available mobile and video communications and allow the impersonal tasks to be carried out in the sphere of management, education, commerce. The skin of a person sticks with them today, fools telephone rings, reviewing the mail and buying goods in online stores

Appointment and understanding of telecommunication technologies

The fundamental understanding of information and communication technologies, including a combination of methods, processes and attachments, which allow you to select, collect, accumulate, save, process and transmit information, encoded in digital or analog look.

The high-sensitivity telecommunication technologies are able to understand the combination of software and hardware devices, allow you to set up a call without a phone call and transmit packets of information, including also audio and video information.

See telecommunication technologies

Telecommunication technologies can be seen as services that providers of different levels rely on.

Following this principle, one can name the following types of telecommunication technologies:

telephone call, current telephone call allows you to easily switch from the analog standard to digital, connect to the Internet, and connect mobile phones and analogs to one line;

radio calls, which today have turned into a stylnikovy call, the telephone, moving at the borders of the fence, opyyaetsya in the area of divine transmission outbuildings;

satellite call, which is used by providers for the creation of systems mobile call i for sovereign systems zv'azku;

the Internet is the largest extension of the type of telecommunication technologies, for which connections to the network can be carried out as a conductor, so in a dartless way.

Information and telecommunication measures and the Internet

Telecommunication technologies, which are victorious on the Internet, are going through a stage of turbulent development and growth.

New cities are being created different types, among them:

local networks of companies, or by installing links between computers in them, are installed and conducted in a non-drot way, the number of coristuvachivs of these networks is fenced. Local borders can be corporate, in some countries there are local borders;

global networks (Wide Area Network - WAN) are a collection of a large number of vuzlіv-computers, deployed in different countries of the world and connected between them by channels of fiber-optic communication. Before these services, which provide the services of providers, local networks are connected.

Technical and software problems of telecommunication technologies

Pratsezdatnіst Іnternet is based on vikoristannі merezhіv uzlіv and kanalіv zvyazku. The hubs can be seen as a computer, as well as hosting companies that give IP-addresses and domain names.

Channels zv'yazku, zahalom, divided into 4 types:

analogue telephone networks;

droti, by which electricity is transmitted;

fiber-optic channels zv'yazku;

wireless communication channels, modems and satellites.

Prior to the telecommunications channels, the link lies, most importantly, the third and fourth types.

In the middle of communications, which are victorious for arranging a call, it is possible to designate a program that will ensure the operation of a telecommunication facility such as:

IP PBX;
routers;
computers .

Alternately, they should be called application programs, as they make it easier for a robot to collect arrays of information.

Software security of telecommunication technologies

For the transfer of data from the greatest possibilities of telecommunication technologies, special software is installed. It is safe to function behind the same protocols or mechanisms, which are divided by the method of simplicity and standardization of the work of all nodes in the network, inducing them for a single algorithm.

For example, transfers across computer networks have been split into the MIME (ssr-Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) standard, which translates data from the intelligence format to the mail server. The connection of the computer to the server is connected to a dialogue in the Client-Server mode, which is a part of the program.

Other programs are victorious for robotic messengers, which allow you to exchange messages, make telephone calls with the transmission of voice and video information. Here communication is not only a computer. mail server, before the dialogue, telephone exchanges are connected.

Merezhev Telecommunication Technologies

Various telecommunication technologies allow virishuvati so avdannya, like:

transfer of information in the required formats;

vibudovuvannya communications;

security in cooperation between different participants in the measure.

Among the new technologies, the space is occupied by programs that allow working in the networking mode, combining CRM systems with the possibilities of social networks and a lot more.

fold corporate funds like offices, computers, and telephones, they also go into the field of merging technologies, calling for synergy for efficient communication.

Technologies for the protection of information in telecommunications

More information arrays that lie state regulations that commercial enterprises, which may be self-sufficient and useful for potential vacancies, which can be both hackers and internal coristuvachi.

For the protection of information about the windings of the expanded folding software products, which allow to signify the penetration of an unauthorized coristuvacha or to the virus-providing information in a measure and blocking yoga.

Establish special standards for the protection of information, but to bring the stench can’t always save the treasury from the evil that stealing data. Particularly different are computers and mobile attachments to private coristuvachivs, like vicorista are less than antiviruses.

Vіd rozkradannya іnformatsії ії for podpomogoyu zastavnyh pristroїv, scho shkoplyuyut elektromagnіtnі vіpromіnyuvannya, it's necessary to fight for podomogoyu tehnіchnіchnyh zabіv.

Wikoristanya telecommunication technologies

Telecommunication technologies are important today for the organization of communication systems.

But the systems themselves may be of applied importance, for the help of these technologies it is possible to achieve significant goals, among them:

creation of systems for remote guidance;

provision of inexpensive voice telephone calls;

fold information systems subprinciples and integration of them in the complex, which allows optimizing management;

prompt banking measures;

conducting electronic auctions and tenders for the security of state buyers;

zdiisnennya komunikatsii in the distant subjects;

for Internet commerce;

zdіysnennya remote care in the sovereign and private spheres.

The range of possibilities of using telecommunications technologies is expanding with the skin day. It’s easy to say what you yourself will proponate tomorrow at your gallery, so that you can make the sounds accessible, and the picking process is simpler.

Development of telecommunication technologies

The advent of a new science - telematics has made it possible to transmit information data over the air. At the heart of science is a system that combines telecommunications and informatics. Tsya power significantly increased the territory of the participants in the call.

The rice of information technologies is characteristic of the fact that the process has a single product - information. The process of intellectual processing combines the collection, saving and distribution of information data.

Modern information and telecommunication technologies

Telecommunication technologies transfer vikoristannya іnformatsiynyh merezh and computer technology.

Overhead resource of representations by the hardware type, informational reports, software security, for them the following values may be important:

the computer equipment of the various networks is connected automatically;

skin unit of computer equipment and warehouse straps, as well as work in independent regime;

The call is provided for additional telephone calls, fiber optic connections and satellite channels.

There are many different services on the Internet, the most important ones are: exchange of messages in the mode email, the services of an electronic board are stunned, file transfers.

Telecommunication technologies in the world

Our life is passing by information support Therefore, from the very childishness, new telecommunication technologies have been introduced.

In the lighting system they are stopped for remote learning, virtual conversation, self-illumination, otrimannya necessary information

Fragmented federal target program, direct development of the illuminating informational medium, became the reason for the stagnation in the sphere of illuminating that science.

Telecommunication technologies and services for banking

The policy of national telecommunication companies, economic development and geographic expansion are factors that influence the choice of technology for transferring information to the banking system.

Modern banking communications allow making interbank payments with an electronic signature, encrypting the document.

The transition of telecommunication systems to private satellite channels will allow the modernization of the banking system. And here it is possible to set up virtual private lines, as if renting a line of embroidered fencing.

Great telecom companies

The scope of telecom services is designated by the largest post-employees of the drotiv, style tie, Internet-providing, cable television.

The leaders of the galaxy are the companies "MTS", "Rostelecom", "MegaFon", "TransTeleCom", "Er-Telecom", "Interregional Transitelecom", "Space Call".

Today, the current telecommunications market continues to show signs of growth, while business operators are looking for new niches for further development.

One of the main directives is complex service on the stick of information technologies and telecommunications.

Modern telecommunication technologies different types demonstrated at the show "Zv'yazok", which will be held at the Central Exhibition Complex of Moscow.

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