Chi is not a digital wear, put a vikoristannya. Digital wear. Durability of analog wearables

History

The need to exchange information, to save letters about one's life, just started in people forever. Throughout the history of mankind, a lot of information has been tried. Shards of the wearer may be low in power, the evolution of the wearer of information began at the same time, like a mighty new one was presented.

Ancient clock

Ancient people depicted animals on the skeletons, they loved them. Prote vugіlnі, clay, kreydyanі little zmivalo wood, and zbіlshennya nadіynostі zberіgannya іnformatsії іnformatsiії privіsnі artists began to vibivate the silhouettes of creatures on the skeletons with a gostri stone. Wanting to move the stone to the security of information, the speed of the recording and the transmission were depleted of the best. Lyudina began to vikoristovuvat clay for recording, as the power of the stone is small (saving information), that її plasticity, the clarity of the recording made it possible to increase the efficiency of the recording.

Possibility of an effective recording with the appearance of writing. Over five thousand years ago (the reach of the Sumerian civilization, the territory of modern Iraq) writing on clay (no longer small, but similar to the letters of the icons and pictograms). The Sumerians saw signs on tablets made of gray clay, sharpened with a “wedge” with an outlined stick (stars and names - cuneiform). Large documents from dozens of clay sides were taken from the boxes (folders).

Clay was important for great texts, the need for those grew. To that, another nose will appear on the change

Egypt: papyrus

On the cob of the third thousand years to the stars. That is, in Egypt there is a new nose, which can improve the parameters in the case of clay tablets. There they learned how to work with the help of papyrus from papyrus (high herbaceous growth). The word "papyrus" looks like naming paper with deaky language: fr. papier- in French and German, English. paper- in English, Spanish. papel- In Spanish, Belarusian. paper- Belarusian. A bundle of papyrus leaves is similar to the promenade of the sun (the god Ra), the trihedral stem has the shape of a pyramid, to which the royal rose was respected.

Not a lot of that nose was those who, after an hour, were dark and lame. Those that the Egyptians banished the fence of the papyrus for the cordon became an additional shortfall.

Asia

Little bits of information (clay, papyrus, wax) stimulated the search for new noses. Having once again applied the principle “everything is new - well forgotten old”: in Persia, for writing from long ago, vikoristovuvavsya defter - dried skins of creatures (in Turkish and sporidnyh yomah the word “defter” and at once means zoshit), the Greeks guessed about it.

The inhabitants of the Greek city of Pergamum (the first to adopt the ancient technology) perfected the process of turning skins in the 2nd century BC. i.e. began to parchment. The advantages of the new nose are the temple of the superiority of the preservation of information (micality, longevity, not dark, not drying up, not crackling, not breaking), richness (for example, in the prayer book of the X century, , and with the help of X-rays, the oldest treatise of Archimedes appeared there, Books on parchment - palimpsesti (in Greek. παλίμψηστον - a manuscript, writings on parchment behind a printed or written text).

Like in other lands, near Pivdenno-Skhidniy Asia, they tried impersonal different ways recording and saving information:

• vipaluvannya on narrow bamboo plates with cords bound in "bamboo books" (marriage - takes a lot of space, low wear resistance of cords);
• sheet to:
• shovka (marriage - road-shovka),
• zshivaetsya in the "book" leafing palm trees (paper sheet of the current book is called so on the riddle about its palm prototype).

Through the shortness of the front noses, the Chinese emperor Liu Zhao punished them to know his replacement, and one of the officials (Cai Lun) at 105 roci n. e. having developed a method of making paper (which does not change much and dosi) from the villages of fibers, straw, grass, moss, ganchir'ya, tufts, growing trees, etc. there will be a nest of chewing and soaking sticky fibers of wood with it). Prote at once found evidence of the mischief of the fact that the papers had begun to work earlier.

Europe

On the territory of Europe, highly diverse peoples (Greeks and Romans) developed their own methods of recording. The impersonal wears are changing: lead leaves, brushed kerchiefs are thin.

Starting from VII Art. BC i.e. the recording is carried out with a stick - a stylus (like on clay) on wooden boards, covered with a ball of pliable wax (so-called wax tablets). The deletion of information (another problem of this wear) was carried out by a dead end of the stylus. Such boards were creaked on chotiri pieces (the word “zoshit” is used, to that the Greek. τετράς at the translation from the Greek - chotiri).

However, the inscriptions on the wax were not documentary, and the problem of saving the notes was even more relevant.

America

In the 11th-16th centuries, the indigenous peoples of Pvdennoy America saw the wuzlikovy leaf “kipu” (quipu in translation from the Indian Quechua - vuzol). Three hanks (rows of laces were tied before them) were added up. The type, the number of knots, the color and the number of threads, their stitching, and the interweaving is a “coding” (“alphabet”) stos.
Stringed on cords with small mushls, the Indian tribes of Pivnichnoy America encoded their messages. This type of writing was called "wampum" - after the Indian word wampam (short for wampumpeag) - was namisto. The interweaving of cords made the wife happy, as if they were ringing like a belt. A combination of colorful turtles and little ones could have formed whole messages on them.

Ancient Russia

Like a nose, birch bark (the upper ball of birch bark) was victorious. The letters were pierced with writing (Kistyan or metal stick).
Until the end of the 16th century, Russia had its own papyrus (in the Russian language, the word “papyr” came more widely from Italy, bambagia - bavovna).

See the information: (like a request!)

• Hard magnetic disk, ZMD, HDD (hard disk, HD). Zastosovuetsya as the main stationary wear in computers. Great capacity, high security access. Sometimes the models are stored on a memory disk, which can be removed from the computer and hidden from the safe. Such a look can be HDD.
• A floppy magnetic disk, GMD (floppy disk, FD) is a floppy disk (diskette). Basic change nose for personal computers. The capacity is low, accessibility is low, but the availability is also low. The main advantage is transportability.
• Laser CD (CD, CD-ROM). The capacity is great, the accessibility is average, but the ability to record information is daily. Recording is carried out on a special setting. Such a look can be a CD drive.
• laser CD that can be rewritten (CD-R, CD-RW). In some modes it is only possible to record (without overwriting), in others - also kіlkіst cyclic data overwrite. The same characteristics as for a standard CD.
• DVD. Similar to CD-ROM, but may have a higher recording space (5-20 times). Whether for reading or for recording (rewriting) a DVD.
• Replacement magnetic disk type ZIP or JAZZ. Similar to a floppy disk, but may have a much larger capacity. This is how the ZIP-disk looks like, and it's a drive for the new one.
• Magneto-optical or sozv. floppy disk. Zminny nose of great capacity. This is how the magneto-optical disk looks like it is for him.
• A cassette with a magnetic line is a replacement nose for a streamer (streamer) - an accessory specially recognized for collecting great data. Some models of computers are attached for recording information on standard tape cassettes. The cassette has a great capacity and a high speed of recording and reading, and even more access to a sufficient point of the line. This is how the streamer and yoga cassette looks like.
• Punched cards - none of them may be beaten.
• Perfostrіchka - ninі mayzhe vikoristovuєtsya.
• Cassettes and ROM chips (read-only memory, ROM). They are characterized by impossibility or folding overwriting, low capacity, high accessibility, as well as resistance to great splashes. Sound zastosovuyutsya in the computers of those others electronic devices specialized applications, such as game consoles, modules to control, various accessories, printers, etc.
• Magnetic cards (marriage). Small capacity, transportability, ability to use machine-readable and sizable text information. Credit cards, transfers, credit cards.
• There is a large number of specialty noses that can be found in different small-width fittings. For example, magnetic drill, hologram.

The cob of soil (evolution of the nose)
18th century, France, Lie area. Textile master Basil Bouchon has developed an elegant method of ceremonial work by the maker. First, having installed a roll of paper with wicks in the necessary places with lapels in the drum, after which it was possible to lay out the tasks of the little ones on the fabric. Vinahid made it possible to do it in an automatic way.

Here you need to work out a lyrical approach. Monsieur Bouchon buv synom elector organіv, qі musical instruments follow the same principle. Old man guarding the robot, the young man foresaw technology, as if he turned the world upside down. Bouchon is the first to know the way to save teams on a good nose with the possibility of replacing that bagatarase victoria.

The hour is past, vinahid has taken off the further development. Jean-Baptiste Falcon on the back of his head, having proponed the place of the roll of the paper to victorious, to make straight cuts, then together, then Jacques Wacanson, having perfected the Bouchon-Falcon's layout and making it automatic - the fate of the person has become inconvenient. Before the speech, the hands of a smart wine-maker lie first in the world of robots (a robot-flutist and pitching). Unfortunately, the stench was spent.

All-world success and popularity came to textile production in 1801, when Joseph Marie Jacquard improved technology for the first time. Why do we add so many hours of talk about textile machines? On the right, in the fact that Jacquard's typography has gone down to history as a prototype of the counting machine. The mechanical design, obviously, could not carry out the calculation, but the change of working modes for additional punched cards formed the basis of programming technologies. At the quiet of our study, we have a cicave way of saving commands on the nose - paper (like a punched card).

The dawn of our machine is coming - the 30th anniversary of the 19th century. The legendary mathematician, philosopher-analyst and engineer Charles Bebbij is alive at this hour. Win Vіdomy as the first architect of the computational system. In 1822, the rotation of wines began to select the machine of powers (automation of calculation). According to Bebbij's idea, the machine is guilty of rozrakhovuvat the meaning of polynomials (rich terms) - the whole process, taking a lot of time and leading to a great number of pardons. Unfortunately, technical problems did not allow us to finish the conversation.

Another project of Babbage - an analytical machine - maw punch cards to capture programs. The winemaker propagated a concept that was incomprehensible at that time: the program was formed on a paper punched card, installed in the car, and that further away. Before speech, Ada Lovelace helped create programs on punched cards, as she rose to history as the first programmer (in the 1970s, my programming was named honor on її). The ingenious idea was not far off to be implemented technically, at least on the cob of the XX century, the successors chose an analytical machine for Babbage's chairs.

The share of the noses of these letters from the work of Herman Cholerite is coming. In 1890, the United States was scheduled for a census of the population. Ordering the results of the previous census took this time. A number of ways to optimize the process and try out the method of proponation with Cholerite. Herman created a mechanism for reading and processing data recorded on a punched card. The selection of a new approach allowed the census to be completed in less than 2.5 years.

Years of Cholerit falling asleep Tabulating Machine Company and engaged in the sale. On the right, there was a booty, in 1911, before Herman, three more companies arrived, which established the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which was later renamed IBM.

Until 1937, 32 machines at the IBM factory near New York were producing 5-10 million punched cards a day. Paper noses zastosovuvalis everywhere and nabuli status of official documents. As much as possible, that punched cards went into history earlier, but the world was overwhelmed by the other world war.

The era of magnetic stitches

At the same time, the German engineer Fritz Pflumer has created a magnetic fusion. The new nose is formed from a thin ball of paper, covered with powder based on the oxide of the hall. Pflumer, having sold the technology to AEG, has developed the world's first recording and recording device - Magnetophon. Vinahid was relatively attached to the capitulation of Nimechchini. Less than on the cob of the 1950s, magnetic melting broke out beyond the borders.

The innovation was pioneered by the sound recording and television companies, which started victorious music for recording audio and video. Technology came to the world of computers in 1951, when Eckert-Mauchly released the UNIVAC I system. The magnetic plate, which was victorious at UNIVAC, took off. more information at povnyanni with paper punched cards (10,000 punched cards = 1 reel with plyvkoy). IBM didn't get left behind and switched to a new type of wear. To translate data from punched cards that have accumulated, Eckert-Mauchly and IBM presented automatic converting machines.

Years later, the bobbins with plіvkoy were wrapped on plastic boxes, and in this kind of “cassettes” they have survived to this day. Plivka has become the de facto standard for recording data, video and music.

As early as 1967, IBM's hardware company entrusted one of its engineers with the development of a swedish and compact wearable to provide software updates to customers. David Noble's team has developed an 8-inch (20 cm) 80 KB disc with the possibility of a one-time recording. Virib buv tenditnim and pulling a rich saw. The modified version was wrapped in fabric, sealed in plastic and named FD23. Rozrobka took away the name “floppy” or “floppy disk” (the plastic packaging was thin and gnuchka, worn like a bi “splashing with wings”, if you carried it in your hands or shook it in front of you - stars and the name floppy, from the English word flop - splash). Disk drives for reading floppy disks began to be possessed by computers, but the path to success seemed uneasy. The floppy disk drive was matched with the computer itself, and many people have sold the cassettes.

In 1972, Alan Shughart left IBM and switched to Memorex. There, an engineer built a Memorex 650 - a floppy disk that can be overwritten, with a volume of 175 Kb. 8-inch floppy disks were upgraded and extended, bringing them up to 1000 Kb.

However, 8 inches is too big for mobile wear. As if two spokesmen from Shugart Associates (founded by Alan Shugart) were sitting in a bar with An Weng at Wang Laboratories and discussed the size of the floppy disk. It was then that the idea was born that a floppy disk for expansion is not guilty of being larger than a server (5.25 inches or 13 cm). The first 5.25-inch floppy disks were up to 98 Kb of data. That was the first format that IBM didn't put in. Over the years, floppy disks have grown to 1200 Kb.

Optical technologies remake

In 1979, Philips and Sony teamed up to create a revolution in optical technology. Investigated in 1977 by Philips engineers, the first compact disc (CD) appeared in the world in 1982.

The recording method was based on the concept of heating the surface of the disk and fixing it at a point with strictly singing intervals. The change of a point on a flat surface means one, the number of days of change is zero. How to expand the disk to walk different legends. It seems that the diameter of 120 mm is not typical - on a disk of this size there are exactly 74 audio lines with 16-bit encoding and a quality of 44.1 kHz. Well, 74 credits are the core of Ludwig van Beethoven's 9th symphony.

On the 17th of September at the Philips factory, the album of the Swedish group ABBA on CD was released, and then the players appeared on the market. Until 1985, a lot of record companies switched to CD, and the prices for the programmers fell. More b pack, even more compact i light disc with a total weight of 16 g and a thickness of 1.2 mm, containing 74-90 quills of an acidic sound.

It became clear that CDs can be beaten to record data. In 1985, Sony and Philips developed the CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) standard, which allows data to be written to the disc. Only virobniks at factories could record CDs. Regardless of the success of the CD, floppy disks have become popular.

Obmezhennya that nedolіki 5.25-inch floppy disks are obvious - they carry large and tenditnі, easily penetrating the ford near the gap. Dekilka companies took up the development of new standards. As a result, there were different modifications, unmistakable one by one. The problem was solved by Sony, having presented a 3.5-inch floppy disk with a shutter, which is similar in design. Dekіlka companies, including Apple, supported the expansion of Sony. Over the years, floppy disks have grown from 400 KB to 1.44 MB.

In 1991, Insite Peripherals from Floptical entered the arena. Engineers used a standard floppy disk drive with an infrared diode for positioning the head, which allowed increasing the volume of the floppy disk up to 21 MB. Which floppy disk drive can read smaller floppy disks. The only small Floptical is connected via an expensive SCSI interface. Three years later, Iomega showed Zip. Regardless of the similar format and size of 3.5 inches, the new disk drives could not read the original floppy disks. Iomega introduced floppy disks with a capacity of 100, 250 and 750 MB, but technical problems those roadies made their own money, no one knows about Zip anymore.

CDs became more popular until the mid-1990s, when special formats for recording video (Video CD, Super Video CD) and photo (Photo CD, Picture CD) appeared. At the beginning of the 90s, Sony and Philips introduced CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) - CDs with the possibility of one-time recording. The breaking point is 1998, when the same couple of Sony and Philips have broken a CD-RW (Compact-Disk Rewritable) disc, which can be rewritten. At the same hour, DVD-format loomed on the horizon.

laser disc

The first optical carrier of these became the so-called Laserdisk (LD), demonstrations by Philips and MCA in 1972. The majestic 30-cm disk was tried as a replacement for VHS video cassettes. Laserdisk was practically similar to analog wear with digital sound, discs could accommodate up to 60 xvilin videos. Ring out, the virobniks let out a movie on their underwired noses.

On the back of the disc, it was possible to turn over after 60 quills for the next bik. Then the technologists released players, in which the head, which reads, learned to move from one side to the other, while looking at it, all the same happened to check, if the reading began. Films on two or more discs are the realm of history. Especially for such kits, Pioneer released a two-tray engraver.

The technology was changed once in a while, but it didn’t go away. Players with LD support were introduced until 2003. Nini is a rarity.

Deputy epilogue

What was given, we know - there were recordings and re-recordings of DVDs, there were also flash drives. At the same time, on the market of data, there will be baked wars between HD-DVD and Blu-ray, using new generation technologies. And in the future, holographic disks with a capacity of 300 GB per payment will be shown to us.

Entry…………………………………………………………………………...3

Carrying information………………………………………………………………4

Coding and reading information ..…………………………………………9

Development prospects…………………….……………………………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….18

Literature.…………………………………………………………………………19

Entry

Have 1945 r. John von Neumann (1903-1957), American scholar, who came up with the idea of ​​using outside buildings to save programs and data. Neumann principle scheme computer. Neumann's schemes prove everything modern computers.

Old memory is recognized for the long-term saving of programs and data. Attached old memory(Nakopichuvachі) є energy-independent, vimikannya zhivlennya not to produce before spending money. The stench can be awakened in system block otherwise, they looked at independent blocks, tied from the system ones through yoga porti. For the method of recording, that reading is accumulated, stalely in the form of wear, on magnetic, optical and magneto-optical.

Coding of information - tse shaping of a single representation of information. The computer can process only the information given in the numerical form. All other information (for example, sounds, images, displays, etc.) for processing on a computer must be converted into a numerical form. As a rule, all numbers in a computer are represented by additional zeros and one (and not ten digits, as is usual for people). In other words, computers start to work double system numbers, shards with any attachment for their work appear to be significantly simpler.

Reading information - reading information that is stored in the extension, that is stored in memory (memory), and transferring it to the extension of the counting machine. The reading of information is carried out at a different number of machine operations, unless it is an independent operation.

In the course of the abstract, we will look at the main types of carrying information, coding and reading information, as well as the prospects for development.

Carry information

Historically, the first carriers of information were punched lines and punched cards attached to the introduction. Behind them came a number of recording attachments near magnetic lines, replacement and permanent magnetic disks and magnetic drums.

Magnetic lines are saved and vicorous wound on spools. Cats of two kinds were seen: serve and accept. Lines are delivered to koristuvachs on spools, which should be served, and do not require additional rewinding when installed in accumulators. The stitch on the coil is wound with a robotic ball in the middle. Magnetic lines are visible to accumulating indirect access. Tse means that it’s time to look for a record to lie down in the first place on the nose, so that the physical record does not have its address and that it’s necessary to look at it, look ahead. Prior to the annex with direct access, to remember, one can see magnetic disks and magnetic drums. The main peculiarity of them lies in the fact that for an hour I’ll look for any record not to lie down in the form of roztashuvannya on the nose. The skin has a physical record on its own address, which ensures direct access to it, bypassing other records. Packets of magnetic disks, which are made up of six aluminum disks, have become an approaching type of recording devices. The size of the entire package was 7.25 MB.

Let's take a look at the current information.

1. Accumulator on flexible magnetic disks (NGMD - disk drive).

The purpose of this attachment is vikoristovu as a wearable information gnuchki magnetic disks - floppy disks, which can be 5 or 3 inch. A floppy disk is a magnetic disk for a piece of pay, containing an “envelope”. The size of the diskette is changed in size bytes. While a standard 5'25" floppy disk can hold up to 720 KB of information, a 3'5" floppy disk is 1.44 MB. Floppy disks are universal, suitable for any computer of the same class, equipped with a disk drive, can serve for saving, accumulating, robbing and processing information. The drive is for parallel access, so all files are easily accessible. The disk is covered with a special magnetic ball to the beast, which ensures the safety of data. Information is recorded from two sides of the disc along the tracks, like concentric stakes. The skin path is subdivided into sectors. The number of records on the surface of the disk, as well as the number of records on the surface of the disk, as well as the width of the record information on the surface of the track. Up to a few, there is a small capacity, which makes it difficult to save a lot of information, and no more than a high supremacy of the floppy disks themselves. In this hour, floppy disks are practically not vikoristovuyutsya.

2. Accumulator on a hard magnetic disk (HDD - hard drive)

p align="justify"> To the logical continuation of the development of magnetic information storage technology. Main pervagants:

- Great capacity;

- simplicity and arrogance of excellence;

- Possibility of turning to faceless files at once;

- High security access to data.

From short distances you can see less than a day mindful noses information, although in this hour the victorious victories of the Winchester and systems backup.

The computer has been given the ability, for the help of special system programs, to intelligently split one disk into a sprat. Such disks, which do not sound like a physical attachment, but are only part of one physical disk, are called logical disks. Logical disks names are assigned, like letters of the Latin alphabet [C:], , [E:], and so on.

3. Attachment for reading compact discs (CD-ROM)

In these outbuildings, the principle of focusing by laser-assisted change of grooves on a metal ball carrying a CD is used. This principle allows the reach of a high capacity for recording information, and also, a great capacity for a minimum amount of space. CD in a special way zberіgannya іnformatsії, він cheap, practically not skhilniy to be-such infusions of the middle, іnformatsija, written down on it not to be feigned and not zіtretsya, while the disk will not be physically reduced, its capacity is 650 MB. There is only one small amount of money - it is quite a small amount of information gathering.

4. DVD

BUT) Vіdminnostі DVD vіd vіdnyh CD-ROM

Naygolovnіsha vіdminnіst - tse, naturally, obsyag recorded information. Even though you can burn 650 MB on a great CD-ROM (although 800 MB discs are burned in the rest of the hour, and not all of them can be read by those recorded on such a media), then on one DVD-ROM you can read 4.7 to 17 GB. DVD has a vicoristovy laser iz Menhoy Dovzhinoy Khvili, I allowed to have a nesting to the recording, and the Krim is, the DVD is good for the Dvosharov recording, one ball is applied to the superficial compact, one is applied to the other. in parallel. At the wearers themselves, there are more powers, but it would be possible to do so. Through those that the recording space has grown steadily, and the length of time has become smaller, they have changed and may have become a sour ball - for DVD wines to become 0.6 mm versus 1.2 mm for great CDs. Naturally, that the disk of such a community will be significantly trendy, equal to the classic disc. In addition, 0.6 mm sounds are filled with plastic from two sides, so that they themselves are 1.2 mm. And the most important bonus of such a big ball is that it became possible to record information from two sides on one CD, so that it can win over the memory, while the amount of space is almost too much.

B) Storage DVD

There are five different DVD discs:

1. DVD5 - single-ball single-sided disc, 4.7 GB, or two years of video;

2. DVD9 - double-sided single-sided disk, 8.5 GB, or sometime video;

3. DVD10 - single-ball double-sided disc, 9.4 GB, or 4.5 years of video;

4. DVD14 - double-sided disc, two balls on one side and one on the other side, 13.24 GB, or 6.5 years of video;

5. DVD18 - double-sided disc, 17 GB, or more than eight years of video.

The most popular standards are DVD5 and DVD9.

AT) Possibilities

The situation with DVD-carriers is immediately similar to that of CDs, for which time they saved less music. At the same time, you can play not only films, but also music (the so-called DVD-Audio) and selections of software, games and films. Obviously, the main sphere of victoria is film production.

G) DVD sound

Sound support can be encoded in different formats. The most popular and the most victorious are Dolby Prologic, DTS and Dolby Digital of all versions. This is actually the formats that are used in cinemas to create the most accurate and barvy sound picture.

D) Mechanical failure

To mechanical limitations, CDs and DVDs are still sensitive. Tobto podryapina є podryapina. However, through a significantly larger amount of recording, the amount spent on a DVD will be more significant. At once, use programs that can retrieve information from random disks, but it’s true, skipping random sectors.

The swedish market of portable hard disks, recognized for transporting great data, has won the respect of one of the largest hard disk drives. Western Digital has voted about the release of two models of attachments under the name WD Passport Portable Drive. At sales, there were options for 40 and 80 GB. The WD Passport Portable Drive is based on 2.5" WD Scorpio EIDE HDDs. The stench is packaged in a smart housing, equipped with Data Lifeguard technology and does not require an additional battery life (live via USB). Virobnik means that the accumulated people do not warm up, work quietly and have little energy.

The need to save be-yaku information in people appeared even in prehistoric times, which is why the yaskravian butt is a rock painting, which was saved by the donin. Naskelni little ones can rightly be called the most capable of carrying information at the moment, although with portability and sturdiness of victoriousness, it is difficult. With the advent of EOM (i PC zokrema), the development of these and other familiar information has become especially relevant.

Paper noses

In the first computers, a punched card was punched and a paper line was perforated, wound on bobbin, so the punched line is called. Її great-grandmothers were automated weaving typesetting, Jacquard's zokrema machine, final version which was created by a winemaker (in honor of whom it was named) in 1808. To automate the process of feeding threads, perforated plates were made:

Punched cards - cardboard cards, like a victorious method. It was richly different, like with openings, like it was given for "1" to the double code, so it looked like a text. The widest letter format is IBM: the size of the card was 187x83 mm, on it the information was in 12 rows and 80 columns. In modern terms, one punched card took 120 bytes of information. For the introduction of punched card information, it was necessary to submit it to the singing sequence.

The perforated victors have the same principle. Information is collected at the sight of the opening. The first computers, created in the 40s of the last century, were practiced as a tribute, which should be introduced for additional punch lines in the real hour, so they victorious like a similar operational memory, more importantly, for the selection of electron-promenev tubes, paper noses were actively beaten in 20-50 years, after which they gradually began to be replaced by magnetic noses.

Magnetic noses

In the 1950s, an active development of magnetic noses developed. The phenomenon of electromagnetism was taken as a basis (the establishment of a magnetic field in a conductor when a stream is passed through it). The magnetic nose is folded from the surface covered with a ferromagnet and read/write heads (core with winding). On the winding, the stream flows, the magnetic field is established with the same polarity (the fallow stream is straight ahead). The magnetic field flows into the ferromagnet and the magnetic particles are polarized in a new direction in the direction of the field and create an excess magnetism. To record these data, the plots are vibrated with a magnetic field of different polarity, and when reading data, zones are recorded, in which the excess magnetization of the feromagnet changes directly. The first such noses were magnetic drums: large metal cylinders, covered with a ferromagnet. Reading heads were installed next to them.

When they showed up hard drive in 1956, the 305 RAMAC of the IBM company, which was composed of 50 discs with a diameter of 60 cm, was similar in size to the great refrigerator of the Side-by-Side format and weighed three less than a ton. Yogo obsyag becoming neymovirnі at that hour 5 MB. The head freely moved on the surface of the disk and the speed of the robot was higher, lower at the magnetic drums. The process of obtaining 305 RAMAC in aircraft:

Obsyag swidko pochav zbіlshuvatisya і naprikіntsi 60 rokіv IBM released vysokoshvidkіsny hoarding іz two discs єmnistyu 30 MB each. Virobniki actively worked on changing dimensions and, until 1980, a hard drive with a maximum of 5.25-inch drive. Since then, design, technology, volume, space and expansion have seen colossal changes and the most popular form factors are 3.5, 2.5 inches, the least - 1.8 inches, and the sleeves already reach a dozen terabytes on one nose.

It's been a long time since the IBM Microdrive format has been conquered, which is a miniature hard disk in the CompactFlash memory card form factor type II. Issues in 2003 were the last of Hitachi's sales.

At the same time, a magnetic line was developing. It appeared at once from the output of the first American commercial computer UNIVAC I in 1951. Well, the company IBM did its best. The magnetic stitch was a thin plastic smog with magnetically sensitive covers. 3 quiet hours vikoristovuvalas in different form factors.

Starting with reels, string cartridges and finishing with compact cassettes and VHS video cassettes. At computers, they victoriously started from 70 years and ended in the 90s (although significantly smaller numbers). Often, like a zovnіshnіy nosіy to PC vikoristovuvsya tape recorder, scho connected.

Accumulate on a magnetic line under the name Streamer to stop and at once, more importantly in industry and great business. At the moment, bobbins to the standard are victorious. Linear Tape-Open (LTO), and what rock record was setIBM and FujiFilm managed to write 154 terabytes of information on a standard reel. The previous record is 2.5 terabytes, LTO 2012.

Another type of magnetic media is floppy disks or floppy disks. Here the ball of ferromagnet is applied to the bunting, a light base and placed near the plastic case. Such noses were simple at a glance, they were prepared, and they seemed to be of a low quality. The first floppy disk is small form factor 8 inches and appeared in the 60s. Author - I know IBM. Until 1975, the volume reached 1 MB. Although the popularity of floppy disks was made by people who left IBM, they started a power company Shugart Associates and in 1976 released a 5.25-inch floppy disk with a capacity of 110 KB. Until 1984, the rock capacity was already 1.2 MB, and Sony commemorated with a compact 3.5-inch form factor. Such floppy disks can be found at the rich booths.

Iomega released cartridges with Bernoulli Box magnetic disks in the 1980s, with a capacity of 10 and 20 MB, and in 1994 rotis were calledZip with a size of 3.5 inches with a volume of 100 MB, until the end of the 90s, stinks were actively beaten, but it was too tough to compete with CDs.

Optical wear

Optical noses shape the shape of disks, reading them is carried out with the help of optical imaging, sounding a laser. Pass the laser directly onto the special ball and see through it. When you choose to modulate with the most important keys on a special ball, at the time of registration, and decode these changes, the information is written to disk. Previously, the technology of optical recording with a light-transmitting lens was developed by David Paul Gregg in 1958 and patented in 1961 and 1990, and in 1969 the Philips company created the so-called LaserDisc, in which it was light. Formerly published LaserDisc readings in 1972 roci, and in sales nadіyshov in 1978. For rozmіrom vіn buv close to vinіlovih shawls and priznavsya for films.

In the 1980s, the development of optical wearables of a new type began, as a result, Philips and Sony introduced the CD (Compact Disk) format in 1980, which was the first demonstration in the 1980s. In sales, CDs and equipment were sold in 1982. The back of the head was beaten for audio, which lasted up to 74 minutes. In 1984, Philips and Sony created the CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) standard for any type of data. The volume of the disk was 650 MB, later - 700 MB. The first discs, which could be recorded in home minds, and not at the factory, were released in 1988 and took away the name CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) and CD-RW, which allows you to easily overwrite data on a disc, appeared as early as 1997.

The form factor did not change, the recording space increased. 1996 roku z'appearing DVD format(Digital Versatile Disc), which has the same shape and diameter is 12 cm, and the volume is 4.7 GB or 8.5 GB for a two-ball one. For the work with DVD-discs, there were issued vodpovidnі citations, sums from CDs. In the coming years, more standard DVDs were released.

In 2002, the rotation of light was represented by two different and non-crazy formats. optical discs new generation: HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc (BD). In both modes for recording and reading data, a black laser of 405 nm is used, which allowed for even more power. HD DVD building save 15 GB, 30 GB or 45 GB (one, two or three shares), Blu-ray - 25, 50, 100 and 128 GB. Remaining popular in 2008, Toshiba (one of the creators) was inspired by HD DVD.

Napіvprovіdnikovі nose

In 1984, Toshiba, a popular company, introduced portable wire drives, the so-called NAND flash memory, which became popular a decade after winemaking. Another variant of NOR proponing by Intel in 1988 was used to save program codes, for example, the BIOS. NAND-memory is broken at the same time in memory cards, flash drives, SSD-accumulators and hybrid hard disks.

NAND technology allows the creation of chips with a high recording capacity, it is compact, less energy efficient and may have a higher speed of operation (compared with hard disks). The main disadvantage of the infection is to milk the high vartist.

Khmarni skhovischa

Z development committee all-worldly measure, zbіlshennyam shvidkost and mobile Internet z'appeared nі khmarnі shovischa, For some data, they are saved on the numerical distributions of the Merezhe servers. Data is saved and processed in the so-called virtual hmari ta koristuvach may have access to them for obvious access to the Internet. Physically, the servers can only be one way or the other. Є yak specialized services type Dropbox, and options for companies-virbniks of software and attachments. Microsoft has OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive), iCloud Apple, Google Drive and so on.

Main types of information

Carrying information: living things, inanimate objects and structures, signal, sign, symbol. Whether it is an object that carries information about itself and the necessary things that carry information.

Іsnuє vyavlennya, scho carrying information can be speech, material power and power of speech. The first one thinks about the authority of speeches, among them they have prepared their noses; others - the power of processes and waters, for the help of which they are grounded and the third - elemental (species) powers that allow one to see one of the middle ground, for example, behind the form of the world. Speech noses can be divided into: local (computer), foreign (transferred disks and floppy disks) and split (lines of communication). If the rest do not have an unambiguous idea that the channels of communication are possible at the sight of the data, but at the same time the stench of the middle of their transmission.

Sound pid carriers of information Mayut on uvazі the globally accepted name of their forms, tobto: paper (book, brochure, etc.), plate (gramophone record, photographic plate), film (photo, film, X-ray film) audio cassette, floppy disk, microform (photo film, microfilm, microfiche) video cassette, CD CD, DVD) etc.

It has long been in the home like this, like: a stone (on-the-wall little ones, stone slabs), clay tablets, parchment, papyrus, birch bark and others. Then such noses appeared: paper, plastic, photographic materials, magnetic and optical materials and others.

Nin_ stinks are divided into: traditional and machine-reading. Pid traditional we will be aware of such information: papier, canvas, plastic (gramophone record), magnetic line (audio and video cassette), photographic materials (photofolio, photographic plate, photocard, micronose) thinly. Before machine-readable noses notable: floppy disks (magnet disks), single magnetic and compact (optical, magneto-optical and other) disks, flash cards and other information, designated for use in computer attachments, complexes, and systems. Information is recorded on the nose for additional changes in the physical, chemical or mechanical powers of the medium.

A variant of the classification of information, like in computer technology, representations in Fig. 5-1.

Rice. 5-1. Classification of information carried

at computer technology

It is significant that such a smart man. So, for example, for help special outbuildings on computers, you can use sound audio and video cassettes, and add-ons to record that long-term data savings (streamers) can be played with magnetic noses (magnetic lines) only. To that, to traditional noses, it is possible to give data to an analog character, and to machine readings, which are victorious in computers, - digital data or electronic data. information resources(EIR).

Let me give you a short description.

Magneto-optical disk (MO) The disk is placed in a plastic envelope (cartridge). MO-disk is a universal, operational, high-pressure device for transferring and collecting information. They are characterized by a high thick record of information. Disks with a diameter of 3.5" can have a capacity of 128 MB - 1.3 GB, and with a diameter of 5.25" - from 2.3 to 9.1 GB. Disc wrapping speed – 2000 rpm.

) stop for:

• record
• saving
• reading
• transfers (open every day)
• creations of computer science