– electronic components that are used in analog and digital applications: televisions, electronic devices, smartphones, computers, laptops, tablets. Even though earlier the details were depicted approximately up to their natural look, then today smart graphic designations of radio components on the scheme, developed and approved by the International Electrotechnical Commission, are being drawn up.

Types of electronic circuits

Principal schemes

• Single line. On such an armchair, the lancers are less powerful.
• Povniy. Even though the electrical installation is clumsy, all elements can be displayed on one archway. For a description of the equipment that can be stored at the warehouse, skilki lancers (power, vimiruvalnyh, management) prepare chairs for a skin knot and stitch them on different sheets.

Flowcharts

Assembly

Voltage and support maps

How different radio components are indicated on the diagrams

resistors

Constant resistors

Change resistors

• Last. Kіntsevy vysnovok odnієї details podnuєtsya z pochatkovy vvedennyam іnshoy. Through all the elements of the lancet, a hot strum runs through. Connecting a skin stepping resistor zbіshuє opіr.
• Parallel. Pochatkovy vysnovki of all supports will unite in one point, ends - in another. Strum to pass through the skin resistor. The main opir of such a lance is smaller, the lower opir of the okrem resistor.
• Zmishane. This is the most popular type of fitting, following two descriptions above.

Capacitors

• Capacitors from a constant capacity. The letter “C”, the serial number of the part, the value of the nominal capacity are set as pictograms.
• Zі minnoy єmnistyu. The value of the minimum and maximum capacity is indicated by the graphic icon.

Diode and stabilitron

transistors

Microchips

Buttons, relays, jumpers

Letter of designation of radio components on the scheme

Letters of codes for radio elements on principle diagrams

Letters of the code of functional recognition of the radio electronic add-on or element

Letters of abbreviations for radio electronics

Graphic designation of radio components on the diagrams. Designation of radio components on the diagram and their names

Designation of radioelements. Name the photo

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Pochatkivtsy about radio components | Master Gvintik. All with your own hands!

In order to choose a circuit like only radio components and do not need: resistors (opir), transistors, diodes, capacitors, etc. For the diversity of radio components, you need to take a look at the visually necessary, decipher the writing on the її case, designate the base. About everything about tse i timetsya below.

This detail is practically fixed in the skin scheme of radioamator designs. As a rule, the simplest capacitor is two metal plates (plates) and repeat between them as a dielectric. Instead, you can use porcelain, mica, or other material, so as not to pass the strum. Do not pass through the condenser the constant stream, but pass the axis of the change stream through the condenser. Zavdyaks of such power to put a capacitor there, de need to make a permanent strum from the change.

For a capacitor, the main parameter is capacitance.

The unit of capacity - microfarad (µF) is taken as a basis in radioamator designs and industrial equipment. But the most common victorious unit is a picofarad (pF), a millionth part of a microfarad (1 microfarad = 1,000 nF = 1,000,000 pF). On the diagrams you will see the one and the other one. Moreover, the capacitance up to 9100 pF inclusive is indicated on the circuits in picofarads or nanofarads (9n1), and more - in microfarads. For example, instructing from the mental designations of the capacitor it is written “27”, “510” or “6800”, which means that the capacitance of the capacitor is 27, 510, 6800 pF or n510 (0.51 nf = 510 pf or 6n8 = 6.8 nf = 6800pf). And the axis of the figure is 0.015, 0.25 or 1.0 to tell about those that the capacitance of the capacitor adds up the number of microfarads (0.015 microfarads = 15 nf = 15,000 pf).

Types of capacitors.

Capacitors buy constant and changeable capacities.

For replacement capacitors, the capacitance changes when the axis is wrapped, which is the name. With this, one overlay (ruhliva) is known not to be fluffy without sticking to it, as a result, the capacity increases. There are two types of krim, in our designs there is one more type of capacitors - substroyuvalny. Sound it, install it at that chi іnshiy attachment in order to ensure that when it is charged, you will need more capacity and don’t clean the capacitor anymore. In amateur constructions, the substroyuval capacitor is often vicorous as a replacement - cheap and affordable.

Capacitors are reinforced with material between plates and construction. Buvayut capacitors povіtryany, mica, ceramic and other. This variety of post-capacitors is not polar. The second variety of capacitors is electrical (polar). Such capacitors produce a large capacitance - from a tenth of a microfarad to a few dozen microfarads. On the diagrams, it is shown as capacity, and th is the maximum voltage, as їх can be beaten. For example, writing 10.0 x 25 means that a capacitor with a capacity of 10 microfarads is required to be taken on a voltage of 25 V.

For replacement or auxiliary capacitors on the diagram, indicate the extreme values ​​of the capacitance, so that it should turn out, so turn the entire capacitor from one extreme position to another or wrap around the colo (like in the case of auxiliary capacitors). For example, write 10 - 240 about those that in one extreme position of the axis the capacity of the capacitor becomes 10 pF, and in the other - 240 pF. With a smooth turn from one position to another, the capacitance of the capacitor will also smoothly change from 10 to 240 pF or back - from 240 to 10 pF.

You need to say that this part, like a capacitor, can be found in rich self-confidence. It is a porcelian tube (or a shearing), on which a thin sheet of metal or soot (charcoal) is sawn. A nichrome thread is wound on low-ohm resistors of great intensity. The resistor can be opir and vikoristovuetsya in order to install required strum in electric lansyug. Guess the butt from the tank: by changing the diameter of the pipe (opir navantage), you can take away that chi іnshvidkіst water flow (electric jet of different strength). Chim thin plіvka on porcelain trubochtsі or strizhni, tim big opіr strum.

Resistors are constantly changing and changing.

Three of the most recent vicorist types are resistors of the MLT type (metal-coated lacquered heat-resistant), PS (water-resistant opir), ULM (small-sized carbon-coated lacquering), the last ones - SP (change opir) and SPO (opir change volume). The old look of the post resistors is shown in fig. lower.

Resistors are divided by support and tension. Opir, as you know, they are measured in ohms (Ohm), kilometers (kOhm) and megaohms (MOhm). Intensity is expressed at watts and denoted by the unity of the letters W. Resistors of different tension are ventilated with rims. The greater the tension of the resistor, the greater the expansion.

Resistor opir is put down on the diagrams according to the instructions from the yogo mental designations. If the opir is smaller for 1 kOhm, it is indicated by numbers without a single number. When supporting 1 kOhm and more - up to 1 MΩ, indicate the number of kilos and put the order of the letter "k". Opіr 1 MOhm and more pronounced by the number of megaohms with the addition of the letter "M". For example, 510 is written on the diagram of instructions from the values ​​of the resistor, which means the resistor is 510 Ohm. Designated 3.6 and 820 rated opir 3.6 kΩ and 820 kΩ rated. Written on the diagram 1 M or 4.7 M means that the supports are 1 MΩ and 4.7 MΩ.

In the case of permanent resistors, which have two windings, the replacement resistors have three such windings. On the diagram, indicate the opir between the extreme windings of the change resistor. Opir between the middle visnovk and the extreme changes with the wrapping of the resistor axis, which speaks the name. Moreover, if everything is turned into one beat, it is opir between the middle frill and one of the extreme heights, apparently changing between the middle frill and the other extreme. If everything turns back, a turnaround is seen. Tsya power of the changeable resistor vikoristovuetsya, for example, regulation of the density of the sound in podsiluvachah, priymachah, TV sets and so on.

Napіvprovіdnikovі fit.

A whole group of parts is stored: diodes, stabilitrons, transistors. The leather details of vikoristany have a liner material, or a simpler liner. What is it? All the essential speeches can be mentally subdivided into great groups. Some of them - copper, zalizo, aluminum and other metals - are good to conduct an electric stream - these conductors. Wood, porcelain, plastic zovsіm not to carry out strum. The stinks are non-conductors, insulators (dielectrics). Napіvprovіdniki well occupy the interim position between conductors and dielectrics. Such materials make the strum less for singing minds.

The diode (div. small. lower) has two visnovki: the anode and the cathode. Just connect the battery to them with poles: plus - to the anode, minus - to the cathode, straight from the anode to the cathode, a stream will flow. Opіr diode tsomu directly small. If you try to change the poles of the batteries, then turn on the diode "on the spot", then the strum through the diode will not go. At whom directly the diode may be a great opir. If you pass a strum through the diode, then on the way out we take only one drink - it will be a pulsating, but a constant strum. As a change of tribute stream on chotiri diode, included by the bridge, we take away two positive sings.

Qi napіvprovіdnikovі attach also two visnovkas: the anode and the cathode. In a direct line (from the anode to the cathode), the zener diode works like a diode, without a jump through the strum. And the axis at the right side of the vein does not let the strum through (like a diode), and when the voltage is increased, which is applied to the new one, it “breaks through” and begins to let the strum through. The voltage "breakdown" is called the voltage stabilization. It will become irreplaceable due to a significant increase in the input voltage. Zavdyaks of this power stabilitron know zastosuvannya at all fluctuations, if it is necessary to take a stable voltage of life, I will attach it at the coliving, for example, the voltage of the fence.

The transistor (div. small. lower) is most often found in radio electronics. The new one has three visnovki: base (b), emitter (e) and collector (k). Transistor Yogo mentally you can match with such a guide to you, like a mouthpiece. To finish the distance in front of the narrow opening of the mouthpiece, straightening it wider at the friend’s side, which is worth a few dozen meters, and the voice, settled by the mouthpiece, will be kindly a little far away. To take a narrower opening for the input of a loudspeaker-podsilyuvacha, and more widely - for an output, we can say that the output signal of the spear is greater than the input. Tse i є pokaznik podsilyuvalnyh zdіbnost horn, yogo coefficient of strength.

At the same time, the diversity of radio components that are released is already rich, so not all types are shown on the little ones.

Let's turn to the transistor. If you let the base pass through the lot - it will emit a weak strum, it will be strengthened by a transistor at dozens and hit hundreds of times. Settlements of the strum will flow through the collection pit - emіter. Like a transistor, use a multimeter to call the base-emitter and the base-collector, similar to the vimir of two diodes. Fallow in the largest struma, which can be passed through the collector, transistors are divided into low voltage, medium and high intensity. In addition, you can use structures r-p-r chi n-r-p. This is how transistors are divided into different sizes of balls of conductor materials (for example, the diode has two balls of material, there are three). The strength of the transistor does not lie in this structure.

Literature: B. S. Ivanov, "ELECTRONIC HOME DILKS"

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RADIO ELEMENTS

Which lead material should be guided old look, naming and marking of the main foreign radio components - microcircuits different types, roses, quartz resonators, inductance coils too. Іnformatsija dіysno korisna, to those who are well aware of vіtchiznânimi details, but with imports no less, even if the stink itself is put in all modern schemes. The minimum knowledge of English is kept, because all the writings are not Russian. For clarity, the details are given by groups. Do not give respect to the first letter in the description, butt: f_Fuse_5_20Glass - means the protector of 5x20 mm curses.

What is the significance of all the designations of radio elements on electrical circuit diagrams - marvel final information from the same food in another article.

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Graphic and letters of designation of radio components on the diagrams

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Radiodetails – ce... What is Radiodetails?

Radio components - a common name for electronic components, which are used for the production of extensions in digital and analog electronics.

On the surface, naming that historical fact that on the cob of the XX century the first to expand everywhere, and at the same time we technically fold electronic appliances for non-functional use, became radio. The reverse order of the term radio components means electronic components that are required for radio receivers; Then every now and then, with some irony, the name expanded and other radio-electronic components and attachments, like a direct link to the radio.

Classification

Electronic components are divided, according to the way they are in an electric lance, active and passive.

Passive

The basic elements that are practical for all electronic circuits of radio electronic equipment (REA), are:

To all kinds of electromagnetic induction

Based on electromagnets:

In addition, for the creation of the lancer, the vicorist are all the roses and the roses of the lancer - the keys; for zahistu vіd overvoltage and short zamikannya - zapobіzhniki; for spriynyattya human signal - light bulbs and dynamics (dynamic head guchnomovtsya), for shaping the signal - a microphone and a video camera; for receiving an analog signal, which is transmitted over the air, an antenna is needed for receiving an antenna, and for robots, batteries are used behind the electric stream.

Active

Vacuum accessories

From the development of electronics were vacuum electronic accessories:

Napіvprovіdnikovі fittings

Nadali nabuli wider napіvprovіdnikovі priladi:

and folding complexes with their own base - integrated microcircuits

For installation method

Technologically, according to the method of installation, radio components can be added to:

Div. also

Posilannya

dic.academic.ru

marked on the diagram. How to read the designation of radio components on the diagram?

At the stati, you know that radio components are used. The designations on the scheme will be looked at from DSTU. Most of the need for the widest - resistors and capacitors.

In order to choose a design, it is necessary to know how radio components look in reality, and also how stench is indicated on circuit diagrams. Use a lot of radio components - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes and others.

Capacitors are the details that make up any design without a fault. Sound the simplest capacitors - two plates from metal. І yak dielectric component appears again. The lessons of physics at the school are suddenly coming up, if the topic of capacitors was discussed. Like a model, two majestic flat shutters of a round shape stood out. They approached one to one, then they moved away. І at the skin position, tests were carried out. Varto indicates that mica can be used again, and also be some material that does not conduct an electric stream. The designation of radio components on import important schemes is subject to GOSTs adopted by our country.

Give respect to those who do not pass a constant strum through the primary capacitors. On the other side, a small strum through the new one to pass without special difficulties. Vrakhovuyuchi tsyu power, install a capacitor only there, where it is necessary to change the warehouse storage stream. Also, you can create a substitution scheme (for the Kirchhoff theorem):

1. Pratsiyuchi on a replacement stream, the capacitor is replaced by a conductor conductor with a zero support.
2. When working in the lance of a constant stream, the condenser is replaced (no, I don’t mind!) by a support.

The main characteristic of a capacitor is its electrical capacitance. The unit of capacity is ce Farad. Vaughn is too big. Really, ring out, capacitors are stagnating, the capacity of which is measured in microfarads, nanofarads, microfarads. On the diagrams, the capacitor is shown as two parallel rice, for which the inputs go.

Replacement capacitors

Use and this type of attachments, for which the capacity is changed (for to this particular type for the rahunok of that which is ruhom_ plates. Mistk_st to deposit in the area of ​​the plate (for the formula S - tse її area), as well as in the vіdstanі between the electrodes. At the replacement capacitor, with the help of a dielectric, for example, the signs of the apparentness of the dry part can be easily changed the area. Otzhe, zminyuvatimetsya and єmnіst. And the axis of identification of radio components on out-of-the-way schemes is deplorable. The resistor, for example, is depicted by them as a laman curve.

Video on the topic

Permanent capacitors

The number of elements may be important in the design, as well as in the materials from which the stench is prepared. You can see the most popular types of dielectrics:

1. Repeat.
2. Mica.
3. ceramics.

There is a lot of vaguely non-polar elements. There are also electrical capacitors (polar ones). Such elements themselves have great capacities - starting at ten times the microfarads and finishing at thousands. There is only one parameter for the limit of such elements - the maximum value of the voltage, under which the variation is allowed. These parameters are written on the diagrams and capacitor cases.

Designation of capacitors on the diagrams

Varto respect that different types of sub-construction or replacement capacitors have two values ​​- the minimum and the maximum capacitance. In fact, on the case, you can always know the actual range, in which the capacity changes, so that you can turn the entire attachment from one extreme position to another.

It is permissible to change the capacitor with a capacity of 9-240 (for locking in picofarads). Tse means that for the minimum overlap of the plates, the capacitance of the stock is 9 pF. And for the maximum - 240 pF. Let's take a closer look at the details of the radio components on the diagram and their names, so that you can read the technical documentation correctly.

Condensing day

You can see three types (all the same insoles) of the elements:

1. Lastly, it is easy to calculate the total capacity of the entire lance. There will be in this way a richer supply of all the elements, divided by my sum.
2. In parallel - in times, calculate the total capacity more simply. It is necessary to add the capacitances of all capacitors to enter the lance.
3. Zmishane - at times the scheme breaks up a sprat of parts. It can be said that one part will be forgiven only in parallel with the elements, the other - only in sequence.

І tіlki rooftop windows about capacitors, really, you can tell a lot about them, induce experiments as a butt.

Resistors: hot wires

Qi elements can also be used in any design - even in a radio receiver, even in a control circuit on a microcontroller. Tse porcelain pipe, for a external side sawing of thin metal smelting (charcoal - zokrema, soot) was carried out. Vtim, you can start navit grafitu - the effect will be similar. If the resistors can be even a low opir and high tension, then they win as a conductive ball of nichrome drіt.

The main characteristic of the resistor is ce opir. Vikoristovuetsya in electrical circuits for the installation of the necessary value of the struma in the singing lancers. At the lessons of physics, they carried out a line with a barrel filled with water: in order to change the diameter of the pipe, you can adjust the speed of the jet. Vіd tovshchina strumoprovіdny ball to lay opіr. Chim is the thinnest ball, Tim is the greatest opir. For whomever is smart, the identification of radio components on the schemes should be laid down in the form of an element.

Constant resistors

As for such elements, you can see the widest types:

1. Metallic lacquered heat-resistant - short MLT.
2. Vologostiyki supports - ND.
3. Coal-lacquered small-sized - ULM.

Resistors have two main parameters - tension and opir. The remaining parameter is set to Ohms. Ale tsya alone in the world is extremely small, so it is practical more often to learn the elements, in some operas they are vimiryuetsya in megaohms and kiloohms. Exhaustion is less likely to be overcome by Watts. Moreover, the dimensions of the element lie in the tightness. Chim won more, Tim more element. And now about those, yak є znachennya radio components. On the schemes of import and domestic outbuildings, all elements can be indicated in a different way.

On the industrial schemes, the resistor is a small rectangle with a ratio of 1: 3 sides, its parameters are prescribed either on the side (for example, the element is folded vertically), or on the top (at the time of the horizontal fold). The Latin letter R is indicated first, then the ordinal number of the resistor in the circuit.

Changing resistor (potentiometer)

Postiyni support may have only two visnovkas. And the axis of change is three. On the electrical circuits and the body of the element, it is shown that there are two extreme contacts. And the axis between the middle and be-yakim of the extreme opir changes stalely depending on the position of the entire resistor. If you connect two ohmmeters, then you can work, how to change the display of one in a smaller direction, and the other - in a larger one. It is necessary to understand how to read the schemes of radio electronic devices. The designation of the radio components will not be revealed.

Sumarny opir (between extreme visnovkas) will be left behind. Change resistors vikoristovuyutsya to regulate the strength (for їх additionally change the density of radio receivers, televisions). In addition, change resistors are actively being replaced in cars. These sensors are equal to the pale, the regulators are the speed of the wrapping of electric motors, the brightness of the lighting.

Resistors

In this case, the picture is more reversed, as it was with the capacitors:

1. The last step is the opir of all the elements of the lancers.
2. Parallel to the day - tvir oporіv podіlyaєtsya on the bag.
3. Zmіshane - the whole scheme is broken up by more drіbnі lanzyuzhka and calculated step by step.

On which you can close the look of the resistors and often describe the most important elements - the conductors (the designation of the radio components on the diagrams, GOST for UDO, look below).

Napіvprovіdniki

The most important part of all radio elements, that is, not only stabilitrons, transistors, diodes, but also varicaps, varicondi, thyristors, triacs, microcircuits, etc. - і condensers, і supports, і p-p-transitions.

As you know, conductors (thrown, for example), dielectrics (wood, plastic, textiles). You can change the designation of radio components on the diagram (trikutnik - tse, shvidshe for everything, diode chi stabilitron). Also, it should be noted that the logical land of microprocessor technology is designated as a tricot without additional elements.

Qi materials either conduct a strum or not, regardless of the fact that the stench is in any aggregate camp. Ale є i napіvprovіdniki, the characteristics of which change stalely in the form of specific minds. These are the same materials as silicon, germanium. Before speech, it is often possible to see the water up to the conductors - in a normal state it is not possible to conduct a struma, but when heated, the picture is completely reversed.

Diode and stabilitron

Napіvprovіdnikovy diode may have only two electrodes: the cathode (negative) and the anode (positive). How about explaining the specifics of these radio components? The designation on the scheme can be improved more. Otzhe, you connect the lifeline with a plus to the anode and a minus to the cathode. In this case, the electric strum runs from one electrode to another. Varto designate that the element in this way is extremely small opir. Now you can conduct an experiment and connect the battery at the same time, then the opir strum will increase in a few times and the wine will stop running. And if you send a changeable stream through the diode, then you will see the same at the exit (it’s true, with small ripples). With a different bridge circuit, two naps (positive) come out.

Stabilitrons, like diodes, are two electrodes - a cathode and an anode. In a direct connection, this element works the same way, as if looking at a diode. And if you let the strum at the gate straight ahead, you can make a picture of a cicada. The stabilitron does not let the strum through itself. But if the voltage reaches its current value, it will be possible to test the element to conduct a strum. Tse voltage stabilization. The power is even better, the zavdyaks who come out to reach a stable tension in the lansyugs, I’ll be more likely to knock out, to bring in the least. The designation of the radio components on the diagrams is like a tricot, and the th at the th vertex is a characteristic perpendicular to the height.

Although diodes and stabilitrons can be found in designs, you will find transistors in case of a detector receiver. Transistors have three electrodes:

1. Base (abbreviated with the letter "B" is denoted).
2. Collector (K).
3. Emitter (E).

Transistors can work in decal modes, but most often they can be switched between subsidiaries and key (like vimikach). You can match with the mouthpiece - they shouted at the base, from the collector of the bills of settlements the voice. And for the emіter, trim with your hand - the whole body. The main characteristic of transistors is the coefficient of strength (setting the stream of the collector and the base). Same given parameter the order of the third is the main one for the radio components. The designation on the transistor circuit is vertical and two lines, which go up to it under the hood. You can see a few of the widest types of transistors:

1. Polaris.
2. Bipolar.
3. Polovі.

There are also transistor folds that are folded from a number of subsidiaries. The axis is so wider and uses radio components. The designation on the scheme was looked at in the article.

First transistor

In the photo, the right-handed player is the first working transistor, created in 1947 by three scientists - Walter Brattain, John Bardeen and William Shockley.

Irrespective of those that the first transistor maw did not look too nice, it didn’t start a revolution in radio electronics.

It is important to admit, what was the ninth civilization, the yakby transistor is not found.

Transistor solid-state attachment, building posilyuvati, generuvati and rework electrical signal. Vіn not maє skhilnyh to vibratsiї parts, maє compact rozmіri. Tse rob yoga we will add to the vikoristannya in electronics.

This is a small introduction, and now let's take a look at the report on what is a transistor.

I’ll first guess about those that transistors are divided into two great classes. Up to the first one one can see the ranks of bipolar, and up to the other - polovі (the stinks are unipolar). The basis of both gender and bipolar transistors is a conductor. The main material for the production of conductors is germanium and silicon, as well as the production of gallium and mish'yaku - gallium arsenide ( GaAs).

Varto indicates that silicon-based transistors have grown the most wide-ranging, although this fact can be easily stolen, the shards of technology development are uninterrupted.

So it happened, but on the cob the development of napіvprovіdnikovoї tekhnologii led the way by taking a bipolar transistor. Ale, few people know that back to back, the rate was trying to set up a field-effect transistor. Vіn buv bringing to the path already pіznіshe. Read about the use of MOSFET transistors.

Let's not go to report description attach the transistor physically, but little by little it is known that it is indicated on important circuits. For newbies in electronics, it's important.

First of all, it is necessary to say that bipolar transistors can have two different structures. Tse structure P-N-P and N-P-N. While not getting into the theory, just remember that a bipolar transistor can have a P-N-P structure, or N-P-N.

On important circuits, bipolar transistors are designated as follows.

Like Bachimo, two clever graphic designations are depicted on the little one. Likewise, the arrow in the middle of the stake is straightened to the central one, so the transistor has a P-N-P structure. Well, the arrow is straight-forwarded by name - vin maє structure N-P-N.

Little joy.

In order not to remember the mentality, and to immediately determine the type of conductivity (p-n-p or n-p-n) of a bipolar transistor, you can use such an analogy.

On the back we marvel, where the arrow points on the mental image. Far away it is apparent that we are going straight ahead of the arrow, and we are still resting against the “wall” - the vertical boundary - that means, “The passage H em! " H et" - means p- n-p (P- H-P).

Well, if we go, and if we don’t rest against the “wall”, then on the diagram of the indications the transistor structures n-p-n. Similar to the analogy, you can twist and match the field transistors to the same type of channel (n chi p). Read about the designation of different field transistors on the diagram

Sound discrete, so the silicon transistor can have three turns. Previously, yoga was called a conductor triode. Sometimes in the new can be buti and chotiri of the visnovka, and the quarters can serve for connecting the metal case to the zagalny drotu. Vіn ekranuє i not po'yazany z іnshimi vysnovki. Also one of the visnovkіv, zazvichay tse collector (more about it later), you can form a flange for fastening to a cooling radiator or be part of a metal case.

Axis look. The photo shows different transistors of Radyansk production, as well as the cob of the 90s.

And tse already present import.

The skin of the transistor may have its own name: base, emitter and collector. Call qi name quickly and write simply B ( Base), E ( Emitter), TO ( Collector). On foreign schemes, the appearance of the collector is denoted by the letter C, tse vіd words Collector- "storekeeper" (dієslovo Collect- "Choose"). The vision of the bazi means yak B type of word Base(Vid English. Base - "basic"). Tse keruchiy electrode. Well, the vision of the emіter is signified by the letter E type of word Emitter- "emitent" or "dzherelo wikidiv". At the time of the emіter to serve as a dzherel of electrons, so let's say, a postal worker.

It is necessary to solder the transistors into the electronic circuit of the visnovka, suvoro dotrimuyuchis pinouts. Tobto the appearance of the collector is soldered by itself into that part of the circuit, where there can be connections. It is not possible to replace the removal of the base and solder the visnovoks of the collector or the emitter. Otherwise, the scheme is not practicable.

How to recognize de on the principles of the scheme of the transistor collector, and de emter? Everything is simple. That visnovok, which with an arrow - tse plant an emіter. The one that daubed perpendicularly (pіd kutom 90 0) to the central border - the tassels of the base. And the one that lost it is a collector.

Also, on important circuits, the transistor is indicated by the symbol VT or Q. In the old radio books of electronics, you can see the meaning of the letter V or T. Give the serial number of the transistor in the circuit, for example, Q505 or VT33. Varto vrakhovuvaty, that the letters VT and Q are designated as bipolar transistors, and polovі zokrema.

In real electronics, transistors can easily be confused with other electronic components, for example, triacs, thyristors, integrated stabilizers, oscillators and mayyut those cases themselves. It is especially easy to get lost if there is no marking on the electronic component.

It is necessary for different people to know that the layout of the positioning and the type of the element are indicated on different boards. This is the name of shovkography. So, on the other board, the order for the part may be written Q305. Tse means that the element is a transistor and the serial number of the circuit is 305. Also, the name of the transistor electrode is indicated with the whiskers. So, as instructed by the whistleblower, the letter E, the main electrode of the transistor. In this way, you can visually tell what is installed on the board - the transistor is the next element.

As it happened earlier, the assertion is true for bipolar transistors, but also for gender. Therefore, after designating the type of element, it is necessary to clarify the class of the transistor (bipolar or polyol) for marking, put on the body.

Polyol transistor FR5305 on a different board. Element Type Assignment - VT

Whether a transistor can have its own type or marking. Butt marking: KT814. According to it, you can find out about all the parameters of the element. As a rule, stinks are indicated in the datasheet. Vіn the same dovіdkovy arkush chi technical documentation. Also, there can be transistors of the same series, but also with smaller electrical parameters. The same name is to avenge additional symbols in kіnci or, more, on the cob of marking. (for example, letter A or R).

Navischo so fooling around with some kind of additional signs? On the right, in the process of selection, it is difficult to achieve the same characteristics for all transistors. Zavzhdi є pevne, high and small, ale vіdminnіst y parameters. To that they are subdivided into groups (or modifications).

Strictly seeming, the parameters of transistors in different batches can be changed even more. It was especially commendable earlier, if the technology of the previous mass production was only slightly understood.

All radio technical attachments are literally stuffed with a mass of radio components. To understand the boards, it is necessary to understand the types and recognized details. The radioelements are sorted out in song order. Tied with paths on the board, stench electronic attachment To ensure the operation of the radio-technical possession of various recognitions

Classification of radio elements

The systematization of electronic components is necessary in order for a radio technician, an electrical engineer to be able to freely select radio components for the assembly and repair of radio technical boards. The classification of the name and type of radio components is carried out for three straight lines:

• installation method;
• recognition.

VAC

Abbreviation s three letters VAC is deciphered as a current-voltage characteristic. VAC reflects the staleness of the struma of the voltage that flows into any radio component. Characteristics are shown in the graphs, where along the ordinate they indicate the value of the struma force, the abscissa indicates the magnitude of the voltage. For the shape of the graph, the radio components are subdivided into passive and active elements.

Passive

Radio components, the characteristics of which look like a straight line, are called linear or passive radio elements. Passive details can be seen:

• resistors (opir);
• capacitors (capacity);
• throttles;
• relay and solenoids;
• inductive coils;
• transformers;
• quartz (p'zoelectric) resonators.

Active

To elements with a non-linear characteristic lie:

• transistors;
• thyristor and simistory;
• diodes and stabilitrons;
• Electrical elements.

Characteristics, expressed on graphs by a curved function, lie down to non-linear radio elements.

Installation method

According to the method of installation, they are divided into three categories:

• installation by the method of bulk soldering;
• surface mounting on drukana pay;
• call for help roses and socles.

Appointment

For your recognition of the radio element, you can break it into sprat groups:

• functional details fixed on the boards (overhauled more components);
• an addition to the display, before them there are different scoreboards, indicators and others;
• acoustic attachments (microphones, speakers);
• vacuum gas discharge: electron-promeneva tube, octode, lamps of white and whistle, light-emitting diode of the RK screen;
• thermoelectric details - thermocouples, thermistors.

See the radio components

behind functionality radio components are subdivided into such components.

Resistors

Opіr nebhіdny zamezhennya strumu power in electrical circuits, so vіn vіdnnya vprugi okremі dіlyantsі elektricії lansyug.

The resistor is characterized by three parameters:

• nominal opir;
• pinkness;
• tolerance.

Nominal Opir

Tsya value is indicated in Ohms and some other. The value of the support of radio engineering resistors is measured in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 Ohm.

Tension that rises

If the strum exceeds the nominal value for the resistor, the vent may burn out. At the time of crossing the struma with a force of 0.1 A, through the opir yogo, the intensity that is received is due to no less than 1 W. If you put a detail at a power of 0.5 W, you won't see it very well.

Tolerance

The tolerance value of the support is given to the resistor by a vibrator. The technology of vibration does not allow reaching the absolute accuracy of the value of the support. Therefore, the resistors may allow the tolerances of the parameter for the smaller one.

For by-button technology tolerance can be from - 20% to + 20%. For example, a 1 ohm resistor can be a fact of 0.8 or 1.2 ohms. For high-current systems, which are used in military and medical fields, the tolerance should be 0.1-0.01%.

See the supports

Krіm zvuchaynyh supports, installed on the boards, use such resistors, like:

1. Changes;
2. SMD resistors.

Changes (under construction)

Let's start with the butt of the replaceable support - the regulator of the equalness of the soundness of the sound of any kind of butt radio technology. In the middle of the body there is a graphite disk, which moves the sign of the struma. The position of the damper regulates the size of the support of the disk area, which the jet passes through. For the rahunok of this, the opir of the lances changes, and the ribbing of the density changes.

SMD resistors

In computers and analogous technology, resistors are installed on SMD boards. Chips are made using smelting technology. The parameter of the support is to lie down in the form of resistive smelting. To that, you can divide it into two types: tovstoplіvkovі and thinnіvkovі.

Capacitors

The radio element accumulates an electric charge, distributing a change and a constant storage stream, filtering the pulsating flow of electric energy. The capacitor is made up of two strum-conducting plates, between which are the dielectric inserts. How to lay a vicorist lining, cardboard, ceramics, mica and others.

Characteristics of radio components є:

• nominal capacity;
• Rated voltage;
• tolerance.

Rated capacity

Capacitor capacitance is at microfarads. The value of the capacity of these units in the world will sound like a number on the case of the part.

Rated voltage

The indication of the voltage of the radio components is given by the indication of the voltage, in which the capacitor can perform its function. At the time of the permutation of the permissible value, the part will be pierced. Poshkodzheny capacitor will become a simple conductor.

Tolerance

Permissible voltage fluctuation reaches 20-30% of the nominal value. Such a tolerance is allowed for the use of radio components in used equipment. In high-precision attachments, the change in voltage is allowed to become no more than 1%.

Acoustics

Before the elements of acoustics, the dynamics of various configurations can be seen. Їх ухіх poеdnuє the single principle of budіvlі. Appointment of the Guchnomovtsіv polagaє at the converted change of the frequency of the electric strum on the sound chime of the wind.

Tsikavo. Dynamic heads of direct viprominuvannya vbudovani in radio-technical outbuildings in the usual galuzahs of activity.

The main parameters of acoustics are coming.

Nominal Opir

The value of the electrical support can be determined by measuring the digital multimeter on the sound coil of the speaker. Vaughn is a great coil of inductance. The majority of sound acoustic devices can be used at the boundary between 2 and 8 ohms.

Frequency range

The hearing of a person is sensitive to sound waves no more than 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. One acoustic attachment cannot cover the entire range audio frequencies. Therefore, for the ideal sound of the dynamics, roar three views: low-frequency, mid-range and high frequency.

Respect! Different frequency sound heads are combined single system acoustics (speakers). The skin from the speakers creates sounds in its own range, the sum comes out with the ideal sound.

Tension

The magnitude of the sweating of the skin specific dynamics is indicated on the third side of Watts. As soon as an electric impulse is applied to the dynamic head, which will override the nominal tension of the attachment, the speaker will more often create a sound and an unobstructed sound out of tune.

Diodi

A coup in the production of radio receivers in the last century, diodes and transistors have been made. The stench replaced the bulky radio lamps. The radio component is a locking device similar to a water tap. Radioelement diє in one straight electric strum. That is why yoga is called a guide.

Vimiryuvachi electrical quantities

Before the parameters that characterize the electric strum, there are three indications: opir, voltage and strength of the strum. Shchezovsіm recently for vimiryuvannya tsikh values ​​were used bulky accessories such as an ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter. And with the advent of eri transistors and microcircuits, compact devices appeared - multimeters, which can be used to define all three characteristics of the stream.

Important! The radioamator in his arsenal is responsible for his mother's multimeter. This universal attachment allows you to test radioelements, vimiruvate different characteristics stream, which will pass on all the plots of the radio scheme.

To stitch the knots of circuits without soldering, stop see different roses. Radio technologists vikoristovuyut compact designs of contact circuits.

Permikachi

Functionally, the stench beats the robot quieter than the roses themselves. Vіdminnistyu є those, scho that the inclusion of the electric flow is carried out without damaging the integrity of the electric lance.

Marking of radio components

It is important to understand the marking of radio components. Apply information about its characteristics to the body of the element. For example, the tension of the resistor is indicated by numbers and color smugs. It is important to describe all the markings in one article. At the Merezhi, you can get a preliminary help for marking the radio elements and their descriptions.

Designation of radio components on electrical circuits

The designation on the diagrams of the radio elements may look like graphic figures. So, for example, the resistor is depicted as a curved rectangle with a stitched letter “R” and a serial number. "R15" means that the resistor behind the circuit is 15th behind the rachunk. Immediately prescribe the value of the tightness of the support, which is being expanded.

I would like to pay special attention to the following markings on microcircuits. For example, you can look at the KR155LAZ microcircuit. The first letter "K" means a wide area of ​​zastosuvannya. If we stand for the “E”, then the export is not vikonannya. Another letter "P" indicates the material and type of the case. In different plastic. One - the same type of detail, the butt has a heater microcircuit. 55 is the serial number of the series. Stepping letters reflect the logic of I-NOT.

Why start reading diagrams

To start, you need to read important diagrams. For effective learning, it is necessary to combine theory with practice. It is necessary to understand all the signs on the board. For whom there is a lot of information on the Internet. It would be indecent to mother under the hand of advanced material in a book format. In parallel with the development of the theory, it is necessary to learn how to solder simple circuits.

How do the radio elements connect to the circuit

For zadnannya radiocomponents vikoristovuyut pay. In order to create contact tracks, install a special design for etching copper foil on a dielectric ball of a different plate. Zayva foil is seen, there are no more needed tracks. To the brim, solder the visnovki parts.

Additional information. Lithium batteries, heated by a soldering iron, can swell and collapse. Sob tsgogo not vіdbuvalosya, zastosovuyut point zvaryuvannya.

Letter designating radio elements in the scheme

In order to decipher the letters of the designation of the details of the scheme, it is necessary to speed up with special tables, confirmed by GOST. The first letter means attachment, the other and the third letter specify the specific type of radio component. For example, F means an arrester or a protector. I will repeat the letters FV to give to the nobility that I am a zapobіzhnik.

Graphic designation of radio elements in the scheme

The graphics of the schemes include the mentally two-world designation of radio elements accepted by the whole world. For example, the resistor is a straight cut, the transistor is a colo, for which the lines show a straight line, the throttle is a thin spring stretched.

Pochatkіvets radioamator is to blame for the mother under the hand of the table of images of radio components. Below is a table of graphic designations of radio components.

For radioamateurs-pochatkivtsiv it is important to stock up on advanced literature, where you can know information about the recognition of the song radio component and its characteristics. How to prepare your own drawings and how to solder circuits correctly, you can learn video tutorials in the measurements.

Video

Now let's find out about those that are field-operated transistors. The polytransistors are wider, like in the old circuitry, and in modern ones. At the same time, the larger world vikoristovuyutsya fit with an insulated shutter, about the types of field-operated transistors and those particularities of today and we'll talk. At the same time, I conduct a pairing with bipolar transistors, in okremih missions.

Appointment

Polyol transistor - tse napіvprovіdnikovy key, kerirovanie electric field. Tse headline vіdminnіst vіdmіnіst z vіd pіdmіnіnіst pіrіznostіv vіd іd bipolyarnyh tranistіvіv scho be controlled by strum. The electric field is created with tension, as if it is applied to the gate in a random turn. The polarity of the current voltage should be set to the type of transistor channel. Here the analogy with electric vacuum lamps is simple.

Another name for field transistors is unipolar. "UNO" means one. In field-operated transistors, it is necessary to use only one type of strum channel with only one type of wear in dirks and electrons. In bipolar transistors, the jet is formed from two types of charge - electronics and wires, independent of the type of attachments. Polyolefin transistors can be divided into:

transistors with a p-n junction;

transistors with an insulated gate.

I tі y іnshі can be n-channel and p-channel, before the shutter of the first ones it is necessary to apply a positive voltage to the key, and for others - a negative turn.

All types of field transistors can have three visnovkas (one number 4, but rarely, I have only worked on radyansky and vin z'ednany with the case).

1. Turn (dzherelo nosіїv charge, analogue of the emitter on the bipolar).

2. Drain (priymach nosіїv charge vіd cob, analogue of the bipolar transistor collector).

3. Gate (electrical electrode, analogue of a grid on lamps and a base on bipolar transistors).

Transistor with a pn-junction

The transistor consists of the following areas:

4. Shutter.

On the image you can see the schematic structure of such a transistor, the wires are connected with the metalized shutter spacers, the coil and the drain. On a specific scheme (the p-channel attachment), the shutter is the n-ball, which is less opir, the lower region of the channel (p-ball), and the p-n-junction area is expanded in the p-region for reasons.

a - n-type field transistor, b - p-type field transistor

To make it easier to remember, guess the meaning of the diode, de arrow pointing out the p-region n-region. Here so.

The first camp is an applied load.

If you apply a voltage to such a transistor, plus to the drain, and minus to the coil, through the new stream a large stream will flow, the surroundings will be more than a support for the channel, the external supports and the internal support will keep you alive. It is possible to draw an analogy with a normally closed key. The whole strum is called Isnach or the cob strum runoff for Uзі=0.

A polypropylene transistor with an energized p-n junction, without an applied voltage energized to the gate, is the maximum voltage.

The voltage to the drain and the coil is applied in this order:

Through the dzherelo, the main nose charges are introduced!

Tse means that the th transistor is p-channel, then up to the cob it is connected to the positive visnovok of the living life, tk. the main noses are dirks (positive noses of charges) - this is the name of dirk conductivity. Likewise, the n-channel transistor on the cob is connected to the negative wire of the dzherel zhivlennya, tk. the new main charge has electrons (negative charge).

The coil is the core of the main noses of the charge.

The axis of the result is the modeling of such a situation. Lіvoruch roztashovani p-channel, and right-hand n-channel transistor.

Another camp - we apply voltage to the shutter

When a positive voltage is applied to the gate according to the turn (Uзі) for the p-channel, it is negative for the n-channel, the screw is shifted at the reverse direction, the area of ​​the p-n-junction expands at the back channel. As a result of which the width of the channel changes, the strum decreases. The voltage of the gate, when a strum through the key stops flowing, is called a voltage release.

The voltage has been reached, and the key will be closed again. In the picture with the results of modeling, such a camp is shown for a p-channel (left-handed) and n-channel (right-handed) key. Before the speech English such a transistor is called a JFET.

The operating mode of the transistor at voltage Uzі or zero or reverse. For the turnaround voltage, you can “turn on the transistor”, vikoristovuetsya in class A subsidiaries and other circuits, de needing smoother regulation.

The mode of supervision is set, if Uзі = U value for the skin transistor is out of its own, but in any case it is applied directly to the turning point.

Characteristics, VAC

A graph is called a characteristic characteristic, on which the fallowness of a stream to a drain in Uсі (added to a drain and a coil) is shown, with different gate voltages.

You can split into three regions. On the back (near the left part of the graph) there is a ohmic region - at this interval, the transistor is driven like a resistor, the stream grows linearly, reaching the level, it turns into the area of ​​​​sichennya (near the center of the graph).

At the right part of the graphics, we have a problem, that the strum is starting to grow again, the breakdown area, here the transistor is not to blame. The most beautiful neck is depicted as a little one - the whole strum at zero Uz, Bachimo, the strum is the largest here.

The more voltage Uz, the less strum drain. The skin nail is ventilated at 0.5 volts at the gate. What we confirmed the modeling.

Here is a stock-shutter characteristic, tobto. staleness of the stream to the drain and the voltage on the gate at the same pressure to the drain-wind (at this butt 10V), here the voltage of the grid is also 0.5V, we are again batchimo, which is closer to the voltage Uzі to 0, there is a larger stream to the drain.

Bipolar transistors have such a parameter as the transmission coefficient of the stream or the strength coefficient, the vin is indicated as B or H21e or Hfe. In the gentiles, for the purpose of improving the quality of life, it is necessary to increase the strength of the vicorist, the coolness is indicated by the letter S

In order to show the steepness, the number of milliamperes (or Amperes) of the growth of the stream to the drain with an increase in the voltage of the shutter-coil by the number of Volts with a constant voltage of the drain-coil. It is possible to calculate the deviations from the drain-shutter characteristics, on the induced buttstock, the coolness is close to 8 mA / V.

Switching schemes

Yak and bipolar transistors can be three typical schemes included:

1. Iz zagalnym dzherel (a). Vikoristovuetsya most often, giving strength to the struma and tightness.

2. Іz with a pilot shutter (b). Rarely victorious, low entrance opera, no strength.

3. From the head drain (c). The strength for the pressure is close to 1, the great entrance opir, and the exit is low. Insha name - and stock repeater.

Features, advantages, shortcomings

FET head overdrive high entrance opera. Vhіdny opіr tse vіdnoshnja strum to the tension of the gate-window. The principle is to lie in the control of the additional electric field, as if it is settled with an additional voltage. Tobto polytransistors are controlled by a voltage.

• practically does not live up to the management stream, tse lowering the cost of care, making a signal, overwhelming the struma dzherela signal ...

In the middle frequency characteristics of field-operated transistors in short, lower in bipolar ones This is due to the fact that it takes less than an hour to “re-disconnect” the charge in the areas of the bipolar transistor. Acting such bipolar transistors can and reverse the polarity, it is connected with more advanced technologies, changing the width of the base and іnshe.

Low level of noise in field-operated transistors of circuitry in the daily process of charge injection, as well as bipolar ones.

Stability for temperature changes.

A small reduction in tightness at the wire station is a greater KKD of your outbuildings.

The simplest butt of a high-input opir is a device for connecting electro-acoustic guitars with piezo pickups and electric pickups with electro-magnetic pickups to linear inputs with a low inlet support.

A low input opir can vibrate the prosіdannya of the input signal, creating a different form of the world's fallow in the frequency of the signal. Tse means what you need to vanish, having installed a cascade with a high entrance support. Axis the simplest scheme such an attachment. Pіdіyde for pіdklyuchennya elektrogіtar to іnіyny input of the audio-card of the computer. With it, the sound will become brighter, and the timbre richer.

Headless nedolіkom є those that such transistors are afraid of static. You can take the element with electrified hands, and you will see it in harmony, at the cost of managing the key for the help of the field. With them, it is recommended to practice in dielectric mittens, connected through a special bracelet to grounding, with a low-voltage soldering iron from an insulated tip, and the transistor wires can be tied with a wire to short them out for an hour during installation.

Such accessories are practically not to be afraid of anything, the shards at the entrance to them can be built into the devices of the type of stabilitrons, so that they can be used when the voltage is overwhelmed.

Sometimes the pochatkіvtsіv radioamatorіv fight to reach the point of absurdity, such as putting a tinfoil cap on your head. Everything described above, even if it is obov'yazkovim until the end, but if there are no minds, it does not guarantee the exit from the fret fit.

Polyethylene transistors with insulated gate

This type of transistors is actively vikoristovuєtsya as napіvprovіdnikovі keranovіnі keys. Moreover, the stench is most often used in the key mode (two positions “on” and “off”). The stench mayut sprat names:

1. MIS transistor

2. MOSFET (metal oxide conductor).

3. MOSFET transistor (metal-oxide-semiconductor).

Remember - only variations of one name. A dielectric, otherwise called oxide, plays the role of an insulator for the shutter. In the diagram below, there is an image insulator between the n-region of the shutter and the shutter at the visible white zone with specks. Vіn vykonaniy іz silicon dioxide.

The dielectric switch off the electrical contact between the gate electrode and the lining. On the vіdmіnu vіd keruyuchy p-n-transition vіn pracyuє not on the principle of expanding the transition and blocking the channel, but on the principle of changing the concentration of the nose in the charge at the conductor for the ovnіshny electric field. MOSFETs come in two types:

1. With a wake-up channel.

2. With induction channel

In the diagram, you are running a transistor with a channel. From now on, you can already figure out what the robot is guessing a half-pole transistor with a p-n-junction, that is. if the shutter voltage reaches zero, the jet flows through the key.

For a turn and a drain, two regions were created with a shift instead of a house nose in a charge (n +) from a shifted conductor. The lining is the basis of the P-type (in this direction).

To return respect, that the crystal (pillar) is closed with a coil, on the bagats of the minds graphic designations wine and small. When the voltage on the gate is increased in the channel, a transverse electric field is generated, it will carry charges (electronics) and the channel will close when the threshold Uz is reached.

When a negative voltage is applied to the gate-coil, the stream drops to the drain, the transistor starts to curve - this is called the mode of the day.

When a positive voltage is applied to the gate-coil, a reversal process occurs - the electrons are attracted, the stream grows. This is the rich mode.

All of the above is true for N-type MOSFETs. As a p-type channel, all the words "electronics" are replaced by "dirki", the polarity of the voltage is changed to the reverse.

Vіdpovіdno added to the transistor threshold voltage gate-coil we have in the region of one volt, and the typical value is 1.2 V, reversible.

Strum having become at microamps. If you put a little more strain on it, it will come out again.

I selected the transistor navmannya, and I got caught to finish a sensitive attachment. I'll try to change the polarity of the voltage, so that the shutter has a positive potential, and the boost mode will be reversed.

When the pressure on the gate is 1V, the strum increased four times, in equal order, while at 0V (the first picture in the second division). It is clear that on the front of the front type of transistors and bipolar transistors without additional binding, it can be applied both to the advancement of the struma, and to the reduction. This statement is even more rude, but in the first place I may have the right to grounds.

Here everything can be just like that in transistors with a key transition, with a hint of visibility to the mode of improvement in the output characteristics.

On the drain-shutter characteristic, it is clearly seen that the negative voltage influences the mode of closing the key, and the positive voltage on the shutter - the richer and larger opening of the key.

MOS transistors with an inductive channel do not conduct strum due to the current voltage on the gate, more precisely strum є, ale vin or even malium, tk. tse zvorotny strum between the lining and the high-legged logs to the runoff and the turn.

A polyol transistor with an isolated gate and an induced channel is an analogue of a normally open switch, the jet does not leak.

For obviousness, the voltage of the shutter-coil, because If we look at the n-type channel that is being induced, then the voltage is positive, and under the direction of the field, negative charges are attracted to the gate area.

This is how the “corridor” for electronics is opened to the cob drain, in this way, the channel is opened, the transistor is turned on, and the stream through the new beginning of the flow. We have a p-type lining, in the main there are positively charged charges (dirks), there are few negative ones, but the fields of stink are blown into their atoms, and they start from them. Conductivity rating for voltage rating.

The visual characteristic exactly repeats the same for the previous differences, except that the voltages Uz become positive.

The drain-shutter characteristic shows the same, the power is new in the voltages on the shutter.

When looking at current-voltage indications, it is important to respectfully marvel at the values ​​written along the axes.

A voltage of 12 was applied to the key, and we had 0 on the gate. The strum does not flow through the transistor.

Tse means that the transistor is completely open, it didn’t happen, the strum at this lance became bi 12/10 = 1.2 A. Nadali, I turned it around like a pratsyuє tsey transistor, and z'yasuvav, that at 4 volts it starts to break.

Adding to 0.1V, I mentioned that with a skin tenth of a volt, the growth of the stream is getting bigger and bigger, and even up to 4.6 Volts, the transistor will practically increase the voltage, the difference in voltage at the gate in a 20V stream is only 41 mA, at 1.1 A - the price is low .

This experiment demonstrates that a transistor with an inductive channel operates only when the threshold voltage is reached, which allows it to operate as a key pulse circuits. Vlasne, IRF740 is one of the widest.

The results of vibrating the gate streak showed that the field-effect transistors may not be able to withstand the energized strum. With a voltage of 4.6 volts, the strum was only 888 nA (nano !!!).

At a pressure of 20V, the vin became 3.55 μA (micro). A bipolar transistor has a voltage of about 10 mA, and a fall in the coefficient of strength, which is tens of thousands of times higher than that of a field one.

Not all switches are driven by such voltages, due to the design and features of the circuitry of the outbuildings, the stench will stop.

Discharging capacity at the first moment of the hour when a large charging stream is used, and some other important attachments (switch-controllers and microcontrollers) may be more powerful, so drivers for field-operated gates, like in field-operated transistors, are also used (bipolar with an insulated gate). Tse is such a subsiluvach, which transforms the input signal at the output of such a magnitude and the strength of the stream, sufficient to turn on that switching transistor. The jet charge is also interleaved sequentially by a resistor connected from the gate.

With this action, the shutter can be connected to the microcontroller port through a resistor (the same IRF740). Qiu topic mi torkalis.

The stench predicts the field transistors with a switchable gate, but they also add it to the UGO, like in the transistor itself, the gate is attached to the pad, and the arrow in the center indicates the type of the channel, but it is straightened from the pad to the channel, like the n-channel mosfet - at the back of the shutter and navpaki.

For switches with induction channel:

You can look like this:

Give respect to the English names of the visnovkіv, datasheets and diagrams often show stench.

For keys from the wake-up channel: