Format the capture of graphic information. Graphic file formats
All of the images that are drawn on computers can be divided into three great groups. Nasampered, 2D-graphics, in which flat (which does not make up the third coordinate) images are created, raster vector graphics can be seen up to the whole group. Potim 3D graphics and animation graphics.
Shards of the image are created behind the help of special tools - graphic editors, - looking at the formats of the files without fixing their features. Nasampered, what is a graphic file? In a wild manner, the system of information about the image and the way of saving (recording) was adopted in this graphic editor. Such a system of information can contain data of a general nature (submission of an image to another building, expansion, expansion, distribution of buildings, type of printer for a friend, steps and method of embossing information), and data that is unique. Such data is created at the stage of editing the image and is recognized for a lower quotation under the hour of editing. So, for example, CorelDraw files contain information about curves, Photoshop files - information about balls, channels, etc. The leather graphic editor coded in a sing-song order the information for the hour of the recording (saving) on the nose. In this way, according to the format of the graphic file, you should understand the totality of information about the image and the way it is written to the file. With a twist, these graphic formats can be divided into two groups. The format of the global recognition should be removed only for the image itself, which is used for saving, transferring or reviewing the image (gif, tiff, jpeg and other) and specific formats, recognized for saving intermediate results in editing the image (cdr, cpt, psd, ai and in.).
Let's make a report on the 2D group through the largest possible breadth. The image in bitmap graphics is ordered by an array of single elements (pixels for a monitor or a dot for a printer) to remove information about the color. The number of such elements is determined by the size of the image and the size of the image, and the size of the file can be additionally deposited in the color palette (black and white or 1-bit, gray and 256 colors or 8-bit, high color or 12 color ) ). Vector graphics can be used to describe mathematical descriptions of curves and color fills (areas filled with one color and gradient areas) to create an image. Information about the distribution of buildings and the color palette is violated without intermediary before the file is shown for a specific physical attachment and for the improvement of its characteristics. In polygraphy, this process is known as RIP - the process of rasterization of the image.
Shrinking files. Oscilki graphic files, as a rule, create a great rozmіr, korisnoy є possibility of embossing (packaging) іnformatsiї. In this hour, there are two ways of squeezing - without wasting that wasting power. Stamping algorithms without waste are similar to the algorithms of standard archivers (LZH, PKZIP, ARJ). The most popular among them LZW (LZ84) is widely used in popular raster formats GIF, TIFF. Algorithms for squeezing out of the second capacity reveal information that is not accepted by humans (JPEG, PCD). The packaging steps in this direction are richly visible, but they are more pronounced and can lead to a higher quality (deposit in the opposite degree of compression). The head of the nedolіk tsgogo algorithm polagaє at the impossibility of overstaying without a significant waste of visual clarity of the image. Therefore, it is recommended to save from the JPEG format only the last results of editing, and in the same time not the intermediate ones.
Format of the infamous confession
Microsoft Windows Bitmap (BMP)
Format for saving raster graphics in Microsoft Windows (for example, screen trellises and splash screens). Supports 1-, 4-, 8-, 24-bit colors. Allows stisk without wasting power.
Kodak Photo CD (PCD).
The retailer is Kodak. Destination format for taking slides and negatives taken with an auxiliary camera such as Kodak Photo CD. The skin file saves 5 copies of one image of different size and quality from 192×192 to 3072×2048 pixels. It is impossible to programmatically write an image to the PCD format on a computer, it is only possible to import an image to a graphic editor, which supports this format.
Zsoft PC PaintBrush (PCX)
One of the oldest and most popular formats for capturing raster graphics. Appearing more than once from personal computers, why is it the most wide-ranging, supported by almost all programs for reviewing / editing images. Vikorist's simplest compression algorithm without wasting RLE power.
Tag Image File Format (TIFF)
Retailers - Aldus and Microsoft. The universal format for capturing raster graphics is widely used by viewers. It is necessary to discuss what to do with a lot of different varieties, brainwashed by different squeezing algorithms. The most confusing is the format that wins the LZW algorithm. The format supports 24-bit and 32-bit color (CMYK), two images of the IBM PC and Macintosh, can save information about masks (viewing the image area).
True Vision TGA (TGA)
The retailer is TrueVision. The format is chosen for the selection of raster graphics and may be special - the order of subdivision of a 24-bit color may be 8 bits per skin A single element of the image for the selection of additional information. Zocrema, you can hide the mask, which is victorious in video editing programs, for example, for the creation of two sequences of shots. Vіdomy dosit for a long time and pіdtrimuєtsya bagatma graphic packages.
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
Split by CompuServe Corporation in 1987 to save raster graphics. Implementing one of the most effective for your hour (87g) ways of squeezing LZW. Allows you to display the image on the screen behind the chotiri pass, giving you the opportunity to review the image to the end of the residual painting. 1989 came New version GIF 89a. This format supports savings in one file of image decals, animation sequences, color transparency for one-on-one image overlay. Files are widely selected to save and transfer small images (page design elements) from the World Wide Web.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
The raster format, its popularity is growing to a strong step of squeezing the visual image, which is based on the squeezing algorithm with the second density. However, it is worth trying for 24-bit and 8-bit images. Use a small number of different types, embodied by different algorithms for squeezing and displaying on the screen in the same way (the process of displaying is similar to gif). It is also widely zastosovuєtsya in the WWW, it is important to transfer great images.
Specific formats
As it happened earlier, this group of formats was recognized as important for "internal" development (preservation of intermediate results in image editing). Krim information about images, files to protect the mass of data of a service nature, as they can be correctly interpreted by other revision/editing programs. Before such data, information about fonts, balls, visualization (masks), curves, special effects and others can be given. The most extended formats are for vector graphics - cdr (Corel Draw) and ai (Adobe Illustrator), for raster graphics - psd ( Adobe Photoshop) and cpt (Corel PhotoPaint). As a rule, a final image (that is, an image recognized for publication) is imported into one of the formats of global recognition for the purpose of publication (gif or jpeg for the Internet, tiff for viewing systems only).
Igor SIVAKOV
- learn about the main formats of raster images;
- learn about the possibility of converting formats;
- learn to choose the optimal parameters for the hour of scanning the image.
Image transmission from one program to another is the same for all different worlds digital images, so be it the program can have its strengths and weaknesses. In order to win over the strengths of the programs, images can be exported quickly and effectively. To optimize the process, retailers program contributions created vidi computer files- Format.
Use of anonymous different formats graphic files. In order to overcome the problem of image portability with one program in another way to save disk space, and also know optimally graphic format for a further refinement of the image, we are familiar with the most wide-ranging ones.
Own file formats
Vlasny format (native) - play a private format, creations specially for software program. For most programs, this format is the most efficient way to save files in the editing process, but not to be transferred (or often transferred) to other programs.
"Ridnim" format for CorelDRAW є CDR, which is the most victorious. For Microsoft Word we will take format є DOC, for Adobe Flash- FLA format, etc. For graphic Adobe editor Photoshop's own format is PSD, in which you can save not only graphic information, but also channels. Adobe Photoshop, without a doubt, is the best way to edit an image in the world. Popularity of Photoshop zmusila іnshi graphic programs Upgrade the PSD format so that artists can export and import files from Photoshop without having to first convert them to a globally available file format.
There is a large number of standard formats for raster graphics. Let's take a look at the widest of them.
BITMAP
BITMAP (bit map) - one of the first raster formats. The format is considered to be a great file, data fragments are recorded according to the skin pixel okremo. Він є supravisually simple structure and serve to describe the visualization of small images-pictograms (icons), which are widely used in graphic interface Windows, as well as winning in multimedia presentations.
Use a sprat of various formats. We are the most familiar with *.bmp extensions that support data up to 24 b/p.
gif
Raster gif format(Graphics Interchange Format) distributed by CompuServe Inc. u 1987 bitmap files, who are vanquished by telephone line and in computer networks.
The GIF format allows you to save these color depths from 1 to 8 b/p. GIF vicorist is also an efficient archiver. Known Format is widely used on Web sites for images great kіlkistyu colors (signs, logos, buttons, design elements). Also, multimedia programs allow you to insert images in GIF format.
Features of the format: the image is drawn to the animal down with a change of clarity and detail (option - interlacing), the format allows you to set the area to the gap or to designate a clear color, which allows you to place the image on any background.
The possibility of changing the file is not constrained, GIF allows you to set the palette size quite well, as it appears in the image (other formats may sound more than the standard color depth options). Sound up to the short format kіlkіst possible colors.
The format allows you to save a large number of images - frames, so you can see GIF as an animation format.
JPEG
JPEG format created by the Committee of Standards Joint Photographic Experts Group(Joint group of experts from photographs) in 1987. for taking photorealistic images - photographs. Based on the peculiarities of the human mind, whose format uses algorithms for squeezing through the inputs and ensures that the file is significantly changed. Shrinking JPEG is called lossy - this image data is lost when the file is squashed, which means that the image quality has been reduced.
Koristuvach may be able to regulate the stiffness of the riven (Vdpovidno - the riven of the strength). Yakshcho koristuvach asks high quality, less pressure is expected. If there is a victorious installation on the temple of squeezing, expanding the file of maly, prote the greater world suffers for the quality of the image. May all programs, when saved in which format, give you the opportunity to look ahead to the result for a compromise solution between the file and the size of the file.
The JPEG format supports color depth up to 24 b/p. Oskіlky format can be even small for a file, but having a great width in Web publications and in libraries, images are in quiet situations, if you need a color photorealistic image.
PNG
The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format is specially designed for placing graphics on Web sites. This format is young and continues to advance the GIF and JPEG formats. Vіn allows you to significantly compress the file from images without wasting brightness, but if you don't oversize with a palette of 256 colors, subtract 8, 24 and 32 (24 b/p plus alpha channel) b/p.
In this format, the squeezing method is used, in which the image is seen information, weakly perceived by the human eye. The step of compression can be changed from low, if the effect is minimal, to high, if the image can recognize commemorative changes.
The PNG format does not support transparency, but you can also include one alpha channel, which will render part of the image transparent in the browser, which will support PNG channels. Like in GIF, here it is safe to step-by-step fermentation from a row-by-row cut.
TIFF
One of the widest raster formats, which are used when preparing images to another, is TIFF (Target Image File Format), created by Aldus Corporation in 1986 to fix the difficulties, as they blamed when transferring graphic files from IBM smart computers to Macintosh and back.
TIFF supports a few embossing schemes and special functions for processing images. LZW - squeezing with a non-lossy data squeezing scheme - if the file is squeezing, the data is not reduced and is not guilty of the least loss of capacity.
TIFF is now a standard file format that is supported by most graphic programs and image processing, as well as software packages layout. Up to 32 b/p data format. TIFF allows you to save an alpha channel from images. AT other versions Adobe software This Photoshop format allows you to save documents with balls.
TIFF has become the go-to format for image capture systems from scanners, which is favored by imaging systems. The format can be transferred between platforms and is easily imported by all layout programs, which makes it an indispensable part of preparing documents for others.
Graphic format- tse recording method graphic information. Be it the information that is taken from the file, the sequence of bytes. The method of recording information for an additional sequence of bytes is called the file format. This graphic format is a way to record graphic information. Graphic file formats are used for capturing images, such as photographs and little ones, armchairs too thin. Graphic formats are subdivided on vectorі raster.
Raster formats:
gif- Independent view hardware security The GIF format is broken down by 1987 (GIF87a) by CompuServe for transferring raster images by meshes. In 1989, the format of the letters of modifications (GIF89a), was added to support the clarity and animation. GIF with LZW-compression, which allows you to inaccurately squeeze files in a wide variety of similar fills (logotypes, writings, diagrams).
JPEG- an algorithm for squeezing, establishing not so for the sake of the same elements, but in retail between pixels. The coding of these data is taken from the sprat of stages. The first part of the graphical data is converted to the color space of the LAB type, then half or three quarters of the information about the color is returned (depending on the implementation of the algorithm). Next, blocks of 8x8 pixels are analyzed. A set of numbers is formed up to the skin block. The first sprat of numbers represent the color of the block with a zahal, while the coming numbers beat thinly.
PNG- Recently expanded format for Merezh, calls to replace the old GIF. Victory embossing without Deflate insertion, similar to LZW (itself through patenting in 1995 to the algorithm LZW Vinic PNG). Styles of indexing PNG files, as a rule, is smaller than similar GIFs, PNG RGB is smaller than the original file in TIFF format.
TIFF- hardware independent TIFF format Vinic is the internal format of the program Aldus PhotoStyler. Yogo modular architecture appeared on the floor in the distance, having successfully survived the death of the native program, TIFF continues to grow and develop in our days. Today's wines are one of the widest and most important ones, which are supported by almost all programs on the PC and Macintosh, as well as in other words, with graphics. As a rule, TIFF is best choice when importing raster graphics from vector programs and viewing systems.
postscript- language description of the sides (mova management) laser printers) by Adobe. 80 years of creations for the implementation of the WYSIWYG (What You See is What You Get) principle. Files in this format are a program with commands for viewing for a visible attachment. Stinks may expand .ps or, earlier, .prn and go for the additional Print to File function of graphics programs under the PostScript printer driver.
PDF proponations by Adobe as an independent platform and format for creating electronic documents, presentations, transferring layout and graphics through links. Victory as an internal graphic format of Mac OS X.
Scitex CT- rich in what is similar to TIFF, but does not support Indexed Color, RGB, Alpha channels, embossing; You can turn on vector contours. Do not varto їх twists, as if the robot is going directly to the photo dialer. Scitex CT is supported by the most common flooring viewing systems and illustration preparation programs.
Adobe Photoshop Document- Internal format of the popular bitmap editor Photoshop for the rest of the hour, becoming a great number of programs. Vіn allows you to record images with rich balls (up to 1000), their masks, additional Alpha channels and channels of simple (spot) colors, corrective, vector, text balls, contours and other information - everything that Photoshop can do.
Macromedia Freehand Document- We don't see anything special. The format is more understandable than FreeHand itself, Illustrator7 and more for the Macintosh and Macromedia programs. Version 7 is more likely to be completely cross-platform confusion. Richness is encouraged.
PICT — official format Mac OS Classic. Clipboard standard for graphical language on Mac OS. Building PICT to carry raster, vector information, text and sound, video RLE-compression. Supported by Mace programs.
BMP(Windows Device Independent Bitmap) is another common Windows format. Vіn pіdtrimuєtsya by all graphic editors operating system. Zastosovuetsya for saving raster images, which are designated for editing in Windows and, in fact, no longer adventitious.
RTF(Microsoft Rich Text Format) - text format RTF having spent here for its extraordinary zdіbnosti before transferring texts from one program to another. Vіn allows you to transfer text formatting from the programs of optical character recognition or text editors at graphic programs or at be-any other directions. RTF may appear solutions(and, in other, and single way out) when transferring from the program to the non-Latin program, for example, the Hebrew text of the Russian Windows 95/98 Hebrew Edition.
Vector formats:
WMF(Windows Metafile) vector format WMF graphic mov Windows and, one might say, a common format. Serve transfer vectors through the clipboard (Clipboard). Understand practically everything Windows programs so chi іnakshe pov'yazanimi z vector graphics.
Encapsulated PostScript- Can be called the most important in a universal way saving data. Victory's simplified version of PostScript: Can't put more than one side in one file without saving a number of settings for the printer. Like other PostScript files, write down the final version of the work in EPS, even if such programs, like Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Photoshop, can write it like a worker.
CorelDRAW Document— format for the past low style, filthy sum of files, creating color characteristics of bit maps, which are being used, CorelDRAW protecorizes superbly well, and may not be the leader on the PC platform. Many PC programs (FreeHand, Illustrator, PageMaker among them) can import CorelDRAW files.
Adobe Illustrator- The best Adobe product. Since the creation of PostScript Level 1, it can be called the interface for PostScript. Until the 9th version, the core of the format was based on EPS, since the 9th version, the core of the PDF was based. Tse give an idea of what the future will show up, nareshti, richness.
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