12 technical problems of processing information. Techniques for the processing of informatization. In case of various types of specialized computer systems, standard universal computers can handle it, but it is important to note that there are special

Golovna / Main functionality

When designing technological processes are oriented on the implementation modes. The mode of implementation of the technology should be deposited depending on the volume-hour features of the development of tasks: periodicity and terminology, which could be improved to a quick level, as well as the type of regime possibilities of technical features and the need for EOM. Use: batch mode; real scale mode; the mode of rozpodіlu hour; procedural mode; zapitny; dialogue; teleobobki; interactive; single program; rich software (multi-production).

Batch mode. When vikoristannі tsgo regime koristuvach not maє intermediary splkuvannya z EOM. The selection and registration of information, the input and processing are not completed by the hour. On the back, the koristuvach picks up information, shaping it into packets clearly to the mind of the head, or as another sign. (As a rule, the task is of a non-operational nature, from the long-awaited term for the results of the decision). After the completion of the receipt of information, a second processing is carried out, so that the processing is completed. Tsey regime vikoristovuєtsya sound with a centralized method of processing information.

Dialogue mode(powered) mode, for which it is possible to interact without intermediary with the calculation system in the process of robotic coristuvacha. Programs for processing data are transferred to the memory of the EOM permanently, as the EOM is available at an hour, for a long time, if the EOM is available for a short time. Interaction of a coristuvacha with a counting system in a vigilant dialogue can be rich in aspects and depend on various factors: my interplay, active or passive role of a coristuvach; who is the initiator of the dialogue - koristuvach or EOM; hour vіdpovіdі; the structure of the dialogue too. As the initiator of the dialogue is a koristuvach, then the mother is guilty of knowledge of the procedures, data formats, and so on. If the initiator is EOM, then the machine itself will check the skin crotch, which is necessary to work with different abilities to choose. This method is called “menu selection”. Vіn zabezpechuє pіdtrimku dіy koristuvachа that punishing їх sequent. When looking at a coristuvach, less preparation is needed.

Dialogue mode means the same level of technical equipment of the coristuvacha, tobto. presence of the terminal or PEOM, connected from the central accounting system by channels of communication. This mode is victorious for access to information, enumeration or software resources. The ability to work in a dialogue mode can be fringed at the hour of the cob of work, or it can be unfenced.

Differentiate between dialogues zapitny modes, then after powering up, a one-time connection to the system is made, after which it is seen, it is turned on and switched off, and if it is dialogical - the mode, in which the system, after powering up, is seen, and checks on the far side of the koristuvach.

real time clock. means the building of the calculation system of interplay with the controllable labor processes at the rate of interruption of these processes. The reaction time of the EOM can be satisfied with the pace of the controlled process, and at the same time the corystuvachiv and the mother minimal stutter. As a rule, this regime is victorious in decentralized data processing.

TV mode gives the possibility to remote coristuvache to interact with the counting system.

interactive mode transferring the possibility of bilateral interaction of coristuvacha from the system, tobto. Koristuvach may be able to pour into the process of collecting data.

Half hour mode transferring the building of the system to see the resources of the group of koristuvachiv according to their needs. The calculation system of laying a soft service of the skin coristuvach, which is created by the one-hour work and the number of coristuvachiv. Such a possibility is within reach of software security.

Single program and rich program modes characterize the ability of the system to work at once for one or the other dekilcom programs.

Regulatory regime characterized by appointment at the hour of the hour of the head of the koristuvach. For example, otrimannya result zvedenya after the end of the month, rozrahunok vіdomosti narahuvannya salaries until the last dates just. The terms of the decision are set behind the rules behind the regulations in opposition to the right requests.

There are such ways of processing data: centralization, decentralization, distribution and integration.

Centralized conveying the presence. With this method, the koristuvach delivers to the HRC visual information and takes the results of the processing from looking at the resulting documents. The peculiarity of this method of processing is the flexibility and laboriousness of the fast, uninterrupted communication, the great interest of the VC information (both great communication), the regulation of the terms of the operations, the organization of the security of the system with possible unauthorized access.

decentralized processing. This method is related to the appearance of PEOM, to give the opportunity to automate a specific work area.

Distribution method processing of these foundations on the basis of the functions of processing between different EOMs, including up to the measure. This way can be implemented in two ways: the first transfer of the EOM installation at the skin node of the network (or on the skin level of the system), when processing data, one or the other EOM is needed at the actual time of the hour. Another way is the placement of a large number of different processors in the middle of one system. Such a way zastosovuєtsya in the systems of processing banking and financial information, there, where necessary, a measure of processing data (files, details, etc.). Advantages of the rozpodіlenogo way: mozhlivіst obroblyat vyznachenі termіni be-yaky obsjag danih; a high level of arrogance, so if you have one technical challenge, you can instantly replace it with another one; short time that witrat for the transfer of tribute; improving the flexibility of systems, simplifying the development and exploitation of software security. The division method is used in the complex of specialized processors, tobto. skin EOM is recognized for the completion of the first days, the first of its own equal.

Integrations a way of processing the information Vn transferring the creation of an information model of a kerovan object, so that the creation of a distributed data base. Such a method ensures maximum profitability for the koristuvach. From one side, the data bases are transferred collectively to the core and centralized management. From the other side, obsyag іnformatsiї, raznomanіtnіst razv'yazuvanih zavdan demand rozpodіl basi danih. The technology of integrated processing of information allows to improve the quality, reliability and speed of processing, because The processing is carried out by arranging a single information array, one-time requested by the EOM. The peculiarity of this method is the introduction of technological and hourly procedures for the processing of procedures for the collection, preparation and introduction of data.

The complex of technical zaobiv v obrobki іnformatsії - tsukupnіst autonomous outbuildings in the collection, accumulation, transmission, processing and submission of information, as well as zaobіv office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. To the complex of technical zasobіv hang low vymog:

Safe execution of tasks with minimal costs, necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical integrity of outbuildings, their aggregation

Security of high reliability

Minimum window dressing for the bathhouse

A wide range of technical tools for processing information is produced by foreign trade and foreign craftsmanship, which are supported by the elemental base, constructive vicons, and different types of information, operational characteristics and others.

Techniques for processing information are divided into large groups. Tse main і additional save the scraps.

Additional benefits - the possession, which ensures the safety of the work of the main benefits, as well as the possession, which makes it easier to make the management work comfortable. Before additional information processing, office equipment and repair and preventive maintenance are included. Office equipment is represented by a wide range of costs, including stationery, to delivery, replication, collection, request and reduction of basic data, administrative and production calls, and so on, to make the work of a kerivnik handy and comfortable.

The main tasks - tse znaryaddya pratsі z automated processing of information. Apparently, for the management of these and other processes, a single managerial information is necessary, which characterizes the state of the parameters of technological processes, kіlkіsnі, varіtіsnі and labor indicators of virobnitstva, postachannya, zbutu, financial activity, etc. Prior to the main technical processing, the following are noted: registration and collection of information, receipt and transmission of data, preparation of data, introduction, processing of information and information processing. Below, all the bones are reviewed in a report.

The possession of primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. To that widely zastosovuetsya extension for mechanized and automated vimir, collection that registration of data. The nomenclature of these benefits is already great. Before them you can see: electronic cars, various smart phones, scoreboards, vitratomists, cash registers, machines for banknotes, ATMs and a lot of other things. Here, there are different registrars of records, recognized for registration and fixation of statements about government operations on machine noses.

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

1. Review and classification of technical data processing

1.1 Data processing modes

p align="justify"> When designing technological processes, they are guided by the modes of their implementation. The mode of implementation of the technology should be deposited depending on the volume-hour features of the development of tasks: periodicity and terminology, which could be improved to a quick level, as well as the type of regime possibilities of technical features and the need for EOM. Use: batch mode; real scale mode; the mode of rozpodіlu hour; procedural mode; zapitny; dialogue; teleobobki; interactive; single program; rich software (multi-production).

TV mode gives the possibility to remote coristuvache to interact with the counting system.

interactive mode transferring the possibility of bilateral interaction of coristuvacha from the system, tobto. Koristuvach may be able to pour into the process of collecting data.

Single program and rich program modes characterize the ability of the system to work at once for one or the other dekilcom programs.

1.2 Data processing methods

There are such ways of processing data: centralization, decentralization, distribution and integration.

decentralized processing. This method is related to the appearance of PEOM, to give the opportunity to automate a specific work area.

1.3 Complex of technical data processing

The complex of technical zasobіv obrobki іnformatsії - tse sukupnіst autonomous additions to the collection, accumulation, transmission, processing and submission of information, as well as zaobіv office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. To the complex of technical zasobіv hang low vymog:

Safe execution of tasks with minimal costs, necessary accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical integrity of outbuildings, their aggregation

Security of high reliability

Minimum window dressing for the bathhouse

1.4 Classification of technical methods for processing information

Techniques for processing information are divided into large groups. Tse main і additional save the scraps.

Additional benefits - tse possession, which ensures the safety of the work of the main benefits, as well as the possession, which makes it easier to make the management work comfortable. Before additional information processing, office equipment and repair and preventive maintenance are included. Office equipment is represented by a wide range of costs, including stationery, to delivery, replication, collection, request and reduction of basic data, administrative and production calls, and so on, to make the work of a kerivnik handy and comfortable.

The possession of primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. To that widely zastosovuetsya extension for mechanized and automated vimir, collection that registration of data. The nomenclature of these benefits is already great. Before them you can see: electronic cars, various smart phones, scoreboards, vitratomists, cash registers, machines for banknotes, ATMs and a lot of other things. Here, there are different registrars of records, recognized for registration and fixation of statements about government operations on machine noses.

Make sure to receive that transmission of information. Under the transfer of information, the process of transferring data (reconciliation) from one building to the next is understood. Vzaєmodіyucha sukupnі і єktіv, scho utvoryuyuyutsya pristroї transfers і obrobki danih, nazryvaetsya merezhey. Combine attachments designated for transmission and reception of information. The stench will ensure the exchange of information between the month and the payment and the exchange of information. The structure of the costs and methods of data transmission depends on the distribution of information and the processing of data, obligations and hours for the transmission of data, types of communication lines and other factors. Transfer of data by subscriber stations (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Take care of the preparation of the data provided by attachments for the preparation of information on machine noses, attachments for transferring information from documents on noses, which include attachments to the EOM. Tsі pristroї can zdіysnyuvat sortuvannya that koriguvannya.

Please enter serve to store data from machine data and enter information into a computer system

Take care of the processing of information play the most important role of a complex of technical tools for processing information. Before you can do the processing, you can bring computers, as in your own room we divide them into chotiri classes: micro, small (min); great and superEOM. Micro EOM there are two kinds: universal and special.

I universal and specialized can be as well as re-insured on a rich coristuvachіv - potuzhnі EOM, possessed by dekilkom terminals and functional in the hourly mode (server), and odnokostuvalnye (robochі stantsії), yak specialize on one type of robot.

Mali EOM- practice in the mode at a slower pace and in the rich task mode. Its positive side is its superiority and simplicity in operation.

Great EOM- (Mainfermy) are characterized by a great memory commitment, a high endurance to maturity and productivity. It is also characterized by high arrogance and arrogance of data; the possibility of connecting a large number of coristuvachs.

Super EOM- 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer, video for the processing of requests from the available stations, and which provides these stations with access to system resources and resources. A universal server is called an addendum server. Hard servers can be brought up to small and large EOMs. Marshall servers are the leader, as well as Cray servers (64 processors).

Take care of the information win to see the results of the calculation, the final data and the programs on the machine's nose, another, the screen is too thin. Monitors, printers and plotters can be connected to the outbuildings.

Monitor- ce attachments, appointments for the display of information, which should be entered by the keyboard or the computer.

Printer- ce attachment to the paper nose of the text graphic information.

Plotter- tse attaching an armchair and schemes of great formats on paper.

Technology - Tse complex of scientific and engineering knowledge, implemented in the practice, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, ways of their work for the creation of a product or services that serve to sing vimog. To this, technology is inextricably linked to the machinization of a non-viral chirp, which is in front of the managerial process. Management technologies are based on stasis of computers and telecommunication equipment.

Zgidno to the appointments, accepted by UNESCO, information technology - Tse complex of mutually related, scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that develop methods of efficient organization of work of people engaged in the processing and collection of information; enumeration technique and methods of organization and interaction with people and human possessions. Their practical programs, as well as po'yazanі z usіm tsіm social, economic and cultural problems. The very information technologies mean complex training, great cobs and science technology. Їkhnє zaprovadzhennya may begin with the creation of mathematical security, molding information flows in systems for training specialists.

2 . Information technology management

Metoyu іnformatsiynoї tekhnologii ї administrіnnia є satisfaction іnformatsiynih іnformatsiynykh prіbіh usіh without blame sіvrobіtnіkiv іn firms, scho mayut s priynyattyam prіshen. Vaughn can be korisnoy on be-yakom equal management.

This technology is focused on work in the middle of the information management system and wins with the highest structuredness of the development of tasks, so that they are equal to the tasks, as they are violating for the help of information technology processing data.

Information technology management is ideally suited to meet the needs of similar needs of the workers of various functional systems (pidrozdilіv) or equal to the management of the company. They provided information to retaliate about the past, the current day of that imovirne future firm. Tsya _information may look at regular chi special managerial calls.

In order to make decisions on the level of management control, the information may be presented in an aggregated form, so that the trends in changing data, causes of change and possible solutions are looked at. At which stage the following data processing tasks are violated:

* Evaluation of the planned state of the object of management;

* assessment of the performance of the planned state;

* Revealing the causes of death;

* analysis possible solution ta diy.

Information technology of management is straight forward creation of various types of calls.

Regular Calls are made on a regular basis before the set schedule, which indicates the hour of their meeting, for example, a monthly analysis of sales in the company.

Special Calls are created on the demand of managers, otherwise, if things happen unplanned in the company. І tі, y іnshі vidi zvіtіv can form the form of subsumovuvalnyh, porіvnyalnyh and supra-zvіtіv.

AT pіdsumovuyut In the zvіtakh data are combined in the okremi group, in the sorting and presentation in the middle and residual podbags outside the okremi fields.

Porіvnyalnі call to avenge the data, otrimani from different dzherel, or classify for different signs and victorious for equalization.

Overwatch call to revenge the data of an exclusive (over-the-top) character.

Vicoristannya zvіtіv pіdtrimki governіnnya vyyavlyаєєєєєєєєєє especially in the implementation of the so-called administration, ale vydhilennyam. The management of the remittances transfers that the main arbitrator of the duties of the manager will be the government's activity of the company in accordance with the established standards (for example, in the planned state). When victorious at the firm, the principles of management for respite before the stars that are being created are presented as such:

* zvіt is guilty of creating only once, if the vіdhilennya vіdbulosya

* Vіdomostі y zvіtі can be sorted out according to the values of the indicator, which is critical for your birth;

* all vіdhilennya bazhano show at once, so that the manager could catch the essential link between them;

* It is necessary for the zvіtі to show kіlkіsne vіdhilennya vіd norma.

Main components

The input information comes from the systems of the operational level. Visual information is formed at the visual managerial zvіtіv in handy for taking a decision at a glance. Instead of the data base for the help of advanced software, it is transformed into periodic and special calls, which go to fahivtsiv, to take part in the adoption of decisions in the organization. The data base, which is compiled for the selection of assigned information, is due to be composed of two elements:

1) data that are accumulated on the basis of the assessment of operations that are carried out by the company;

2) plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents that signify the plans of the management object (firms' developments).

2.1 A selection of options for sourcing information technology from the company

With the development of information technology in the firm, it is necessary to choose one of the two main concepts, which reflect the points of view that have formed on the basic structure of the organization and the role of computer processing of information.

persha concept focus on іsnuyuchu company structure. Information technology is attached to the organizational structure and it is only necessary to modernize the methods of work. Communications are weak, they are rationalized less than working hours. Vіdbuvaєtsya rozpodіl funktsіy mіzh tekhnіchnіchnyh pracіvniki і fahivtsyami. The level of risk in the implementation of new information technology is minimal, so that the insignificant and organizational structure of the firm does not change.

The main disadvantage of such a strategy is the need for uninterrupted changes in the form of submission of information attached to specific technological methods and technical benefits. Be-yaké operative solution of "in'yazne" at various stages of information technology.

Before advances Strategies can include the minimum steps of risk and vitrati.

Friend concepts I focus on future company structure. The basic structure is to be modernized.

Tsya strategy transfers the maximum development of communications and the development of new organizational relationships. p align="justify"> The productivity of the company's organizational structure grows, as the data archives are rationally distributed, the volume of information circulating through the system channels is reduced, and balance between the distribution of tasks is achieved.

To the main її nedolіkіv sіd vіdnesti:

suttєve vitrati at the first stage, connected with the development of the global concept and the furnishing of all the production of the company;

the presence of psychological tension, caused by changes in the structure of the company and, as a result, changes in the staffing layout and garden shoes

Advantages of the strategy:

rationalization of the organizational structure of the firm;

maximum employment of all practitioners;

high professional salary;

integration of professional functions with additional help of computer systems.

The new information technology of the company can be such that even information and subsystems, which are processed, are connected with each other as a single array of information. With which two vimogi hang. Firstly, the structure of the information processing system can be changed in the firm. In another way, the information in the middle of the system can't function to achieve full control.

2. 2 Applied information technologies of the market economy

To support the new government mechanisms, it is possible to develop but adequately marketable HIT. Zakrema, in today's minds, banking and investment activities are being changed, taxes are being improved, and new ones are being announced managerial activity the subject of the market that will require effective applied information technologies.

banking systems. The development of that thorough banking structures will give rise to the need for new services of financial institutions. Decentralization of the banking system leading to a fundamentally new organization, will require the development of the concept of integrated informatization of the system of installations to improve the efficiency of its power functioning, and to develop mutually with oneself, with partners from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. p align="justify"> Banking information technologies are responsible for ensuring sufficient efficiency in the organization of repayments. In addition, this sphere of banking activities is the most laborious, to avenge the great amount of money and is characterized as a routine.

The development of a simulation model for inspiring banking technologies is one of the most promising approaches to the solution of strategic problems. The banker can imitate the financial performance of the bank, evaluate the effectiveness and consequences of the decisions taken, and in this way determine its policy on the financial market. Before that, the development of expert systems, oriented like bank clients, and bank fahivtsiv, is directly related.

An overridingly important source of informatization of banking activities is the organization of communication between banks of Russia. Using paper technology, it will take 2-3 days to transfer pennies. For some zatrimka, it can be wised up as the very form of organization of rozrakhunkiv, and the camp of communications. Provodzhennya HIT can help you get out of the crisis. Shards of independent development and modernization of software complexes are expensive, the role of organizations that specialize in banking technologies and building virishuvati banking problems in a complex way is being strengthened. The products that have become "the titles of banking platforms", which give, from the point of view of a single unified functional base, the main solution to all banking tasks, the standards of quality and functionality of automated systems for processing banking information are significant.

Exchange technologies. Dosvid showing that the design of exchange computer complexes is logically foldable, laborious and tried by the hour of the robot, which means high qualifications of all fahivtsiv, which take the fate of the її vykonanna. The design of such complexes is traditionally based on intuition, expert assessments, expensive experimental re-verifications of the functioning of the complex and practical evidence. In addition, due to the growing number of coristuvachiv stock exchange technologies, the role of high productivity and functioning will be strengthened, as it is possible to lie in the design ideology.

Впровадження сучасних біржових інформаційних технологій у практику має сприяти підвищенню економічної ефективності роботи біржі за рахунок розширення сфери її діяльності по регіонах країни, прискорення оборотності оборотних коштів, залучення до біржового процесу масових постачальників, посередників та покупців, забезпечення можливості активного скоєння не тільки великомасштабних, а й medium- and small-scale areas for mass population, automation of labor-intensive and trivial routine processes, collection and analysis of applications from brokerage firms for the purchase and sale of a computer method, automated trading ) with the same rules, to ensure the protection of the interests of the investor, equal rights of all participants in the trades.

Technology management. At the time of the market, all the procedures for the selection management are introduced with a new change. Be-yake virobnitstvo pov'yazanі s flows like internal, and external information. In the middle of the difference between the statements to the manager, for the decision to be made, it is only necessary to be appointed, and all the others are informational noise. In addition, most of the information is blamed not there, de її require it, for a successful accomplishment, the task is of great importance, in the meantime, to overcome this distance. The versatility of the problem of communication is connected to the availability of information and ownness, which allows for a more efficient work of business. Not far from outside, however, many problems reveal the need for a special critical information system, as a way to achieve the optimal solution. There are two main approaches to the development of such systems. Tse МIS-systems (Management Information Systems), yakі until the required moment of the hour in the "most convenient form" z urakhuvannya zagalnopriyatnym principle ekonomіchnosti give the necessary information for the manager about the minute, today and the future in the future until the situation Decision-systems. ), which are oriented towards intellectual security the processes of making a decision and setting the adopted decisions for the meta.

The principle of selective sharing of information transferring the systematization of information can be as follows:

the information is to blame for confirming the level of management, which is seen in the enlarged and narrowed when passing through the lower to the upper level;

information may confirm the nature of management and confirm the totality of management goals, that is. dermal level of control hopes for information that allows the control of all functions of the control process. For example, at the stage of analysis, not only in-line, but also past forecast data are shown, the alignment of actual values with the planned ones is shown, and the causes of significant changes are shown.

Technologies for marketing A comprehensive analysis of information flows in marketing will require an analysis of large arrays of commercial and statistical data. Marketing information technology - a set of procedures and methods, recognized for the organization of promising and in-line marketing results.

Submit information systems. The transformation of the tax system caused the need for modification, and sometimes the cardinal refurbishment of advanced information technologies. Since the tax system of modern Russia has no analogues, then the critical problems of informatization of the activity of tax services have led to the development of foreign software and mathematical products. Therefore, for the implementation of the official tax-paying policy and the creation of effective technologies for collecting and processing the necessary information, such a policy, even if it is a promising one, is doomed to failure. The ideologists of reforms, who use the path of a fair distribution of tax incentives to stimulate the accumulation of capital, must clearly imagine the possibility of HIT.

Among the main directions in the concept of informatization of the tax system, you can see:

creation of a single integrated information and analytical system recognized as a service to tax services;

rozrobku modern kommunikatsiynoi measure, scho secure information exchange as the middle of the system, and from outside objects;

preparation of cedars for a new information medium.

As the main principles of informatization of tax-paying services, they are proponed:

complexity and systemic informatization, її subordering of the rozv'yazannyu zavdan, what to stand before the tax service in the givens often for the future;

activity in the security of information needs of coristuvachs;

the gradualness and advancement of the carried out informatization;

rozpodіlenіst zberіgannya that obrobki іnformatsії;

the sum of zagalnosistemnyh and spetsializovanyh bank data on input, output and basic tasks;

nadannya koristuvachevi zmanoy access to information in the boundaries of yogic competence; one-time input of information and bagatarase, bagatocillove її voucher; ensuring the necessary confidentiality of information

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

Placed on http://www.allbest.ru/

MINISTRY OF STUDIES AND SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

"KHARKIV POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE"

DEPARTMENT "INFORMATION SYSTEMS"

on the topic: "Technical data processing"

from the course "Informatics"

Vikonav: 1st year student, group: Ek50A

Gorbachenko Olena Dmitrivna

Perevіriv: Associate Professor of the Department СІ

Tkachenko V.O.

Kharkiv 2010

Entry

For computer science, a computer is a tool for working with information, and an object of learning. You know, like a computer of power, you can help a robot to help you, for which software you can work.

From long ago, people jumped to lighten their work. From this method, different machines and mechanisms were created that strengthen the physical ability of people. The computer of finding faults in the middle of the XX century has increased the possibilities of a romatic robot and a person, i.e. a robot with information.

For its recognition, the computer is a universal technical zasib for robotic people with information. I will arrange a computer behind the principles - the same model of a person, as a practice for information.

More than 50 years have passed since then, when the first electronic counting machine appeared. During this short period, the number of generations of numbered cars has changed for the development of the suspіlstva, and the first number of cars have been changed, and the first EOM today is a museum rіdkіst. The very history of the development of numerical technology becomes of considerable interest, showing the close relationship between mathematics and physics modern technology, We are equal to the development of such richness in which the progress in the selection of methods of calculation technique is determined.

1. History of computer development

1.1 The first generation of EOM (1948 - 1958)

The elemental base of machines of this generation was electronic lamps - diodes and triodies. The cars were assigned to the cherry-picking of awkward scientific and technical tasks. Up to the next generation of EOM can be carried: MESM, BESM-1, M-1, M-2, M-Z, "Strela", "Minsk-1", "Ural-1", "Ural-2", "Ural- 3", M-20, "Setun", BESM-2, "Razdan". They stink of little significant expansions, lived for great fatigue, little fortitude of robots and weak software security. The swedcode did not exceed 2-3 thousand operations per second, operational memory-2K or 2048 machine words (1K=1024) up to 48 double characters. implementation of the main logical principles of stimulating electronic computing machines and the concepts of John von Neumann, that the EOM works on the program, which is entered into memory, and the data (numbers).

computer keyboard monitor misha

1.2 Another generation of EOM (1959-1967)

The elemental base of the machines of this generation was equipped with napіvprovіdnikovі fittings. The machines were assigned to various labor-intensive scientific and technical tasks, and to manage the technological processes in the manufacturing industry. The appearance of conductor elements in electronic circuits has significantly increased the capacity of operational memory, reliability and SWIDCODE of the EOM. The roses have changed, the weight of that tightness has been relieved. With the advent of machines of another generation, the scope of electronic computing technology has significantly expanded, leading to the development of software.

Specialized machines also appeared, for example, EOM for the implementation of economic tasks, turning by manufacturing processes, transmission systems, etc.

1.3 The third generation of EOM (1968-13-973)

The elemental base of the EOM is small integrated circuits (MIS). The machines were assigned for a wide selection at various fields of science and technology (carrying out surveys, managing virobnitstv, ruhomimi objects, etc.). Zavdyaki integrated circuits were able to improve the technical and operational characteristics of the EOM. For example, machines of the third generation, equal to machines of another generation, may have more operational memory, increased speed, increased surplus, and reduced pressure, occupied area, and the mass has changed.

1.4 Fourth generation of EOM (1974-1982)

The elemental base of the EOM is the large integrated circuit (BIC). The machines were assigned for a sharp increase in the productivity of work in science, manufacturing, management, health protection, and service. A high level of integration helps to increase the width of the layout of electronic equipment, increase the reliability, which leads to an increase in the SWID code of the EOM and a decrease in the vartost. All this is directly connected to the logical structure (architecture) of the EOM and software security.

1.5 Five generations

90s; EOM with a wealth of dozens of parallel microprocessors that allow efficient knowledge processing systems; EOM on overfolding microprocessors with a parallel-vector structure, which chirp dozens of the last program commands at once;

The next generation is coming; optoelectronic EOM with massive parallelism and neutron structure - with a divided array of a great number (tens of thousands) of clumsy microprocessors that model the architecture of neutron biological systems.

2. Classification of EOM

According to the recognition of EOM, it can be divided into three groups: universal (general recognition), problem-oriented and specialization.

Universal EOM is recognized for the implementation of the most advanced engineering and technical tasks: economic, mathematical, informational and other tasks, which are based on the complexity of algorithms and the great obligation to obtain data. The stench is widely vikoristovuyutsya in the centers of collective corystuvannya and other straining obschislyuvalnye complexes.

Characteristic rices of universal EOM є:

high productivity;

variability of forms of data collection: double, decimal, symbolic, with a great range of their changes and the high level of their tribute;

the nomenclature of victorious operations is great, such as arithmetic, logical, and special;

large capacity of operational memory;

the organization of the system of input and output of information has been sanctioned, which ensures the connection of various types of outbuildings.

Problem-oriented EOM to serve on the top of a large number of zavdan, po'yazanih, zvuchchay, s management of technological objects; registration, the accumulation of such a small collection of data; vikonannyam rozrahunkіv schodo vydnosno clumsy algorithmіv; stench can be interchanged with universal hardware and software resources.

Prior to the problem-oriented EOM, one can see, zocrema, various control and calculation complexes.

The specializations of EOM are victorious for the implementation of the high-level stake of the manager or the implementation of the singing group of functions. Such a university orientation of EOM allows to clearly specialize its structure, to significantly reduce its folding and versatility while saving high productivity and reliability of its work.

Prior to the specialization of the EOM, it is possible to carry, for example, the programming of microprocessors special recognition; adapters and controllers logical functions management of okremi clumsy technical outbuildings and the use of robots and vuzlіv billing systems. Such computers also lie, for example, on-board computers of cars, ships, aircraft, space vehicles. On-board computers manage the methods of orientation and navigation, control the installation of on-board systems, perform functions of automatic navigation and communication, as well as more functions of optimizing the parameters of the work of the object (for example, optimizing the specifics of the mind blowing). Specialized mini-EOM, oriented to work with graphics, are called graphic stations. Specialized computers, which combine the computers of the enterprise in one measure, are called file servers. Computers, which ensure the transfer of information between different participants of the all-world computer network, are called network servers.

At rich vipadkah іz zavdannymi spetsializovanyh computer systems can cope universal computers But it is important that the choice of special systems is still more effective. The criterion for evaluating efficiency is to increase the productivity of the possession to the value of 100 percent.

According to the dimensions and functional possibilities, the EOM can be divided into oversized, large, small, oversized (microEOM).

The functional capabilities of the EOM provide the most important technical and operational characteristics:

shvidkodiya, which are moderated by a moderate number of operations, which are beaten by a machine in one hour;

razryadnіst and forms of submission of numbers, with yakim operating EOM;

nomenclature, capacity and code of all outbuildings, what to remember;

nomenclature and technical and economic characteristics of outbuildings, savings, exchange and input and output of information;

type and throughput of the building of the building of the connection and connection of the connection of the EOM between itself (internal machine interface);

zdatnіst EOM one hour pratsyuvati z dekіlkom koristuvachami and vikonuvati one hour kіlka programs (bagatoprogramnіst);

types and technical and operational characteristics of operating systems that are victorious in machines;

presence and functionality of software;

zdatnіst vykonuvati programs, іnshih іnshі types іv EOM (programmatic koїsnіst koїtsya z іnshimi types Іom);

system and structure of machine instructions;

the possibility of connecting to the channels of the connection and the counting measure;

operational reliability of EOM;

coeficient of the coryne whiskey of the EOM at the hour, which is determined by the time cordless roboti that time of prevention.

Scheme of classification of EOM, depending on their calculation of tightness and dimensions

Historically, the first were the great EOMs, the elemental base of which went through the path from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits with a higher level of integration. The first is great JOM ENIAK was created in 1946. The machine is small, weighing over 50 tons, with a code of hundreds of operations per second, operative memory of 20 numbers; occupied a majestic hall with an area of 100 square meters.

The productivity of high EOMs turned out to be insufficiently low: weather forecasting, control of folding defense complexes, modeling of environmental systems and others. Tse rethinking the development of that creation of supercomputers, the most advanced computational systems, are intensively developing at the hour.

The appearance in the 70s of the small EOMs was, on the one hand, the progress in the sphere of the electronic elemental base, on the other hand, the overworld resources of the great EOMs for low supplements. Malі EOM vikorivuyutsya most often keruvati technological processes. They are more compact and much cheaper for large EOM.

Further successes in the field of elemental base and architectural solutions have led to the vindication of the supermini-EOM - a counting machine, which can be considered as architecture, expanding that vartosity to the class of small EOM, and for productivity it can be compared with the great EOM.

Vinahid in 1969, the microprocessor brought about another EOM class, the microEOM, before the appearance in the 70s. The very presence of the microprocessor served as the primary sign of the microEOM. Today, microprocessors will be stationed in the current EOM classes.

Supercomputers are the most valuable for the code and productivity of the calculation machine. Before superEOM one can see "Cray" and "IBM SP2" (USA). They are victorious for the accomplishment of large-scale calculation tasks and modeling, for complex calculations in aerodynamics, meteorology, high energy physics, and also for the financial sphere.

Great machines and mainframes (Mainframe). Mainframes are victorious in the financial sector, the defense complex, and are recruited for the staffing of domestic, territorial and regional accounting centers.

The middle EOM of a wide range of vikory is made by folding technological processes.

Mini-EOM spramovavani vykoristannya like managing billing complexes, like merezhevyh servers.

Micro-EOM - all computers, in which the central processor is replaced by a microprocessor. Before them, one can see the introduction of micro-EOM (the provision of various equipment, equipment or accessories) and personal computers PC.

Modern personal computers may have their own characteristics, like and min-EOM in the last decade. On the basis of this class of EOM, automated work stations (AWS) for fakhivtsiv of various equals will be developed, which will be collected as a collection of information processing in information systems.

To personal computers one can see the floor and portable PCs.

Before portable EOMs, there are Notebooks (notebook or notepad) and small personal computers (Personal Computers Handheld - Handheld PC, Personal Digital Assistants - PDA and Palmtop).

3 EOM architecture

The classical principles of evoking the architecture of EOM were introduced into the works of J. von Neumann, G. Goldsteig and A. Burks in 1946, as "the principles of von Neumann". The authors defiantly demonstrated the advantages double system for the technical implementation of the arithmetic, that simplicity is achieved in nіy arithmetic and logical operations. EOM began to process and non-numerical visual information - textual, graphic, audio and other, and double coding of data, as before, to become information base be some modern computer

3.1 The principle of the program to be saved

From the beginning, the program was set by a way to install jumpers on a special switching panel. It was more than a laborious job. Neiman was the first to guess that the program can also be saved from looking at zeros and ones, moreover, in your own memory, that the numbers that are processed by it. The existence of a principled difference between the program and the data gave the opportunity for the EOM to form the program for itself properly until the results are calculated

Von Neumann, as if hanging on the main principles of the logical arrangement of the EOM, and having propagated the її structure (see Fig. 1), as if it was carried out by stretching the first two generations of the EOM.

Attachment control (CU) and arithmetic-logical attachment (ALU) in modern computers are combined into one block - the processor, which transforms information, which comes from memory and oznishnіh attachments.

Memory (memory) stores information (data) and programs. The memory attachment for modern computers is "large-tiered" and includes the operational memory attachment (OZP) and the current storage attachment (VZP)

RAM is attached, which stores that information, with which the computer works without interruption at a given hour (a program has been released, some of the data necessary for it, some of the necessary programs). VZU-attachment is rich in more capacity, lower RAM, and a little more.

3.2 The principle of consecutive vikonannya operations

Structurally, the main memory is composed of numbered centers. The processor at a certain moment of the hour is available to be-yak komіrka. Zvіdsi can give names to areas of memory, those so that, until forgotten, for some values, it would be possible to change them in the process of victoring the program with the help of assigning names.

4. Attach PC and yogo characteristics

Computers are called personal computers, on which you can spend more than one koristuvach at a time. Personal computers can only have one job.

Under the term "configuration" of the computer, a list of attachments that can be entered into the warehouse.

Vіdpovіdno to the principle of vіdkritoї arkhіtektury hardware security of computers can be even more different. Ale, be it a personal computer, maє obov'yazkovy and dodatkovy set of attachments.

Obov'yazkovy set of attachments:

The monitor is an attachment for displaying textual and graphic information.

The keyboard is an attachment for entering textual information.

The system block is an association of a large number of different computer attachments.

4.1 System unit

The system block is the top block of the computer. Blocks are connected to the new one, ranks of ovnishnimi or peripheral outbuildings. The system block has the main electronic components of the computer. PC of impulses based on HBIS (super-large integrated circuits), and may be all stinks are in the middle system unit, on special boards (the board is a plastic plate, on which the electronic components are attached to each other - HBIC, microcircuits and other.). The most important computer board is the system board. It contains a central processor, a spin processor, an operational attachment - RAM and sockets for connecting the controller boards of external attachments.

The system block has:

· The block of living - attachments, which transforms the changing voltage of electrical circuits into a constant voltage of different polarity, that value, which is necessary for the living of the system payment and internal outbuildings. The block of life is replaced by a fan, which creates circulating air flows to cool the system unit.

System board (motherboard);

trunk (system bus);

· Processor;

a sound card

· Video card (graphic card);

· Storage on hard magnetic disks;

· Storage on flexible magnetic disks;

· Optical, magneto-optical and accumulative;

· Nakopichuvach CD-ROM, DVD-ROM;

4.2 Monitor

The monitor is one of the main universal tools for viewing information that shows how to run the computer at the moment. The monitor is connected to the video card installed on the computer.

Monitors are available with different tubes - 14 to 21 inches. Wiring of the tube is carried out diagonally from the apex to the apex - it is not possible to extend it to the horizontal width. Shards of sound between the tubes are often attached to the monitor case, the diagonal of the screen is visible less than її rozmіr indications.

If you choose to prepare books or magazines before publication, or create large-scale armchairs and diagrams, then in which case you need a monitor with a size of 21 inches. Ale, as you are a great shorty, you will be satisfied with 15 or 17-inch monitors.

There can be regulators, buttons or combinations of others on the monitor control panel. In all monitors that have found the cream, the instructions for setting up are displayed on the screen. Adjustment parameters allow you to change the brightness, contrast and colorization of the image on the screen.

Deyaki monitors (of a more old-fashioned type) may have a speaker and a microphone, and sometimes a video camera for videoconferencing.

4.3 Keyboard

The keyboard is borrowed first from the hierarchy of buildings. For a new set of letters to the alphabet, numbers and mathematical signs, on the keyboard there are key keys, so tabulation and carriage rotation. Krym tsgogo, є klavіshi, pov'yazanі vykljuzanі z commands - for example, shifting the cursor across the screen, moving to the beginning of the document or the end of the document and vidalennya pardons. The main function of the keyboard is to enter numeric and text information. The keyboard has a different color and shape, but independently from the outside it generates a standard set of digital codes, which are recognized by the computer. The keyboard is folded from a microprocessor, as well as 104 keys and 3 informational modes and a light indicator in the right. upper codend. The cable provides power to the computer and directs it to the keyboard. Contact the skin key with the microprocessor so that the skin key can be easily identified. When pressing the button, there is a breath in the electric pot. The microprocessor sends a code to the computer, ranks the code of the keyboard. Vіn also signifies, if two keys are pressed at the same time, like a different Shift for other great letters. In cheap keyboards, contacts under the key make sandwiches on a flexible membrane. The stench goes out of tune faster for expensive models, in some kind of mechanical jumpers for skin keys. The retail field is also in the form of robots and noise.

Standard keyboards may have a QWERTY layout (the name looks like the first six English letters in the top row) and there are offensive types: brudovidshtovhuvalny and vodovidshtovhuvalny; ergonomic, keyboards for children and infrared, as they do not require a cable connection.

4.4 Porty

Peripheral attachments for input/output are connected to ports. The ports' sockets ring directly on the system board and hang on the back of the computer. Ports interoperate with the chipset bridge, it is also a possible option, if the porters are serviced by a special SuperlO chip, which, in their line, interoperates with the pneumatic bridge. Ports are called interfaces. On the rear panel of the computer, you can see the roses of the forward ports (interfaces).

Last port (COM). Presence in computers is already more than two dozen years, but in the rest of the hour it does not stop very often. There were two last ports of COMI and COM2 in the computers, however, in some modern boards, there is only one for COMI, and in some new boards, the last port is daily, as old.

Parallel port (LPT). Up to the new ones are added some models of printers, scanners and other attachments. The standard parallel port may not be higher than the swidcode, which is why it is possible to speed up the operation modes of ECP or EPP. This port is also old and can be used on some new boards.

Game port. Joysticks, kerma and other gaming manipulators are connected to the new one. On computers, this port is not available, and modern gaming devices are connected for additional USB.

PS/2 port. Most computers have two specialized ports: the first one is for connecting the keyboard, the other is for the mouse. If not, then the keyboard and the mouse should be connected to the USB socket.

USB. The most popular interface for the most demanding peripherals. On the back panel, sound є vyd 2 to 8 USB plugs, moreover, sprats of roses can be present on the front panel of the computer

IEEE 1394 (FireWire). High end port for digital video applications. The non-skin motherboard complies with IEEE 1394, which requires an additional controller to work with digital video.

Retailing the sound adapter. The skin system board is equipped with a sound adapter, and on the rear panel you can hear a socket for connecting speakers, a microphone and other audio devices. In the rest of the hour, more and more often you can use rich high-quality sound adapters (HD Audio), as well as new types of sockets: optical and coaxial.

VGA. For connecting a monitor. For the presence of an integrated video adapter, this rose will be present on the back wall of the system board.

4.5 Misha

Misha's computer is not similar to his namesake, but the name was somehow attached to her. The main task of the mouse is to move the cursor around the screen with your hand.

Usі mishі pratsyut mayzhe however. The bag in the middle of the mouse is about the rollers. At the end of the skin roller there is a disk and a sensor for detecting movement. The wrapper is also transferred to two plastic shafts, the positions of which are read with great accuracy by infrared optocouplers (that is, by pairs of "light-and-prominuvach-photodetector"). One video rotates for an hour, turn to the right, and the other one - for an hour, turn back and forward. Numbers are fixed in the instructions of the screen indicator.

Most of the mice are opto-mechanical. Ale іsnuyu povnіstyu mekhanіchnі і optical varianty. The mechanical parts of the mouse are a steel bag covered with gum and two (or more) rollers. The rollers are operated with optical detectors that mark the lines horizontally and vertically. Additional rollers are needed to stabilize the work of the bag - to make it more smooth. Under the hour of the rush, the rollers fix the degree, the speed, and straight ahead. The data is loaded onto the computer. Koristuvach presses one of the keys of the mouse. the signal is sent to the operating system and it informs the software that the key has been pressed. After which software is taken care of.

There are three ways to connect a mouse to a computer. Most mice are connected to the PS / 2 port, which are equipped with modern computers. On older computers, mice are connected to the last port. Active mice are connected via a USB port (in this way, laser bears are connected to the computer). Only new computers can make such a port.

Razdіlna zdatnіst mice sound become close to 600 dpi (dot per inch - dot per inch). This means that when the mouse moves 1 inch (2.54 cm), the mouse indicator on the screen moves 600 pixels.

Mishі zvіchay mâyut dvі control buttons, yakі vikoristovuyutsya when working with a graphical program interface. At the given hour, bears appeared with an additional collar, as if roztashovuetsya between buttons. It is suitable for scrolling up or down images, texts or Web pages that do not fit on the screen.

Modern models of mice are often droto-free - they are connected to the computer without the help of a cable for the help of great batteries.

AT portable computers instead of the mouse, the touchpad touchpad (like the English word TouchPad), like a panel of a rectangular shape, is sensitive to the movement of a finger and pressed with a finger. Movement of the finger along the surface touch panel changes to move the cursor on the monitor screen. Pressing on the surface of the touch panel is equivalent to pressing the mouse button.

5. Structural diagram and attachments of PC

The main attachment of the PC is the motherboard, which determines its configuration. All PC attachments are connected to the payment for additional roses, roztashovanih on this payment. Construction of all outbuildings single system take care of the additional system backbone (tire), which is the data transmission lines, the address of that management.

The PC core is made up of a processor (central microprocessor) and main memory, which is made up of operational memory and permanent memory (ROM) or a reprogrammed permanent memory of PROM. ROM is assigned to record that permanent data collection.

Connection of all external attachments: keyboard, monitor, external RFP, mouse, printer, etc. secure through controllers, adapters, cards.

Controllers, adapters and cards can use their processor and memory, tobto. are a special processor.

Microprocessor .

The central microprocessor (a small microcircuit that controls all the processing and processing of information) is the core of the PC. Computers of the IBM PC type have Intel microprocessors and microprocessors of other companies combined with them.

Microprocessor components:

· ALU vikonu logical and arithmetic operations

· Attachment management manages all PC attachments

· Register vikoristovuyutsya to save data that address

· Scheme of bus and ports management – zdijsnyu podgotovka pіstroїv before the exchange of data between the microprocessor and the port of introduction - vyvedennya, as well as managing the address bus and management.

The main characteristics of the processor:

· Razryadnist - the number of two rows, which are completed at the same time when one team wins. Most current processors are 32-bit processors, but 64-bit processors are also available.

· Clock frequency - the number of cycles of robots will be built in one hour. Chim is more clock frequency, Tim is more productivity.

· Availability of a math sp_vprotsesora

· Presentation and expansion of cache memory.

· Working memory

Operational attachment (RAM or RAM) - a memory area, recognized for storing information by stretching one session with a computer. Structurally, RAM is designed as an integrated microcircuit.

From there, the processor reads the program and input data for processing in its register, and records the results in it. The name "operational" took away the memory of the one who does it even more quickly, as a result, the processor does not have to check for an hour of reading, or write data for a riddle.

Prote svidkodiya RAM is lower than svidkodії registers of the processor, to that before vykonannym commands the processor rewrites data from the RAM registers. Following the principle of dividing dynamic memory and static memory.

Centers of dynamic memory are microcapacitors, which accumulate charge on their plates. Centers of static memory are triggers, which can be in two stable camps.

The main parameters that characterize the RAM are the capacity of that hour to memory. RAM type DDR SDRAM (synchronous memory with floating data transfer) is considered the most promising for PCs.

Cache memory

Computer must be secured swedish access to operational memory, otherwise the microprocessor is idle, and the computer's firmware is changed. Therefore, modern computers are equipped with cache memory or super-operational memory.

For the presence of the cache memory, the data from the RAM are rewritten first to it, and then to the processor register. When you re-apply to memory, the request for necessary data from the Cash-memory and the necessary data from the Cash-memory are transferred to the register, which is subject to the security code.

Controllers

Only the information that is stored in RAM is available to the processing processor. Therefore, it is necessary that his operational memory knew the program and data.

At the PC, information from external outbuildings (keyboards, hard drive etc.) is transferred to the RAM, and information (program results) from the RAM is also displayed outside the device (monitor, hard drive, printer, etc.).

In this rank, the computer is to blame for the exchange of information (introduction-visitation) between the operational memory and the existing outbuildings. Attachments, like zdijsnyuyut exchange of information between operational memory and zvnishnіmi outbuildings, are called controllers or adapters, and other cards. Controllers, adapters and cards can use their processor and memory, tobto. are a special processor.

Controllers or adapters (schemes that control external computer attachments) are located on the same boards, which can be inserted into unified roses (slots) on the motherboard

System highway.

The system backbone (bus) is a set of wires and roses, which ensures the integration of all PC attachments in a single system and that interaction.

For connecting controllers or adapters to modern PCs, such slots as PCI can be used. PCI-E Express slots for connecting new add-ons to a larger Swiss data bus. AGP slots are recognized for connecting a video adapter

For connecting storage devices (hard disks and CDs), IDE and SCSI interfaces are used. Interface - tsukupnіst zasobіv z'єdnannya that zv'yazku pristroїv computer'yu.

Peripheral attachments (printers, mice, scanners, etc.) are connected through special interfaces, which are called ports. Ports are installed on the rear wall of the system unit.

Slots (pins) for PC configuration extensions are designed for connecting additional devices to the main bus of this computer. To the main expansion boards, recognized for connection to the bus of additional attachments, one can see:

· Video adapters (video cards)

Sound pay

Internal modems

Merezhnі adapters (for connecting up to local lines)

· SCSI - adapters

Zovnishnya memory. Classification of accumulators

To save the program data from the PC, the accumulators are collected different types. Accumulators - tse attachments for recording and reading information from other sources of information. They separate the accumulated zminnym and vbudovanym noses.

According to the type of carrying information, accumulators are divided into accumulators on magnetic lines and disk accumulators. Before accumulating on magnetic lines, there are streamers and other. The broader class of accumulators is folded by disk accumulators.

According to the method of recording and reading information on a portable disk, the accumulators are divided into magnetic, optical and magneto-optical.

Before disk accumulators can be seen:

· Storage on floppy disks;

· Accumulation on permanent hard disks (winchester);

· Accumulation on replacement hard disks;

· Storage on magneto-optical disks;

· Storage on optical discs (CD-R CD-RW CD-ROM) with one-time recording i

· Accumulating on optical DVDs (DVD-R DVD-RW DVD-ROM and in)

Appendices

Peripheral attachments - all attachments that are connected to PC controllers and expand their functionality

For recognition of addendums, they are subdivided into:

· add-on input (trackballs, joysticks, light sources, scanners, digital cameras, digitalizers)

· outbuildings for display (plotters or graphobudivniki)
storage attachments (streamers, zip storage devices, magneto-optical storage devices, HiFD storage devices etc.)

Attach exchange (modems)

6. Submission of information in the computer, the only information available

The EOM has a dual number system, tobto. all numbers in the computer are represented by additional zeros and 1, so the computer can process more information, given in digital form.

For converting numerical, textual, graphic, sound information to digital, it is necessary to stop coding. Coding is the transformation of data of one type through data of another type. The system is stagnant in the EOM double coding, is based on the data presented by a sequence of two characters: 1 and 0, which are called binary digits (binary digit - short bit).
Otzhe, the unity of information in the computer is one bit, that is. double row, which can be 0 or 1. The last bits add up bytes. In one byte, you can encode the value of one character out of 256 possible ones (256 = 2 at stage 8). The largest unit of information is a kilobyte (KB), equal to 1024 bytes (1024 = 2 steps 10). There are more data in the world: megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte (1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB).

The numbers of the number are encoded with a two-coded code, it is easy to complete (by way of the number by two). For coding non-numerical information, an advanced algorithm is used: all possible values of information that are encoded are numbered and qi numbers are encoded after the double code.

For example, for the presentation of textual information, a symbol numbering table or a symbol encoding table is used, where a number (serial number) is given to the skin symbol. Vіsіm double rows can encode 256 different symbols.

The main ASCII standard (8-digit coding system) contains two coding tables - the base one and the extension. The first table contains 128 basic symbols, the other table has 128 extended symbols.

If the standard does not include symbols of national alphabets in other countries, then the skin borders of 128 extension character codes are replaced by symbols of the national alphabet. In Denmark, an impersonal character coding table is used, in which 128 codes of extended characters are replaced by symbols of the national alphabet.

So, for example, the coding of symbols in the Russian movie Widows-1251 is designed for computers, as they work under Windows OS. Another coding for Russian movies is tse KOI - 8, as it is also widely played in computer networks of that Russian sector of the Internet.

At present, the UNICODE universal system is used, based on a 16-bit character encoding. This 16-bit system provides universal code for 65536 different characters, that is. symbols of the greater country of the world can be placed at this table.

For coding graphic data, for example, the coding method is used as a raster. The coordinates of the points of that power are described with the help of integer numbers, as they are encoded with the help of the double code. So black and white graphic objects can be described by a combination of dots with 256 gradations of gray color, tobto. for koduvannya yaskravostі be-yakoy point enough 8-digit dvіykovogo number.

The mode of representation of color graphics in the RGB system from 24 grades (8 rows for the skin three main colors) is called all-color. For the full color mode in the CMYK system, you need 32 grades (chotiri colors for 8 grades).

Visnovki

The history of PC development consists of 5 stages:

· The first generation of EOM (1948-1958)

Another generation of EOM (1959-1967)

· Third generation of EOM (1968-1973)

Fourth generation of EOM (1974-1982)

· Five generations of EOM

The skin of the next generation of EOM may be compared with the previous ones best features. So, the productivity of EOM and the capacity of all attachments increase, as a rule, by an order of magnitude more.

The development of the PC called for more swedish ta the easy way processing of information. Computers have become accessible to skin people, not just skin people. The work of all versions of the service has become easier.

PC add-ons:

System block

· Keyboard

Monitor

At our hour, before the addition of a PC, there are also speakers (for sound), a printer, a scanner, webcams and more.

List of victorious literature

1. Ugrinovich N. D. Workshop on informatics and information technologies. - Binom.Laboratory of knowledge, 2004 - 106 pages.

2. Tsvetkova A.V. Informatics and information technologies, 2008 - 228 pages.

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Characteristics of information. Converting the number from the double system to ten, sixteen and seven. Methods for assessing the quantity of information. Technical data processing. The principle of work, the history of the winemaking of an inkjet printer.

control of the robot, additions 10/22/2012

Classification of personal computers (PC) according to the level of specialization, processor architecture and other. The main structural elements of a PC: system unit, monitor, mouse, keyboard, outdoor extensions. Additional attachments that are connected to the computer.

presentation, donation 11.07.2017

See the information from which modern computers work. The concept of "information": in physics, in biology, in cybernetics. Submission of information. Coding and transmission channels of information. Local computer networks. Saving information from files.

control of the robot, additions 01/13/2008

Information security, її tsіlі that zavdannya. Channels for the flow of information. Software and technical methods and protection of information from unauthorized access. Threat model for the security of information that is processed on the objects of enumeration technology.

thesis work, donation 19.02.2017

Components of a personal computer: living block, motherboard, processor attachments, RAM, video sound card, merezhnoy adapter and hard disc. Know the information. Monitor, keyboard and mouse. Peripheral outbuildings.

The complex of technical zasobiv v obrobki іnformatsії - tsukupnіst autonomous outbuildings for the collection, accumulation, transmission, processing and submission of information, as well as zabіv office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. To the complex of technical zasobіv, there is a low power:

Safe execution of the task with minimal vitrates, the necessary accuracy and reliability;

Mozhlivist tekhnіchnі ї sovіsnostі pristroїv, їkhnya aggregativnіst;

Security of high arrogance;

Minimum window dressing for the dressing room.

A wide range of technical tools for processing information is produced by foreign and foreign trades, which are supported by the elemental base, constructive vicons, different types of information, and operational characteristics.

Techniques for processing information are divided into large groups. The main and additional tasks of processing (Fig. 12). Additional information- tse possession, which secures the work of the main benefits, as well as the possession, which makes it easier to make the management work comfortable. Before additional information processing, office equipment and repair and preventive maintenance are included. Office equipment is represented by a wide range of items, including stationery, to delivery, replication, storage, request and reduction of basic data, administrative and typing calls, and so on, to work with the robot handy and comfortable.

Rice. 12. Classification of technical methods for processing information

Main features of informatization- tse znaryaddya pratsi z automated processing of information. Apparently, for the management of these and other processes, a single managerial information is necessary, which characterizes the state of the parameters of technological processes, kіlkіsnі, varіtіsnі and labor indicators of virobnitstva, postachannya, zbutu, financial activity. Prior to the main technical processing, the following are noted: registration and collection of information, receipt and transmission of data, preparation of data, introduction, processing of information and information processing.

The possession of primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. That is why there is a wide demand for extensions for mechanized and automated vimir, collection and registration of data. The nomenclature of these benefits is already great. Before them you can see: electronic cars, various smart phones, scoreboards, vitratomists, cash registers, machines for banknotes, ATMs and a lot of other things. And also different registrars of variance, recognized for registration and fixation of statements about government operations on machine wear.

Make sure to receive that transmission of information. Under the transfer of information, the process of transferring data (reconciliation) from one building to the next is understood.

The preparation of data is represented by attachments for the preparation of information on machine noses, and by attachments for transferring information to documents on noses.

Input boxes serve to spy data on machine data and input information on the computer system.

Costs of information processing play the most important role of a complex of technical tools for processing information. Up to the task of processing, you can bring computers, which are divided into four classes: micro-EOM, small (min) EOM, large and super-EOM.

Micro-EOM has two types: universal and special. I universal and specialized can be as well as re-insured on a rich coristuvachіv - potuzhnі EOM, possessed by dekilkom terminals and functional in the hourly mode (server), and odnokostuvalnye (robochі stantsії), yak specialize on one type of robot.

Malі EOM - pratsyyuyut at the regime at a short time and at the rich task regime, vіdryznyayutsya naіynіstyu and simplicity in exploitation.

Great EOM (mainfermies) are characterized by a great obsyagom of memory, high stamina to maturity and productivity, as well as high arrogance and arrogance of data; the possibility of connecting a large number of coristuvachs.

Super-EOM - no more expensive EOM with 40 billion operations per second.

The server is a computer, visions for the processing of requests from the available stations and providing these stations with access to system resources and sharing these resources. A universal server is called an addendum server. Hard servers can be brought up to small and large EOMs.

Make sure to display the information for displaying the results of the calculation, final data and programs on the machine's nose, druk, screen. Monitors, printers and plotters can be connected to the outbuildings. Monitor - tse attachments, appointments for the display of information, which should be entered by a shorthand from the keyboard or a computer. Printer - tse prystry vyvedennya paper carrying text and graphic information. The plotter is an attachment for the creation of an armchair and schemes of large formats on paper.

Office equipment- Nevid'emna part of the technical possession of any office. office organizational technique(office equipment) - tehnіchnі zasobi, scho zastosovyatsya for mechanіzії and avtomatizatsії administrіnskih і іnzhenerno-tekhnіchnih robіt. Insufficient zastosuvannya zasobіv office equipment lead to a decrease in productivity and efficiency of the work of managerial and technical staff. Under office equipment, it is necessary to understand the technical issues that are used in business for the creation of informational paper documents, their copying, reproduction, processing, saving, transportation, and the administration of administrative and managerial communications.

Take care of the folding and preparation of documents. Before them one can see Drukars' machines, organizing machines. Machines to write Not long ago, the indispensable view of the possession of the daedal is more visible with personal computers equipped with printers. Mechanical machines that write are the simplest and cheapest, but the most handy in robots. Elektrichni Drukarski Vimagayut VID Drukarki Minimalniy Zusil at the native Klavish I at the same time, forgetting the great Kilki Kopy - up to 12. Elektroni Drucarci cars, Volodіychi passengers of the Electrichny, Scho of the School of Automotive. The memory of electronic machines can be both internal (electronic, magnetic) and external (magnetic cards, strings, floppy disks). The memory collects various information: standard texts, templates, format document addresses. Drukovana іnformatsija also can be written down on a riddle for a further analysis that vicariance. Naturally, information that is remembered from memory can be edited, changed addresses, names, be it other fragments of texts. Electronic drukarski can mother display for front view on the screen and editing other information, can be connected to a computer for input-viewing the necessary information and editing texts for the help of modern computer editors. Stationery drukarska typewriters are floor-standing and importantly portable, among them are mechanical, electrical and electronic. Portable or road typewriters that write are mostly mechanical. Before special Drukarska typewriters, in the fallow of recognition, there are Drukarska typewriters with a font for blind people, typing-drukarska machines and automatic machines for preparing forms for long circulation, stenographic machines and prefixes for forming shorthand letters about people, flat-drukarska machines for such other forms applied writing on the armchair.

Organizational automation then registration of a complex of electromechanical and electronic attachments, recognized for the day of automation of the process of folding, editing and preparing text and spreadsheet documents. Organizing machines include swidcode and other attachments, various memory attachments, microprocessors and other control attachments, displays. The functional capacity of automatic machines is wider, lower in electronic typewriters, what to write. Slid especially arrogantly on the dotsilnosti zastosuvannya dictaphone equipment as an intermediate registration line of information when compiling typewritten documents. Statistics show that it is 2-3 times less to fold a document with an intermediate dictation of a text on a dictaphone and a distant friend from a dictaphone, lower when handwriting a distant friend from blacks. With great commitments of regular typing work in organizations, it is possible to set up a dictaphone-typing bureau.

Transportation of documents between service offices of a company, bank, library, or other organization can ask for help facilitating the transportation of documents ( vizkiv, conveyor, lift, pneumomail) . Lift conveyors (or pylons) are used for vertical movement of documents. According to the principle of dії stinks can be discrete and uninterrupted. Like elevators can move without interruption, even on these platforms (paddons) there are programs for automatic expansion and hoarding of vantage.

Pneumatic mail for the safe movement of documents through the pneumatic pipeline great swedishness and great vistas. A lot of pneumomails ensure the transfer of routes from different direct routes with automatic routing for a given program.

Take care of the processing of documents are used for addressing, marking, bundling and other operations on documents. Address machines are widely used for printing local fragments of texts in documents, most of them standard ones: client address, headings of accounts, statements, references to payment documents. The addresses of the machine are copied on documents or on labels for a further sticker of a fragment of text, which is quickly selected from a large number of texts, which are saved either in the memory of the machine, or in case of looking at other forms in the card file, stamps-templates, often inserted for ease of manual selection framework. In the addressing machine, there are special molds for flat, and sometimes high, other molds. Texts for others can also be downloaded from a computer.

Stamping machines (french machines) replacement of stamps on envelopes mail order pay the sum. When arranging for a lichnik of a frank car, sums of payments are accumulated, which are used to pay off. Such a postage stamp can be used in a short advertisement, name of the organization, address, telephone.

Stamp attachments (numerators) serve for stamping on short documents digital upgrade: numbers, indices, dates.

Laminators - machines for the protection of documents from vіd vologi, saw, olії and olії that vіd nedalogo zberіgannya with a path applied on the surface of the document of zakhisnogo pokrittya. The document is inserted into the machine, de vin is subjected to thermal processing, as a result of which a seal is applied to the document from two sides, or a sticky liner is simply glued to the surface of the document. Laminate additionally printed papers, goloshennya, lining of books and verses, menus and a lot of other documents.

Folding machines - attachments for different types of folding (folding) papers for a given format and neat folding. Folding machines vykonuyat usі standard vidi folding single sheet type, zigzag and іn.

Booklet machines for automatic folding and binding of brochures for additional metal violins. We issue simple hand-made and electrified sewing papers.

Listopіdbіrnі machines (kolatori) automatic for sorting (sorting) other leaves from blocks, for example, for further preparation of books, brochures.

Make copies and reproductions of documents are recognized for the operation of copying and reproducing documents (articles, voiceovers, advertising prospectuses) even more widely in business and other areas of labor and suspended activity. For the purpose of copying and reproducing documents, special technical documents are used. The days of the withdrawal of a small number of copies (up to 25 approx.) are mainly copied by means of copying documents (reprography), with a large circulation (more than 25 approx.) - by means of reproducing documents (operational and small polygraphy). Electrographic copying (electrophotographic, xerographic) is the most widely used copying method at this time. More than 70% of the light park of copying equipment is to establish electrographic copying equipment, for the help of which, over 50% of the copies are made, which are taken from the light.

Thermographic copying. The most efficient way of copying (dozens of meters per piece), which allows you to make a copy on a special copy on an expensive thermoset paper, or on a great paper, or through a thermocopy paper. Photographic copy. This way of copying is the most recent. Vіn secures the highest quality, but at the same time using expensive window materials and a trivial process. Electronic graphic copying. It is based on optical reading of documents (photodiodes transform the projected image of the document into electrical signals) and on electric spark registration of information on a special portable copy. Copies are most often made on electrophotovoltaics and on thermosetting paper. Copies on electrophotonics are the basis for further replication of documents using screen printing methods, and in the aspect of preparing high-quality screen printing forms of electronic graphic copying, it is efficient and widely used. Diazographic light copying - diazography, syncography. Zastosovuєtsya is important for copying large-format armchair-technical documentation. The original can be written on light penetrating paper, calcium. The process is shown in the original in the contact way on the light-sensitive diazo paper and on the paper, we make it light in the places, there is no image.

Before for operational polygraphy one can see hectographic, offset, stencil others. Hectographic friend. The principle of її foundations on the prepared druk form with a large supply of farbi, as if step by step it is distinguished by alcohol (the name is extended її - alcohol druk) and stained, transferred to copies. At the heart of offset printing lies the principle of the inconsistency of oli and water. Druk vykonuєtsya from a flat surface (form), trimmed in such a rank, so that the plots, the visual image that is applied, trimmed the farba on an oil basis and watered the water, and the grating on the surface trimmed the water and poured the farba. The drafted form is prepared on a credded paper with a path transferred to a new, for the help of a special copy paper, a mirror image of the document. Druk is etched on hectographs by laying paper on paper with alcohol and contact transferring a thin ball of farbi from a hand-shaped form onto the whole paper. With one other form, you can take 100-200 tickets. Hectographic druk zastosovuetsya for a small circulation of 25-250 copies. The drafted form is prepared on a metal (foil) or hydrophilic paper plate, on a drukar machine (printer) or on an electrographic or thermographic copy of a document, or on an obov'yazykovy vykoristannym of a fat barn. When rubbing on rotaprints, the farb accumulates on the plate, which sticks to the fatty cilia, and then by contact method through the intermediate elastic strap (offset drum) the farb is transferred to the paper for copying.

Stencil friend. Drukovana form - a stencil, vygotovlyaetsya on wax, gelatin or colloid paper paper or on a swimmer with a path punched in micro-openings on special machines or by the method of electron diffraction copying. The process of squeezing another farby through a stencil on machines, which are called rotators.

Electronic stencil druk. On a special note of merit, insanely, the most effective and most promising variant of operational printing on risographs, which remains within reach of digital electronics and essentially improves all the characteristics of a screen print. Risography is a completely new type of copying and replicating technology, the stench of traditional stencil work is combined with modern digital methods for preparing and processing electronic documents. By connecting a risograph to a computer through a parallel port, it can be used for quick collation, editing and reproduction of any printed materials.

Risograph was found and created in Japan in 1980, and on the cob of 1995, over 70% of Japanese schools were equipped with risographs; in Russia, the first risographs appeared in 1992, in 1995 the number of them exceeded 3000, and the main demand of the Russian market to establish, according to fahivtsiv, 200 thousand pieces. When preparing the matrix, the original document to be replicated is placed on the scanner. The scanner reads information, encodes and creates an output digital file. After the processing of a special bagattosharovoy master-smelter with a thermal head, a ceramic SIMM digital file, a working matrix is created to erase the image or the text, which is copied, looks like a micro-creation in the outer sphere of smelting. Then the working matrix oozes out with a special barn, which is covered with an internal ball of spitting, and victorious like a stencil for replicating a document. With one working matrix, you can take at least 4000 vidbitkiv good quality. All procedures are counted automatically. Risography is available in two configurations: roller and tablet. Tablet risography allows you to copy both color and stitching materials. Ale stink sound without automatic submission to the original. Risographies are provided with a designer tablet for decorating robots. For the help of this tablet without scissors and glue, you can mock up the original and make copies more beautifully, lower the original. In the original, placed on a tablet, you can use a special olive to indicate the fields that the changes are applied to, and for the skin field, specify the type of processing.

System for handling electronic documents- the price of adding the programs that allow you to effectively organize the procedures for collating, saving, manipulating and rewriting electronic documents. Creation of simple text documents you can vikonuvatisya on drukarskih machines different mind For the upcoming introduction of text from a paper document to a personal computer for an additional scanner. But, insanely, more efficiently, create simple documents without intermediary on personal computers with a wide arsenal of software tools, as well as secure efficient and highly efficient services. This service is more important when collapsing foldable high-quality documents that are designated for low circulation. The storage of such collapsible documents requires the use of procedures for typing, editing, proofreading, preparation of illustrations, layout and versioning of sides, and others.

Often, systems for scanning images, facsimile, e-mail, spreadsheets, graphics, and armchairs serve as uninterrupted sources of materials in documents. All document creation procedures can be effectively run on a personal computer equipped with a scanner and a set of problem-oriented applications. software products, for us in front of a text editing program or a floor viewing system. The scanner can be used as a shortcut for introducing into the document, except for prepared fragments, small prints, photographs, diagrams, seals, signatures.

System for storing electronic documents responsible for ensuring the efficient storage and updating of documents in the external memory of the EOM, as well as their efficient search and confidential access to them. A collection of specially organized information, secrets and electronic documents in the external memory of the EOM, and data bases. Manipulation of electronic documents. The main functions of this subsystem are: organization of work with electronic documents, control of document editing, electronic expansion, distribution and circulation.

Systems of administrative and managerial communication. The computer from an exhausting account is transformed into an exhaustive system for managing electronic documents and an exhaustive communication system. Deisno, according to various information-calculating measures, you can take notes from the most distant points of the whole world, exchange money and programs with hundreds and thousands of subscribers, take it out final information from the systems of operational services. The computer can be connected to the subscriber's telephone network and gain access to other subscribers in the network, electronic mail, teletypes and telefaxes, which are processed from the network.

For connection to all of them, you need a modem. The modem is installed in the slot (pin) of the motherboard of the personal computer, or it is connected autonomously to the serial port. A computer modem often has two different roses: one is selected for inclusion in telephone line, the other is for connecting in parallel to the modem of another phone. For the compilation of the Vikoristovati Khosokoshvidkіsnі modemi (14400, 28800 і 33600 BOD), more, more, Krim Inshogo, Istone, Vitrati on the Orellyv Stor, the Deniyaska Schwidkistu 300 Boda Blizko 28 less than 2 whilin.

Комп'ютер з факс-модемом працює набагато надійніше і стійкіше за телефакс, забезпечує багато додаткових сервісних послуг: істотно зручніша і ефективніша автоматизація підготовки текстів факсу з використанням всього арсеналу комп'ютерних засобів, інтеграція з електронною поштою, телексом і базою даних комп'ютера , the presence of a larger electronic documentary book, which can avenge the most misleading root information, the separation of access rights between callers and callers to fax, control of the passage of correspondence, detailed statistics of work with a fax. At the moment, computer keyboards are being released, from which you can directly dial the subscriber's phone number, as well as computers with a video camera and a microphone, which allow you not only to exchange faxes with a partner, but also to communicate with him.

Nutrition for self-verification

1. Describe the essentials of the AIS creation and its day.

2. Appreciate the understanding of the information model and help them.

3. Write the essence of the conceptual design of the AIS.

4. Write the essence of the logical alignment of the design of the AIS.

5. Write the essence of the physical level of the AIS project.

6. Describe the essence of the principles of AIC design of economic and mathematical nature.

7. Write the essence of the principles of designing AIC systemic character.

8. Describe the essence of the principles of AIC design of an organizational and technical nature.

9. Describe the essence of the private principles of AIS design.

10. Describe the essence of decomposition and the problems of AIC decomposition.

11. Designate a warehouse for the AIS system, describe the number and day of the day.

12. Understand the understanding of the integration of the AIS and describe the problems associated with the creation of the IAIS.

13. Understanding the complexity and adaptability of AIS.

14. Appreciate the understanding of the workstation. Describe your daily life on one of the appendices.

15. Design principles for the AWP interface.

16. Describe the classification of technical methods for processing informatization.

Main characteristics of PC modules

Personal computers are made up of the following main modules:

system unit

Living block
Motherboard
Processor
Memory

extension for displaying information (monitor)
add-on for entering information (keyboard, teddy bear)
save information

Let's take a look at the modules of the report

System block (case)

The case of the PC protects the internal elements of the PC from the outside.

Case includes: Housing unit, cables for connecting the motherboard, additional fans.

The number of entries can be used to expand the system.

Type of buildings.

Name	Dimensions, height / width / length (cm)	Tension b.p., W	Number of vidsikiv	additional characteristics
5,25	3,5
slim line	73545		1-2	1-2	Enriched with the possibility of expansion and modernization
Desktop	204545	200-250	2-3	1-2	Borrow a lot of money
mini tower	452045	200-250
Midi Tower	502045	200-250			Biggest Extensions
Big Tower	632045	250-350
File Server	733555	350-400			Naydorochchiy

Living block.

The block of zhivlennya viroblya raznі naprugi for vnutrіshnіh pristroїv that maternal payment. The term for the work of the block of life becomes 4-7 years, and it is possible to continue it with a few included and broken PCs.

There are three form-factors (types) of living blocks and types of motherboards.

AT - connected to two sockets on the motherboard. Vykoristovuvalis at PCs of old types. The implication of that vimikannya living in them is carried out by a great treadmill vimikach, which is carried out under an elastic tether.
ATX - 1 rose. Included behind the team s mat. pay. The ATX power supply unit is used for the offensive scheme: at t 0 to 35 0 C, the fan wraps around with a minimum speed and is practically not a little bit practical. If t 0 reaches 50 0 Z, the fan speed increases to the maximum value and does not decrease to the temperature change.

Motherboards to the ATX standard, as a rule, do not mix with AT standard life blocks. It is necessary that the body and the board are of the same type.

BTX - may 2 language components:

Thermal balance module, which directs fresh air directly to the processor heatsink.
Boost module, which is installed on the motherboard. The trimming module is designed to compensate for shocks and post-installation of the system, changing the distortion of the motherboard. Zavdyaki youmu far away to increase the maximum allowable weight of the processor heatsink from 450 to 900 grams. Before that, the configuration of the mother's payment was changed to the system unit. Now the best PC components are being sorted out by expensive flows again, increasing the CCD of case coolers.

"-" insufficiency with ATX, regardless of the mechanical and electrical insufficiency of the blocks of life (400 W, 120 mm fan).

What threatens the PC with the lack of pressure of the PSU?

At the time of the supra-world ambition, the PSU spratsyuє scheme zahistu, and the PSU simply does not start. For a larger view, the titles can be different, for example, even more summable for hard disks. Reduced HDD voltage is considered as a signal before turning on and the HDD starts to park the heads, which is read. If the voltage rises, the disc will reappear and begin to spin.

Also, there may be little-understood problems with robotic programs. An inaccurate BP in case of an emergency situation can lead to a mate. payment and video card.

Motherboard

@ Motherboard (system) board є the central part of any computer central processor, spivprocessor, inspectors, which secures the connection of the central processor with peripheral devices, operational memory, cache memory, BIOS element(Basic input/output system), battery for battery, quartz clock oscillatorі slots(roses) for connection of other outbuildings. All these modules are connected at once behind the auxiliary system bus, which, as we already know, is located on the motherboard.

The overall productivity of the mother's pay is no less clock frequency, ale i kіlkіstyu(distribution) of data, cultivation at one o'clock central processor, as well as razryadnistyu bus exchange of data between different outbuildings mother's pay.

The architecture of motherboards is gradually being improved: the functional capacity is increasing, the productivity is increasing. The presence on the motherboard of such devices as a dual-channel E-IDE HDD controller (hard drives), an FDD controller (floppy disks), a full parallel (LPT) and serial (COM) ports, as well as a serial infrared port has become a standard. .

@ Port - bagatorozryadny entrance or exit at the annex.

COM1, COM2-Sequential damage, as they transmit electrical impulses (information) one by one (scanner, bear). Hardware implemented for the help of 25-pin and 9-pin sockets, as shown on back panel system block.

LPT- the parallel port can increase the speed, the oscillators transmit 8 electrical impulses at the same time (connect the printer). The hardware is implemented at a 25-pin socket on the back panel of the system unit.

USB– (universal serial bus) secures a high-width connection to a PC at once for a number of peripheral devices (connect flash drives, webcams, external modems, HDD, etc.). This port is universal and building replacement of all other ports.

^ PS/2– special port for keyboard and mouse.

AGP– graphics port acceleration for monitor connection.

Shvidkodiya various components computer (processor, operative memory and controllers of peripheral devices) can be challenged.

^ For the convenience of the swedcode on the motherboard special microcircuits are installed(chipsets) that include the RAM controller (the so-called pіvnіchny mіst) and controller of peripheral devices ( pivdenny city).

The storage area ensures the exchange of information between the processor and the operational memory of the system backbone.

The processor has an internal multiplier frequency, so the frequency of the processor is higher, the frequency of the system bus is lower. On modern computers, the processor frequency can exceed the system bus frequency by a factor of ten (for example, the processor frequency is 1 GHz, and the bus frequency is 100 MHz).

Logical mother board scheme

The PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect bus) is connected to the pivnіchny bridge (Peripheral Component Interconnect bus - a bus for interfacing peripheral devices), as it ensures the exchange of information with the controllers of peripheral devices. (The controller frequency is less than the system bus frequency, for example, if the system bus frequency is set to 100 MHz, then the PCI bus frequency becomes twice as low - 33 MHz.) system map .

A special AGP bus is used to connect video payments(Accelerated Graphic Port - accelerated graphic port), connected with a pivnіchny bridge and maє frequency, the kіlka has a larger, lower PCI bus.

Processor

Have a hot temper @ understand with a processor attachment to carry out a set of operations on data presented in digital form (two code).

What is the cost of calculating the technique @ understand under the processor central processing unit (CPU), which can select, decode and decode commands, as well as transmit and receive information from other devices.

The number of companies that develop and manufacture processors for PCs is small. At this time, you can see: Intel, Cyrix, AMD, NexGen, Texas Instrument.

Structure and functions of the processor:

The structure of the processor can be represented as follows:

1 ) WU - cheruє all the course of the computational and logical process in the computer. This is the "brain" of the computer, which controls everything. The functions of the UU are used in order to read the devil's command, recognize it and connect the necessary electronic lances and attachments for the vikonann.

2) ALU- Zdіysnyuє without intermediary processing of data from dvіykovu code. ALU to win over the simplest set of simplest operations:

Arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /);
Logical operations(porivnyannya, reverberation of the mind);
Transition operations(From one area of operational memory to another).

3) Clock generator- Sets the rhythm for all operations in the processor by forcefully one impulse through equal intervals of an hour (tact). Win synchronizes with the PC robot.

@Tact - tse interval of an hour between the cobs of the supply of two last pulses of the clock frequency generator. GTS synchronizes the robot of the PC nodes.

^4) SpivProcessor– allows you to significantly speed up the computer robot with floating point numbers (talk about speech numbers, for example, 1.233 * 10 -5). Under an hour of work with texts, the processor does not win.

5) The current processor may have such a high speed of code that the information from the RAM cannot reach the new processor in a timely manner. No matter what, the processor will have a special microcircuit memory cache .

@ CACHE - Memory overlay is recognized for saving intermediate results. May volume 128-1024 Kb.

Crimea is assigned to the elemental base of the processor, there are special registers, so that they can take part in the processing commands without intermediary.

6) Register- Processor memory, but a number of special seredkіv, to remember.

Registry has two functions:

short-hour sberigannya number of chi teams;
vikonannya from them deyakyh operations.

The most important processor registers are:

number of commands - to serve for automatic selection of commands of the program from the last memory, the address of the command is taken from the new one;
command register - to serve as a command code saving.

The command by the processor breaks down into the following steps:

from the memory room, the address that is saved in the command list, the team is selected in the operational memory, (there is a command in the memory);
from the OP the command is transmitted from the control panel (command register);
add control to decode the address field of the command;
for signals I will add a keruvannya operands are selected from memory in ALU (near the register of operands);
UU deciphering the code of the operation, it is a signal to the ALU to vikonat the operation, as it is vikonuetsya at the adder;
the result of the operation is kept by the processor, or it is turned to RAM.

Memory

^ Classification of elements of memory.

File system

The order in which files are stored on the disk is determined by the different file system, which may affect the file allocation table, which in 2 examples is saved from the system area of the disk.

On the level of the physical disk under the file, there is a sequence of bytes. However, shards minimal unit per disk є sector then you can use the file to understand deaku sequence of sectors. Ale true file ce pov'azana sequence of clusters.

@ cluster – the number of total number of total sectors of the disk (from 1 to a number of tens).

It is traditionally accepted that the cluster and sector are the same, but the same is the case. The size of the cluster can be changed in the fallow in the capacity of the disk. The greater the capacity of the disk, the greater the size of the cluster. Cluster size can be changed from 512 bytes to 64 KB.

^ Clusters need to change the file allocation tables.

As if it were some sort of order to destroy the file allocation table, then, regardless of those given on the disk, the stench will not be available. At the link with the cym, 2 such tables are saved on the disk.

Clusters change the size of tables. But here is another problem. ^ Intervention disk space.

When writing a file to disk, the number of clusters will always be occupied.

For example, the file size is 1792 bytes, and the size of the cluster is 512 bytes. In order to save the file, we need 2 more sectors + 256 bytes from the third sector. In this way, the third sector is free to lose 256 bytes. (1792 = 3 * 512 +256); (512 * 4 = 2048)

^ Byte, what was left out in the fourth cluster cannot be found. It is important that in the average 0.5 clusters of wasted space fall on the skin file. spend up to 15% of the disk space. Tobto 2 GB busy month- 300 MB spent. In the world of distant files, it turns to the right.

The file allocation table was earlier used in the MS-DOS operating system and was called the FAT table (File Allocation Table).

^ Distinguishing the types of file allocation table (FAT).

Zagalna structure FAT



						Before

At the 34th cluster, the addresses of the 35th cluster are taken, at the 35th address of the 36th, at the 36th address of the 53rd, and so on. For 55 clusters, the file end sign is saved.

The file system is NTFS.

For the basis of the file NTFS systems bula taken file system Families of UNIX operating systems

There is an element to the file and two parts: the name of the file and the index descriptor.

The file is written to disk in the following order:

Є 13 blocks, so that the addresses of the blocks of these distributions can be written on the disk, from them:

11 - show block of indirect addressing from 256 blocks of data. Vykoristovuetsya at vipadkah, as if I write down the address of the blocks of data, the first 10 blocks were rejected, tobto. the file may be a great expansion.

12 - instructing the block of dependent indirect addressing (256 * 256), vikoristovuetsya only if the address of the blocks of data for the record did not reach the given month.

13 – addresses to the block of random addressing (256*256*256).

in such a manner, maximum file size maybe booty up to 16 GB.

Such a mechanism gives great protection to the data. Whereas FAT can simply zip tables, NTFS can be bridged between blocks for a long time.

NTFS can repair, fragment, fragment across the disk, all service areas, general surface failures, among the first 16 MFT elements. Another copy of the first three records should be taken exactly in the middle of the disc.

NTFS is a stand-alone system, as a whole you can bring yourself to the correct camp in case of practical, if any, real failures. Whether a modern file system is based on such a concept, like transaction - action that is charged as a whole and correctly or not charged separately.

Example 1: write data to disk. It is raptly stated that those places, where we scribbled together to write down a damn portion of data, did not write far away - the surface was physically sloppy. The behavior of NTFS at times is logical: the transaction is recorded again - the system understands that the record has not been made. The place is marked as zbіyne, and the data is recorded in another place - a new transaction is initiated.

Example 2: The next step is to write data to disk. Raptom turns on life and the system is re-vanquished. At what phase was the record recorded, where are the data? Another mechanism of the system comes to the rescue - the transaction log, which has the beginning of that completion, whether it be transactions. On the right, in that the system, having learned that it was necessary to write to disk, marked the metafile in the metafile. When re -quanted, the file is visible to the enchantment of incomplete transaqui, yaki bouli perenvyvyyu I result the result of non -transcontition - all the transactics, in the yak of the health, I know the jacket , and the system becomes stable.

^ It is important, however, that the NTFS authentication system guarantees the correctness of the file system,not your data.

NTFS has a leather disk that has been broken into volumes. The skin volume has its own MFT (table of files), so you can sort out any part of the disk between the volumes.

Vmist HDD

1. Magnetic disk it is a round plate made of aluminum (in a few steps from a special warehouse), the surface is cut to a high accuracy class. There can be 1 to 4 such magnetic disks. To give the plates magnetic power, their surface is covered with an alloy based on chromium, cobalt or ferromagnet. Take a coat of high hardness. The skin side of the disk may have a high number.

^ 2. For the wrapping of discs, special electric motor , the design of which includes special bearings, which can be both superb sacks, and common ones (they have a special ointment instead of sacks, which dries up the impact force, which increases the durability of the dvigun). Rіdkі bearings mаut lower level of noise and may not see heat pіd hour of work.

In addition, the deacons of such a Winchester may dvigate, more and more zanureniya hermetic dishes with oil, which allows efficient heat input to the windings.

3. The skin disk needs a pair of write/read heads. The gap between the heads and the surface of the disks should be 0.1 microns, which is 500 times less for a human hair. magnetic head є collapsible design, which consists of dozens of details. (The details of the flooring are small, which are prepared by the method of photolithography in the same way, like modern microcircuits, so that they are laser-etched with high accuracy) Working on the surface of the ceramic body of the head, it is polished with the same high accuracy, like a disk.

4. Bring heads it is a flat salted coil with a mid-range dart, placed between the poles of a permanent magnet and fixed on the ends of the cord, which is wrapped around the bearing. On the other side, there is an easy arrow with magnetic heads.

The coil is able to move in a magnetic field under a strum, to pass through it, moving all the heads at the same time in a radial direction. Sob the cat with the heads did not turn side to side at the non-working station, it was a magnetic fixator, which stole the heads of the fixed hard drive on the arm. In the non-working steel of the accumulating head, the heads are located near the center of the disks, near the "parking zone" and are pressed to the sides of the plates with light springs. The only moment when the heads are sticking on the surface of the disk. Ale varto disks are almost wrapping - and potіtrya poіtrya podnіmaє heads over their surface, pushing the susilla of springs. The heads "splice" and for the first time they are above the disk, but they do not stick around. Since the mechanical contact of the head with the disk is daily, wear of the disks and heads is not required.

5. The same is the middle of the HDA posiluvach signal , the rooms are closer to the heads, so that you can change the direction of the outside transitions. Vіn z'єdnany with heads with a flexible strіchkovy cable. The same cable is connected to the head drive, and sometimes to the motor. Through a small rose, all the components are tied to the controller's board.

At the process of formatting disks, it can happen that on the surface of the plates there is one or a few small files, reading or recording of them is accompanied by pardons (so called bad sectors, or bad blocks).

Sectors, reading or writing, in which they are accompanied by pardons are called @ beaten sectors .

Prote do not wikipedate through the disk and do not respect yoga zіpsovanim, but everything less signify tsі sectors and a special rank, and the stench nadalі are ignored. Sob koristuvach not bachiv tsgo dissimilarity, Winchester vengeance of a sprinkling of spare tracks, with which electronics accumulating "on the fly" replacing defective surfaces on the surface, they are absolutely clear for the operating system.

In addition, not the entire area of the disk is available for recording data. Part of the informational surface is accumulated for the needs. Tse area of service, as її іnоdі name, іnzhenernoї іnformatsії.

Optical disc structure

AT According to the accepted standards, the surface of the disk is divided into three areas:

1. Input directory - the area near the visible ring, closest to the center of the disk (width 4 mm). Reading information from the disk is based on the input directory itself, where it is possible to change the address of the records, the number of titles, the description of the disk, the name of the disk;

2. Danish area ;

3. External directory - May sign the end of the disk.

Types of optical discs:

CD-ROM. On a CD-ROM disc, we will prescribe a way to record information, and it is impossible to re-record it. 5-inch CD-ROM discs with a capacity of 670 MB were the largest. For their characteristics, the stench is almost identical to the great music CDs. The data on the disc are recorded as a spiral.
CD-R. The abbreviation CD-R (CD-Recordable) stands for the technology of one-time optical recording, which can be used for archiving data, creating prototype discs for serial production and for serial production of CDs, recording audio and video. The purpose of the add-on CD-R is to record data on CD-R CDs, which can be read on CD-ROM and CD-RW storage devices.
CD-RW. Old data can be erased, and their replacement can be written down new. The capacity of carrying CD-RW is 650 MB and more disk space CD-ROM and CD-R.
^ DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW. Similar to the earlier types of optical discs, but there may be great capacity.
Razroblyaetsya HVD(Holografic Versatile Dosc) 1 TB capacity.

DVD technology allows 4 types of discs:

single-sided, single-balloon - 4.7 GB
one-sided, two-ball - 8.5 GB
double-sided, single-balloon - 9.4 GB
double-sided, two-ball - 17 GB

At the two-ball disks there is a victorious ball, which began to record information. When reading the information of the first ball, which is placed in the depth of the disk, the laser passes through the opening of the smelting of the other ball. When reading information from another ball, the controller sends a signal to the drive to focus the laser exchange on another ball and the reading is carried out. With this, the diameter of the disk becomes 120 mm, and the thickness is 1.2 mm.

As it was already suggested, for example, a double-sided double-ball disc DVD-disk can hold up to 17 GB of information, which is approximately 8 years of high-quality video, 26 years of music, or more precisely - a hundred paper written off from two sides with a height of 1.4 kilometer!

^ Format DVD

DVD-R. they can be less single-ball, or you can create double-sided discs. The principle behind how to record a DVD-R is the same as for a CD-R. When the ball changes its characteristics, under the infusion of the laser, the increased pressure is changed. DVD-R does not carry in itself anything new, technically the same CD-R, only insurance on thinner tracks. When creating a DVD-R, the most respect is given to the totality of the essential DVD-ROM drives. Dozhina of the recording laser 635 Nm + protection of discs that are recorded as copies.
DVD+R. The principles for which DVD+R prompts are identical to those of DVD-R. There is a difference between them in the format of the record, which is victorious. So, for example, DVD+R discs support the recording from a splint of receivers. Dozhina of the recording laser 650 Nm + surface, which is more high-quality.

^ There are two main classes of CDs: CD and DVD.

ZIP accumulators.

Magneto-optical disks.

They are made from aluminum alloy and are used in plastic shells. Size 25-50 GB.

Reading is carried out by the optical method, and recording by magnetic means, like a floppy disk.

The technology for recording data is advancing: a laser heats up a blob on the disk, and an electromagnet changes the magnetic orientation of the point, depending on whether it is necessary to record: 0 or 1.

The reading is carried out by a laser exchange of less pressure, which, by vibrating through the points, changes its polarity.

The sound of a magneto-optical wearable is a 3.5 floppy disk, less than a trio of tovish.

Flash storage

Tsya technology is new to achieve and that does not lie down to cheap solutions, prote є all reconsider lowering the compatibility of the outbuildings of this class,

The basis of any flash storage is energy-independent memory. There are no rotting parts near the outbuilding, and it is not susceptible to vibrations and mechanical shocks. Flash is not inherently magnetic and does not inject magnetic fields into it. And energy saving is only possible for a few hours of writing/reading operations, moreover, there is enough energy from USB.

^ Flash storage capacity varies from approximately 256 MB to a maximum of GB (4-5 GB).

In addition, the flash-accumulator can be recorded for recording, and the transfer of information can be divided into logical disks that install yoga with a vanity disk.

Perevagi

compact size;
the daily need for a savory meal;
completely acceptable swidk_st of robots.

Technical data processing