abstract

on the topic:

Features of the operating system Windows 95

(Working steel, objects, robot with a mouse)

students of 11-B class

middle school №83

Dziubi Victoria

m. Dnipropetrovska

2001 rock

1 . Forward information about Windows 95 ……………………………. 3

2. Ideas for creating Windows 95 ………………………………………………. four

3.Windows benefits 95 ……………………………………………… 5

4. History of appearance Windows 95 ….…………………………………….. 6

5. Compromises Windows 95 ………………………………………………. 7

6. Robotic practice Windows 95 ………………………………………… 9

7. interface Windows 95 …………………………………………………. ten

8. Perevagi Windows 95 …………………………………………….. 11

9. Visnovok ………………………………………………………………. one 3

10. List of victorious literature …………………………………… 14

1. Forward information about Windows 95

Older versions of Windows provided such a level of transparency and efficiency of work on a computer, about which in the middle of the 80s it was impossible to imagine. At the same time, these systems could not, at any given time, completely secure the “sticking” of business add-ons on the great and mini-computers and on the mesh work stations. The need for such an adjustment, which was clearly manifested on the cob of the 90s, hung up the promotion of the vimoga to the operating system. Just to please you, Microsoft has developed Windows 95.

Operational shell Windows 95 is a super-budget over the DOS operating system, which provides a great number of opportunities for programmers and core students. The version of Windows 95 regularly, from the moment of its appearance, takes the most places in the hit parade of sales software. More and more skilled computers are using Windows and various polyscreen application programs in their robots.

The widest extension of Microsoft Windows has become the de facto standard for IBM PC-mad computers. In the rest of the hour, practically new programs are being developed for the operation of Windows environments.

On the surface of shells like Norton Commander, Windows does not only provide a convenient and basic interface for operations with files, disks, but also new possibilities for programs that run in a "native" environment. Understandably, Microsoft Windows works with programs that expand DOS, but in any case, all the possibilities of the system are not victorious.

2. Ideas for creating Windows 95

The main idea of ​​creating Windows was conceived by the head of Microsoft, one of the richest people in the world, Bill Gates. You look at Windows like an electronic writing style, de may be everything that is on your workspace: a book for notes, a notepad, a calculator, a yearbook, etc. etc. And just like that, on the "writing table" of Windows, you can instantly enter into the program room.

With the creation of programs for DOS, retailers may still have a small set of services that rely on their operating system. The stench is actually zalishayutsya alone with the "bare computer". The programmer, leaning on the position of a person, needs to wake up the house and find out what is necessary for him: a tartak, a cement plant, a forging machine and a lot of other things.

The first version of the system was released by Microsoft in 1985, and at the same time won the market for software security in the whole world rest version- Windows 95.

As a result, any software unification did not exist in memory, which made the job easier for the robot. In their minds, Microsoft has begun releasing its Windows operating system, as it continues its journey through many years. But what are the reasons for such a success?

3. Windows benefits

Independence of programs from existing outbuildings. The Windows-program can go up to the old outbuildings only for the help of Windows, which understands all the problems of totality with specific outbuildings. Here is the principle of WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get), which means that the information, as you see it on the screen, confirms what is seen by the printer when it is being developed. True Type fonts, which are written in Windows, are not rasterized, but contour descriptions of symbols.

Make sure to encourage the interface of the koristuvach. The only interface of the koristuvach. Dії z programs Windows mіstіt uї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і ї pobudovі ї іnterfeysі programs: vikon, menu, zapitіv і td. For that matter, the style of Windows is simply unique.

Availability of operational memory. Tse easier creation of the foundations of great programs. Sumіsnіst іz DOS-additions. However, working with Windows does not mean DOS programs(rather, won't mean DOS-wide on a global scale).

At the current moment, Microsoft's Windows operating system in all its manifestations is unquestionably considered the largest operating system on the PC: the world has over 150 million IBM PC-smart computers and the Windows system is installed more than 100 million of them. It is obvious that knowledge of the PC is necessary to begin with the knowledge of Windows, even without it, the robot on the PC is unthinkable for most hard workers. Knowledge of the Windows system is essential in the knowledge of the PC.

4. History of appearance Windows 95

On September 24, 1995, a new operating system, Windows 95, was due to be sold. instances of the beta version of the system. The entire computer community has literally succumbed to this system - the end of Windows 95 has become the biggest podієyu 1995 rock. A flurry began: all the magazines wrote about Windows 95, books began to appear, a wide advertising campaign was carried out, all software manufacturers redesigned their products for the new operating system, computer and component manufacturers tried to remove the Designed for Windows 95 logo. How Windows 95 stumbled at the center of global attention is simple: the most important update of the Windows system is the time 1990 appeared. Windows 3.0

Koristuvachs now took away the advantages of the object-oriented interface, including the right "working style" and pictograms, copying and dragging (drag-and-drop), folder insertion, and an easily accessible dialog for authorities. The file system recognizes new file names and gives the metaphor of the "work table".

Windows 95 made significant improvements to the Windows architecture, including a true 32-bit Application Programming Interface (API), address space protection for many 32-bit applications, improved driver tasking, streaming of applications to threads and a wider variety of virtual virtualizations. The memory protection model has been implemented through serious compromises, which have been achieved through the use of existing 16-bit application programs and add-on drivers. The productivity of Windows 95 is quite high. On common systems, equipped with RAM no more than 4 MB, the indicators may be the same, but others shorter results Windows 3.1x, in the background of the operation to be completed. On swedcode systems, with more memory, it will become more competitive in single- and multi-tasking modes of operation.

As if it were a product with a wide range of functionalities, the satisfaction of the great market, Windows 95 is not spared compromises. A lot of hostile access will be duly appreciated by PC hardliners, but in some areas Windows 95 still only beats its competitors.

Looking at the underlying architecture, Windows 95 is a 32-bit, multi-threaded operating system with a surprisingly rich task that puts it on a par with such superpowers as OS/2, UNIX and Windows NT. These middleware can be used by all 32-bit application programs written up to the Win32 API specification (may be identical to the Windows NT implementation interface). Powerful application programs of Windows 95 use non-structuring 32-bit address space to make them potentially code-friendly when processing large data arrays.

5. Compromises Windows 95

The most important compromises in the architecture of Windows 95 were born by the decisions of Microsoft Corporation to work together with the essential 16-bit Windows application programs and real-mode add-on drivers. This allows Windows 95 to be used with a wide range of essential hardware and software features, as well as other operating systems. There is little solution in that the memory areas that avenge 16-bit application programs and real-mode drivers are guilty of being unprotected. The program is not corrected, like before, it can be easily predicted the collapse of the entire operational environment.

In Windows 95, a 32-bit application program is coded in the same address space, but it stinks in the same 32-bit system code. An incorrectly written 32-bit program can cause the entire system to crash. All 16-bit Windows programs share a large address space, so the stench of the floors is one for one, like Windows 3.1.

However, more coristuvachs, which can be less than 8 MB of memory, can be correct choice as a result of switching to Windows 95. As a result, the stench will be improved graphical interface, greater productivity, improved mechanisms of richness of tasks, more productive sum and capacity to win a large number of new applications.

Windows 95 is a product of the evolutionary development of the Windows 3.1x system and means a rediscovery in the future. Although there may be a lot of important changes in the 16-bit architecture of Windows, in this savings the deacons have the most important power in the front. The result was the emergence of a hybrid operating system that was built with 16-bit Windows applications, DOS degraded programs, and legacy real-mode add-on drivers, and in the same hour combined with 32-bit application programs and 32-bit virtual add-on drivers.

Серед найбільш важливих удосконалень, що з'явилися в Windows 95 - спочатку закладена в ній здатність працювати з 32-розрядними багатострумовими прикладними програмами, захищені адресні простори, витісняюча багатозадачність, набагато ширше і ефективніше використання драйверів віртуальних пристроїв для зберігання структур даних систем. Її the most important nedolіk polyagaє in visibly weak protection in programs that are nasty to practice, to avenge pardons.

All 32-bit application programs are upgraded to a high-performance model based on the management of small streams. The stream planner, which is a warehouse part of the virtual memory management system (VMM), divides the hour of the middle of a group of one-hour streams based on the assessment of the stream priority of the skin stream and its readiness to the end. Vitality planning allows you to implement a lot more smooth and superior mechanism rich-tasking, low cooperative method that wins in Windows 3.1x.

6. Practice robotics Windows 95

The practical work of Windows 95 copes with the influence of the old environment, lower versions of Windows. There are obvious big changes in the Windows 95 interface. You've changed the "Start" button to launch applications on their own or through documents related to which programs are connected. After the launch of the program, the pictograms are announced on the line of the day, which sound is placed in the lower part of the screen. Click on the be-yakіy button of the line of the manager, calling the switch to the offline program. This is the most intuitive and sensible way of reconciling the task of success, which, if ever, was founded.

The Program Manager and File Manager modules have been sacrificed with the metaphor of a "working table", on which your files are shown in front of the pictograms placed in such a folder name. More foldable functions and controls Windows files 95 handy utilities Explorer, as a matter of fact, replaced the File Manager, as it shows a tree-like diagram of the file structure of your computer that is tiled. The extensions of the FAT file system are not separated by file names, as before, with eight plus characters, which consists of three letters of the extension; You can twist the names of files and folders up to 255 characters.

7 . interface Windows 95

Among the other friendly changes in the interface of the koristuvach are animated pictograms and dialog windows with tabs (div. Figure 1). On the whole, the new interface is the most frequent in Windows 3.1, although many coristes need an hour to call until noon. Obviously, a metaphor for a work table, based on the zastosuvanni folders, and old file names found not by the creators of Windows 95; For a long time, the stench of the storage of various interfaces was coristuvacha, starting from the Macintosh and finishing the Workplace Shell of the OS / 2 operating system.

8. Advances Windows 95

Increased the number and increased the number of standard additional programs that are delivered at once from Windows 95 - like a traditional calculator and even more difficult tools to control the system. Also obvious are the significant improvements in making a connection. Now, the Exchange client enters the warehouse of the operating system, which is expanded as a universal mail screen for incoming correspondence. Vіn pratsyuє yak kієntska skrinka-oberzhuvаcha іz Microsoft Mail system, Microsoft Exchange Server service and others mail systems, combined with the MAPI standard, as well as with the Microsoft Network. Vіn also allows you to take over the power of a fax for the help of the provided Microsoft Fax service.

The range of functional possibilities has been expanded. Prior to stock Windows 95 included a client for NetWare 3.x, 4.x and for Windows NT servers. Transferring data for work with IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, TCP/IP protocols. The rest of the listed protocols allow you to connect to the Internet, even if you want the best program for connecting to the Internet, which will remove the utility revisiting the Web, enter before stock Microsoft Plus! Also, Windows95 allows you to directly connect to another computer via a connection cable and can use its own basic facilities to establish switching connections via telephone lines with a server remote access Remote Access Server on Windows NT, NetWare Connect or Shiva Switch Servers. The Windows95 stock also includes Microsoft's Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI), which ensures sleepy work your car with a telephone, registering telephone calls and auto-dialing functions (telephone application programs will be supplied by independent companies).

Windows 95 shows pretty good results with both new application programs, and Windows 3.x programs, while Windows for Workgroups performs the swidcode in rich disk operations. But on machines with 8 MB RAM and more, productivity can be equalized either more or less in front. Windows versions. The productivity of the system during the last hour of the Windows-programs richly outweighs the similar indicator of the Windows NT system.

Visnovok

Obviously, Windows 95 is the most expanded operating system, and for the most cost-effectiveness it is the most suitable due to its simplicity, inconsistency in the interface, pleasant productivity and the large number of applications for it.

The innovations implemented in Windows 95 are not intermixed with improved core interface and additional functionality. Not less hostile є і pritamannі Windows 95 suto tekhnіchnі improvements. Windows 3.1 and Windows for Working Groups is a 16-bit expansion of an 8-bit single-tasking operating system, which in the first place could be called QDOS (quick and dirty operating system).

The emergence of Microsoft Windows 95 marked the beginning of a new era in the field of computer systems. Pratsyuyuchi under management of MS-DOS systems Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups, which became the culmination of the development of the 1980s, allow you to run more advanced additions to the handy and easy to master the graphic rich task environment. In Windows 95, the possibility of these systems has been improved and expanded, provided with new, easy access to work on a personal computer. In addition, Windows 95 has a low number of new technical solutions, yakі allow you to maximally win the tightness of the current personal computers.

List of victorious literature

1. Stefan Feutz "Windows 3.1", Kyiv, BHV

2. Kamill Akhmetov "Windows 95 for everyone", Moscow, Comp'yuterpress

3. Magazine "ComputerPres" 6'95.

4. "Microsoft Solution", Microsoft

5. Magazine "PC Magazine/Russian Edition" 8'95, 1'96, 10'96, 1'97

6. Journal "Svit PK" 7-8'96, 9'96, 11-12'96

7. V.E. Figurnov. "IBM PC for Koristuvach". - M: ІNFRA-M, 1995.

8. R. Haselir, K. Fanensticht. Windows operating environment 3.1. -

M.: ECOM, 1993.

9. Stinson K. "Effective work in Windows 95" / Perev. from English - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1997.

Features of Windows.

Standardization of the interface of the koristuvach (adopt that method of managing hardware and software) Graphical interface Koristuvach in Windows is based on the idea of ​​a vicon interface, adopted as such in other modern operating systems (for example, UNIX). The skin program may be fine, in which case there is an exchange of support for the skin. For clarity, in Windows, icons (pictograms) are widely used to represent other programs;

optimally keeping the operational memory of the great obsyagu;

the ability to connect new extensions without problems (plug and play) The operating system can programmatically designate such an extension, z'yasuvati, yakі yogo adjustment options are possible, and the most suitable of them;

integration of program functions (the ability to win in a specific program object created by other programs). It is possible to exchange data between programs that allow, for example, information created in a spreadsheet to be transferred to a text document via the clipboard. OLE technology;

rich task (the ability to instantly pick up a small addendum and easily switch from one program to another). The rich task mode of the robot allows you to launch an hourly add-on, for example, a text processor, a database, a group and switch between them;

Micronuclear architecture.

The current trend in the creation of operating systems is the transfer of a significant part of the system code to the cost of the one-hour minimization of the kernel. Go about pіdhіd up to the core, which is called microkernel architecture (microkernel architecture) of the operating system, if there are more warehouses and independent programs. And here the interplay of s-help them provides a special module of the kernel, the titles of a microkernel. The microkernel operates in a privileged mode and ensures interoperability between programs, scheduling of the processor, the primary processing of the override, the operation of entering and entering, and the basic management of the memory.

Rice. 1.4 Micronuclear architecture of the operating system

Other components of the system interact one by one through the microkernel.

The main advantage of micronuclear architecture is the high level of modularity of the operating system kernel. Definitely asking for the addition of a new new component. In a micronuclear operating system, it is possible, without interrupting the work, to take advantage of new drivers, file systems, and so on. New version drivers can be loaded without restarting the operating system. The components of the kernel of the operating system are in principle not disturbed by the programs of the coristuvacha, so for their enhancement it is possible to zastosovuvat zvichayni zabob. At the same time, the micronuclear architecture of the operating system introduces additional overheads, connected with the transfer of support, which directly affects productivity. In order to ensure that a micronuclear operating system is not handed over to operating systems based on a monolithic kernel, it is necessary to carefully design the breakdown of the system into components, trying to minimize the interaction between them. Thus, the main folding in the creation of micronuclear operating systems is the need for careful design.

Object Orientation PIDHID

Although microkernel technology laid the foundation for modular systems that are regularly developed in buildings, it could not ensure the possibility of expanding systems in the whole world. Ninі tsієї meti most vіdpіdaє ob'ektno-orientation pіdkhіd, in which case the software component is functionally isolated from others.

The main concepts of this approach are "ob'єkt". Object- only one program of data, which interacts with other objects in front of the receiver of that transmission. The object can be presented as some specific speeches - application program of the document, as well as some abstractions - the process, under.

The programs (functions) of the object designate a perelіk_dіy, yakі can be vikonanі over the data of the object. The client-object can return to another object, sending notifications from the request to the function of the server-object.

Objects can describe the essence, what stinks represent, with a different level of detail. In order to ensure offensiveness, when moving to a detailed description, the retailers are suggested a mechanism for the decline of power already in the context of objects, so that a mechanism that allows the generation of more specific objects from more foreign ones. For example, if the "text document" object is present, the retailer can easily create the "text document in Word 6.0" object, adding power to the base object. The mechanism of decay allows the creation of a hierarchy of objects, in which the object of the lower level acquires all the powers of its ancestor.

The internal structure of this object is attached to the guard. It is not possible to sufficiently change the data of the object. To remove data from an object, or to place data in an object, it is necessary to recall the relevant object functions. Tse izolyuє ob'єkt vіd code, like vikoristovuє yogo. The rozrobnik can turn up to the functions of other objects, or it will be new objects in the way of the decline of the powers of other objects, I don’t know anything about those, how the stench is constructed. This power is called encapsulation.

In this rank, the object of the post for the zovnіshny world at the look of the "black screen" with a well-appointed interface. From a glance of the retailer, what a victorious object, while the actual reaction of the object is left without changes, there is no significance of the daily changes in the internal implementation. Tse allows you to easily replace one implementation of the object, for example, at different changes in hardware; with the help of which the program is sharpened, in which the replacement objects are found, not due to the changes of the day.

On the other hand, the building of objects to present in the sight of "black screens" allows you to pack in them and to present them to the sight of objects already using programs, without changing anything in them.

The implementation of an object-oriented approach is especially effective in the development of software, which is actively developed, for example, in the development of add-ons that are used for development on various hardware platforms.

Particularly object-oriented operating systems are already suitable for system programmers, shards, vicorous objects of the system level, programs can climb into the depths of operating systems for attaching them to the needs, without damaging the integrity of the system.

Ale, especially great prospects for maє tsey pіdkhіd in the implementation of rozpodіlenih obslyuvalnyh middle. At the same time, as at a time, different packages that work at a given moment in a measure, є statically linked sets of programs, in a future, with varying object-oriented approach, stench can turn into a single collection of objects, which dynamically sounds 'speak, decode the object promptly install and open links with other objects until the date of the day is up to date. Programs created for such a merezhny medium, founded on objects, can be vikonuvatis, dynamically turning to impersonal objects, independently of their local environment in the region, and independently of their operating medium.

Oskіlki be-yaka object-oriented program є nabrіr ob'єktіv, rozrobnik bazhano mother standard zabi for managing objects and organizations of їх vzaєmodії. If you choose and expand object-oriented additions in heterogeneous distributions of media, you also need to make sure that you simplify access to the objects of the measure. When blamed, it’s up to any object of a separate medium, regardless of whether the object is known on the same computer, or on one of the distant ones, we can see the rank of blame but the search for an object, transferring information to you, and turning back . To ensure transparent manifestation of objects, all stinks can be secured with messages that are saved in catalogs. It seems that the problem of organizing the catalog service is even more complicated, which allows programmers to name and search for objects in a small, yak, zagali kazhuchi, maybe rozkidana all over the world.

Prote, unfazed by the complexity of the problem, object-oriented design is one of the most promising trends in software design.

Costi OLE

For Windows native object-orientation, pidhide is manifested every hour of work with programs that exploit Microsoft's OLE technology. The first version of OLE, which debuted with Windows 3.1, had the ability to insert objects into document clients. Such objects were installed on the data (at the time of connection) or the data was removed (at the time of transmission) at the format, which is known by the server program. To launch the program-server, the coristuvachi robbed the pressure on the objects, for the help of which they transferred the data to the server for editing. OLE 2.0, available now as an extension of Windows 3.1, remaps the client document as a container. If you click on the button above the OLE 2.0 object, insert it in the container document, the wine will be activated in the same place. Apparently, for example, the container is a Microsoft Word 6.0 document, and the insertion object is a set of middles in Excel formats 5.0. If you click the buttons above the object spreadsheet, menus and elements of Word, like a wave of a charm wand, change to the Excel menu. As a result, as long as the spreadsheet object is on focus, the word processor becomes a spreadsheet.

The infrastructure required to secure such collapsible interoperability is large, which Microsoft calls OLE 2.0 "1/3 of the operating system." Saving objects, for example, victorious docfile, which is actually a miniature file system, which is located in the middle of a sizable MS-DOS file. Docfile can have internal mechanisms for the semantics of subdirectories, blocking and transactions (to fix the file).

The biggest reminder of OLE's shortcomings is the presence of a merging subdivision, and therefore the main priority of the development of future versions of OLE. The next major iteration of OLE will appear in the distribution, the ob'ektniy version of Windows, which is called Cairo (Cairo), which is found in the 1995 version.

Principles of organization of the operating system.

The concept of the Windows operating system.

Operating system (OS)– ce main program PC. It allows you to run programs, organize your robot, expand memory between them, organize storage to disk, allow us to work with a printer, keyboard, mouse ...

The OS of personal PCs is divided into rich tasks ( Windows, OS/2, Mac OS, Unix etc. ) and single-tasking (MS-DOS, DR-DOS and other).

Single-tasking - the same day computer technology. The stench can instantly work like one program.

Bagatozadachnі well allow in parallel to work with kіlkom programs - kіlkіst tsikh programs lie down only in the case of tightness of the system, docks to get memory, you can run more programs.

The widest and most challenging OS is Microsoft Windows. Other operating systems for PCs include OS Linux (Linux), which is gaining popularity, from the Unix family, as well as systems BeOS (Bios) and OS / 2 by IBM. On a Macintosh PC, freeze the macOS system.

Call the OS to save it to a hard drive. System disk - Tse disk, dezberіgayutsya main modules of the operating system and service programs that expand її posibility. When the computer is turned on, the OS will automatically download its programs from system disk in operational memory she transfers control to them.

Microsoft Windows- tse rich task 32-bit operating system c graphical interface and expandable system capabilities. Two families of OS Windows have been split.

Windows 95/98/Me– hard-wearing OS, optimized for multimedia add-ons.

Windows NT/2000- Potuzhna universal merezheva OS for business calculation. Used by two main vicons:

• server– server OS, optimized for installation as a server for files, other and add-ons;
• working station– installed OS, optimized for vikoristannya as a highly productive hijacking of networking clients and corporate OS.

All OS families Microsoft Windows mayut so zagalnі authorities:

• Mayut single graphic interface koristuwacha Windows 95 ;
• support rich tasksі rich flows calculation;
• Mayut vbudovanu pіdtrimka multimedia.
• support different hardware platforms: Intel-summary, based on RISC processors and based on PowerPC processors;
• trim the FAT file system.

Crimson, Windows NT/2000 may have additional power:

• Zahist. Windows NT/2000 can protect more files, folders, printers and other resources of the computer less at the same time as Windows 95/98/Me can protect less at the same time as the resource.
• arrogance. The skin program in Windows NT/2000 works in your own address space. Programs that have crashed the work, do not add to other add-ons or the OS as a whole. The power of the architecture of Windows NT/2000 steals OS add-ons that work incorrectly.

Informatics

The discipline "Informatics" is included in the disciplines of the basic part of the mathematical and natural cycles of the federal state lighting standards for higher professional education (FGOS VPO) for all direct training. When developing informatics, an important role is played by mastering the professional skills of a personal computer, such as basic software tools for processing information.

Tsey navchalny sibnik є warehouse navchalno-methodical complex of the discipline "Informatics". In the course of the program, the expert examines the main functions and characteristics of the operating systems (OS) of personal computers, the Windows XP operating system (hereinafter referred to as Windows OS); the basis of work with objects and control elements; basic operations with files and folders in Windows OS and additional file managers.

AT initial assistant representations:

· Dovіdkovі vіdomostі z elements teorії z those, scho vchaєtsya;

· Methodical introductions to the completion of laboratory work;

· The main and additional technological approaches necessary for the development of laboratory work;

· Individual control tasks;

· Revising assignments for assessments of mastering the main didactic units.

The development of these skills and the development of laboratory work will help shape the students' deep cultural and professional competencies to the extent of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Professional Education, which are necessary for the development of primary and professional tasks in the minds of the informatization of modern society.

1 Operating systems of personal computers.

Basic understanding of operating systems

Meta mating- Demonstration of the main functions and characteristics of the OS of personal computers.

Asked by topics:

· Basic understanding of operating systems.

· Types of OS for personal computers.

· Fundamentals of work with the operating system Windows XP.

Vivchivshi topic, the student may:

nobility:

· Basic concepts, functions and classification of operating systems;

· Main types of OS for personal computers;

remember:

· Pratsiuvati z objects and elements of management of OS Windows;

· Pratsyuvati z commands of the main menu of Windows.

mothers of newcomers:

· work with objects and elements of management of OS Windows;

· robotic different versions Windows.

When mastering the topics, it is necessary:

· Vivchiti theoretical material;

· Return respect for the main concepts, functions and classification of OS;

· Take a look at the features of the OS, attaching special respect to the information about Windows;

Vikonati laboratory robots for otrimannya, mind those who are growing up; to master and receive work with objects and elements of management of OS Windows and technology of work with folders and document files.

Operating system(OS) - a set of software tools that ensures the management of the hardware part of the computer and application programs, as well as their interaction between themselves and the coristuvache.

OS zazvichay zberigaetsya on disks. When the computer is turned on, it is read from the disk memory and is located in the RAM. This process is called operating system concerns or zavantazhennya computer'yutera.

The OS can be called a software-based computer. Mainly OS functions enter:

· Safeguarding the dialogue with the koristuvach;

· Carrying out the introduction/withdrawal;

· Launching programs on vikonannya;

· Planning and organization of data collection process;

· Expanded resources (RAM, processor, external attachments) between working programs;

· Organization of savings and access to data on the old storage buildings;

transfer of data between internal devices of a computer and computers,

· Service functions.

OS classify:

· for a quarter of a day on the single-taskingі rich tasks.

A single-tasking OS is able to use the function of a coristuvachevy virtual machine, without worrying about it, we will forgive it with a handy interface with a computer, with the help of peripheral devices and files. Bagatozadachnі OS, krіm rehabilitated more functions, manage a subdivision of jointly exploited resources, such as a processor, RAM, files and external attachments;

· for a kіlkіstyu of one-hour working coristuvačіv on the one-columnі Razrakhovanі on rich coristuvachіv.

The main responsibility for insurance coverage for rich coristuvach OS in the form of single coristuva- tions is the presence of protection of information of the skin coristuvach in the case of unauthorized access to other coristuvachiv;

· for the peculiarities of the algorithms on the localі merezhі.

The local OS manages the resources of the hosted computer, and the shared OS takes part in the managed resources of the shared computer;

· for the method of rozpodіlu processor hour between dekilcoma one-hour running processes in the system on the OS with nevtіshnoy rich-taskingі with a wonderfully rich task.

When there is a lack of rich tasking, the mechanism for planning tasks between the system and application programs, and when there is a rich task, the mechanism for planning tasks is a set of tasks in the OS. In the event of a non-vital task, the active process is completed until the hour when the wine itself does not transfer the control of the operating system to the selection from the drawings of another ready-made process to the process. If you have a lot of problems, the decision about switching the processor from one process to another is accepted by the operating system, and not by the active process;

· with a focus on hardware on the operating systems of personal computers, servers, mainframe, clusters;

· fallow from hardware platforms on the depositsі mobile.

In mobile operating systems, hardware deposits are localized in such a way that when the system is transferred to a new platform, only stinks are found. As a matter of fact, it makes it easier to transfer the OS to another type of computer - it is written її machine-square mine, for example, С [Сі];

· for the peculiarities of victoria regions on OS batch processing , at the right time, real time.

Batch processing systems are considered to be of a numerical nature, as they require a swedish evaluation of the results. The main method and criterion for the efficiency of batch processing systems is the maximum throughput, so that the maximum number of tasks per hour is achieved. In systems with a short time for skin coristuvachevy, a terminal is provided, from which you can conduct a dialogue with your own program. The skin manager sees the last quantum of the processor hour, and every day the task takes the processor for a long time. Even though the quantum of an hour is not great, then all coristuvachiv, who work on the same computer at once, develop an impression that the skin of them is a single victorious machine. Systems of real time are zastosovuyutsya for the management of various technical objects and technological processes if you have the maximum allowable hour, then the other program is responsible for managing the object. Nevikonannya programs can lead to an emergency situation. In this way, the criteria for the efficiency of real-time systems is the time when the building is vitrimuvat zazdalegіd tasks and intervals of an hour between the launch of the program and the result - the most important infusion.

The skin operating system has its own command language, as it allows the coristuvachevy to win those other things. Analysis of the variance of the commands of the coristuvach, including the capture of the programs in the operative memory, and the variance of the command processor of the OS.

OS interface. For the implementation of the interface of the koristuvach, they are divided non-graphicі graphic Operating systems. The following types of interfaces are distinguished:

· interface command line (implement non-graphical operating systems) - the main control attachment - the keyboard.

Key commands to enter at the command row field, where you can edit. The command starts after it is confirmed, for example, by pressing the ENTER key. For computers on the IBM PC platform, the command line interface is provided by a family of operating systems called MS-DOS (versions from MS-DOS 1.0 to MS-DOS 6.2);

· graphical interface(implement graphical operating systems) – type of interface, which, as a keyboard control, can display the mouse in an adequate position.

Graphical interface- a system of vicons, dialog panels, and elements of care, which provide an interactive dialogue with the OS, programs and programs.

The work with graphical operating system is based on the interplay of active and passive screen elements of care. In the yakost active element Controlling the display of the mouse - a graphical object, the movement of which on the screen is synchronized with the movements of the mouse. As passive elements of management, there are graphic elements of management of add-ons (elements of dialog panels - buttons, jumpers, paraportions, lists that are displayed and others; rows of menus and many others). The nature of the interaction between active and passive elements of control is chosen by the koristuvach himself.

In the software security sector, that OS is being occupied by IBM, Microsoft, Novell, Apple and others.

Types of operating systems for personal computers. The largest wide range of operating systems for personal computers (PCs):

· OS MS DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System - MicroSoft disk operating system) - the most extensive operating system for 16-bit personal computers, created in 1981. on the IBM company's design for the IBM PC.

Main characteristics of the first versions of MS DOS: more than one robot on a PC and one program; less work with floppy disks, a keyboard and a monitor (later a support for new outbuildings appeared for additional drivers); podtrimka ієarkhіchnoї file structure; presence of service programs - utilities and int.

MS DOS advantages: compactness; modest help to PC; vikonannya minimum necessary functions. Shortcomings of MS DOS: single-tasking (if you want to software, allow you to run a copy of DOS-programs and switch between them); badly protect against unauthorized access and collective work with data; the presence of a standard interface.

The impossibility of introducing them to MS DOS led them to perfection before the creation of new operating systems.

· Unix OS. UNIX- A group of portable, richly tasked and roaming on a richly corystuvachіv operating systems. The first UNIX system was broken up in 1969. In this day and age, UNIX is played mainly on servers, as well as systems for various applications. Other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, have entered the OS market for workstations and home UNIX, although the existing software solutions for Unix systems allow the implementation of full-fledged workstations for both office and home windows.

The main factors that ensure the popularity of Unix: - compatibility with other platforms, system performance; rich task; support of international standards; simple interface of the koristuvach; united ієrarchіchna file system; a large number of supplements.

· Linux OS . cob fold Linux systems placed in 1991 Finnish student Linus Torvalds, who expanded the first prototype of his operating system via the Internet (with a valid exit code) and called out to everyone who deserves it. From that moment on, a lot of programmers began to support Linux, adding device drivers, expanding various programs and other programs. In this day and age, Linux is a tough, stable server system, and at the same time, it's cost-free.

The Linux kernel promotes richness, virtual memory, dynamic libraries, vіdkladene zavantazhennya, productive system of management of memory and a lot of merezhnyh protocols.

· Windows. Microsoft Windows OS (windows from English - wіkna) is a family of operating systems of the Microsoft company. Chronology of releases of the main versions of Windows:

Windows NT 3.1 (1993);

Windows 2000 - Windows NT 5.0 (2000);

Windows XP - Windows NT 5.1 (2001);

Windows Vista- Windows NT 6.0 (2006);

Windows 7 - Windows NT 6.1 (2009);

Windows 8 - Windows NT 6.2 (2012);

Windows 10 (2014).

The main strategic goals of the creation of Windows 9x families were translated into new 32-bit programs to save the offensiveness of programs written for MS-DOS. Windows 9x is an OS with a graphical interface and extended border capabilities, which were successful both on desktop and portable computers.

Windows NT (NT - eng. New Technology) - 32-bit OS with a built-in lace trim and rozvinenimi razrahovaniy on rich corystuvachіv zasobami. The Windows NT family is brought to operating systems with a rich variety of tasks. This operating system is more convenient for coristuvachs who work within the framework local lines, for collective koristuvachiv, especially for groups that work on great projects she exchanges tribute.

The Windows 2000 family is an operating system for business applications on the most demanding computers - portable to servers. Tsya OS is one of the best for conducting commercial activities on the Internet.

Windows XP is a continuation of the development of Windows 2000 OS.

Windows Vista (“vista” - “new opportunities”, “prospects that are emerging” - is a merged OS. This version is secure promoted security and the arrogance of data, the summation of the good current benefits communications, simplified installation OS for computers.

Windows 7 is a version of the operating system, in which special attention is given to the security of the work, the amount of add-ons and add-ons, reliability, security and more hours of work of laptops in the form of a battery.

Windows Mobile is a new generation OS, recognized for being used in mobile applications and may have low performance improvements.

Windows 8 is an operating system that belongs to the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems, a brand new interface under the name Metro vikoristovu priyomi roboti Windows 7

Windows 10 is an operating system that belongs to the Windows OS family; single OS for other outbuildings: a computer, a smartphone, a tablet, or whether there is another gadget OS, one platform for distribution and one store for add-ons.

Basics of work with the operating system Windows XP. The basics of work with the Windows XP operating system are built up to the development of objects and elements of care Working tableі Panels

Working style Windows. If you raise your computer and start Windows on the screen, you can make it work Working style– system object of Windows OS (Fig. 1.1), graphic medium, on which they are displayed objects(at the sight of graphic icons) that elementi keruvannya (Head office panel- Horizontal smuga at the bottom of the screen).

Windows objects. mustache objects Windows graphic icons(Pictogram). Objects system folders, folders with documents(files), okremi documents(files), web-sides, add-ons or programs that in.

Before system folders I can see My computer, Merezhev otochennya, Koshik. My computer is a special folder that provides access to the main elements of the PC, allowing you to browse through disks and perform various operations on files and folders (launching programs, copying, moving, deleting files, creating folders, etc.). Koshik is a special folder to serve for time saving of the names of distant objects, which can be recognized). Merezhev otochennya - a special folder, as a vikoristovuetsya for reviewing instead of computer disks, connected to the local network, that vykonannya different operations on them.

Theca(catalog) – the space on the disk, where the file names are saved, information about file expansion, the hour of their creation. All folders in Windows are indicated by the icon from folder images. File- Sequence of bytes, which can be remembered and which are saved in old-line (external) memory. The file is the main unit of storage, which allows the computer to revise the data collection of other data. File types are assigned the same icons. Document - a file that is created and processed by a program in Windows (for example, a text document, creations in the Word office add-on). addendum– ce application program , as it was developed specifically for Windows OS and may have a single interface for the OS (for example, Word, Excel programs, etc., which can be included before the MS Office package). Program– the sequence of commands is ordered, so that the computer is able to process data processing (distinguish between basic, system, service and application programs).

Figure 1.1 - Working style OS WINDOWS

For easy access to objects, which are often vicorated in robots Working table labels for these objects. Yarlik(a graphic icon with a small frail arrow) - sent to the object, roztashovaniya in another area. At a glance Windows OS yarlik– this is a special file, in which data about the parameters of the object's position on the disk are saved. When the animals are up to yarlik system, vikoristovuyuchi information about the object's misplacement, which is saved in the new, to know and launch (click on the screen) the object.

Icons and labels of objects make marks - write, as if placed under them. Icons and shortcuts to objects are allowed to be handled by objects. Accept robots with icons and labels the same, and the traces of these can be changed. For example, the removal (or transfer) of the icon should be made before the removal (or transfer) of the object, the copy of the icon should be made before the copy of the object; to send (or transfer) the label to the removal (or transfer) of the vkazіvnik, but not the object, the copy of the label, to produce the copy of the vkazіvnik, but not the object. Opening (launching) an object can be done by clicking behind the icon or the shortcut of the object.

The choice of labels when working with objects ensures the safety of the situation for the koristuvach:

· One hour is reserved for a small account with easy access to the object tied to the label;

· Protect the space on the hard disk, because the need to copy the file to other folders, which would lead to a significant increase in working space on a hard disk (and shortcuts to one object can create an unbounded number);

· There is a daily problem with the synchronization of data, because executing the file other folders through the placement of labels in them, redaguvannya zavzhda is given only one connection with the labels of the object, which is especially important in case of a splendid choice of data.

Elementi keruvannya OS Windows. Head panel - one of the main elements of the Windows operating system. In the left corner Panels know the Start button, what does it show Golovna menu Windows OS, for the help of some kind of coristuvach, denies access to all programs installed under the operating system passwords, to files (documents), system resources, all settings, to the completion mode of work from the PC. Right-handed type of Start button Launch pad, In a koristuvach rozmіshchuє pictograms of programs, with yakіy pratsyuє most often. Dali to know active program buttons open folders that file, yakі z'are in Panels immediately after launching a separate program or opening a folder or a file. On the button, the name of the opened object is indicated. Click on the buttons in Panels bring to the fore until the vision is seen. In the right corner Panels be found Display panel(area to show), where the current hour indicators, keyboard layouts Ru(En) and others are located. In the refresh area, other pictograms are displayed at times, to show the status of operations (for example, after the document is overpowered on another, the printer icon is displayed in the refresh area, while the document is still being processed). Head office panel- Panel, scho tunable. You can change її rozmіri, zdіysnyuvati її remіshchennya, zastosovuvat avtoprihovuvannya, zmіnyuvati zvnіshnіshnіy vglyad that іn. Commands for changing parameters and settings can be called from context menu Panels or the Start button (Power of the Task Panel Design of the Task Panel).

Robot with a "teddy bear". When Windows is captured, a graphic object appears on the screen, titled with the mouse cursor. "Misha" is a manipulator-type control attachment for robots with a graphical interface. Moving "mouse" on the table clicks on moving the cursor on the screen, which makes it possible to position it on the icons of the objects or on the elements of the program's navigation.

Structurally, the “bear” is folded from 2 keys and the scroll wheel (or from 3 keys). One of the keys "bear" is the main one (sound the lion); її vikoristovuyut for carrying out actions with objects (for example, the choice of moving objects around the screen and in.). Another key (sound to the right) is called an additional key or a context menu key. Take control of the help "Misha" - click (click) and move (drag).

Dії "mishі":

· hovering(pointing to the object) – aiming the "bear" indicator at the object's icon or at the control element (when a prompt appears on the screen, which briefly shows the authority of the object);

· clatter(simple click) - pushing that release of the left mouse button (for example, to select an object or a menu item);

· clapping- two quick clicks with the left mouse button at the same point of the screen (when, for example, you select the object to start or the menu item opens);

· right button click– pushing that release of the right mouse button, with which the context menu click is activated, to avenge commands, allowable for an hour of work with the selected object, and then lay it in the flow state (context) of the object;

· tugging(drag-and-drop - drag and drop) - pushing that left button "mouse" at once with її moving (when you want to move objects around the screen, like it ends, like letting the button go);

· stretching"Mishi" (click-and-drag - click and drag) - wink, like a drag, but when you do not move the object, but change its shape (for example, change the window);

· special tugging- wink, like dragging, but with the right click on the mouse button, when you click on the special dragging menu with a set of possible commands (manually click, for example, when copying or moving folders, seeing paragraphs of the text, middle tables and tables).

Vikna Windows. The term "windows" in translation from English means "windows". A robot in Windows is reduced to a robot with windows. For the presence of similar elements of management and design, the number of types of vicons is divided: folder view, dialog box(dialogue panels), Vіkna dovіdkovoї system, Vіkna dodatkіv, window of documents. Vikno- it is framed with a rectangular box to the screen, in the middle of which there are different Windows programs. The skin program can have its own forever, with which all the times can have the same structure and set of elements of care. Having mastered the basic skills of learning, I will learn the necessary skills for working with any Windows program.

The Windows folder has the following language elements (Figure 1.2):

· header row(1) - revenge on the left side system icon, the type of deposit in the category of the object, when pressed on which icon it appears service menu, the commands of which are allowed to be cherubated by the world and the provisions of the wіkna on Working table, under the hour the context menu prompt is displayed system menu;order h system icon appear Name of the opened folder(or programs); right in header row three buttons(- Scream, like a vikno timchasovo sgorta at the sight of a button in Head office panel, or – buttons that are replaced by Open the screen, or Turn off the window, like “open” the window to the full screen, or switch the view mode from double-screen to normal, full-screen mode, – Close, as if it were opening the window and attaching the robot to the object);

· window menu row(2) – can be a standard look for Windows operating system windows, to replace the command line, which is thematically grouped in points; when you click on the skin item, a “falling down” menu appears, which avenges the first group of commands, when it is indicated, as if the sign of the dot is indicated, then the dialog panel with additional information is displayed, as an arrow is shown menu; in menu row obov'yazkovo presence points File, Correction, View, Vibrane, Servis, Dovidka, other possible options to lie in the category of the object;

· toolbar(3) – panel (ViewToolbar), which is to be configured, to remove the command buttons (icons), which to secure swedish access to the most victorious teams vikna menu;

· address row (4) – allows quick transition to other divisions of the file structure (for example, to a folder on another disk);

· working area(5) - the inner part of the window, to avenge the folders of the folder or the document window; order to know the list of tasks, you can select a file or a folder, and then select a task that allows you to rename, copy, move or delete a file or a folder, you can also edit the file by e-mail or publish it on the Internet; krіm the main tasks for files and folders are the number of folders from the agencies on the special task;

· smugi scrolling - horizontal and vertical (6) – they appear, as if they were reconciled working area the window is not enough for reviewing instead of the object; smughi scrolling move the engine and two end buttons; scrolling clapping on one of the end buttons, dragging the engine or clapping on smooth scrolling above or below the engine;

· I'll be in a row(7) – to avenge current information about the object;

· between days(8) - a frame that surrounds the window from both sides; you can change the vikna, you can change stretching left mouse button for the frame or for " Vushka» (Lower right element of the frame).

Figure 1.2 - My computer folder window

Dialog panels Windows. The cream of the windows of objects when working with Windows OS is often brought to the mother on the right dialog panels(interactive panels with various control elements), as to serve to organize a dialogue between the PC and the coristuvach, zocrema: to inform the coristuvacha of any information (Figure 1.3); for otrimanna vіdpovidі on zap (baby 1.4); to select an object or set parameters (Figure 1.5).

For the first one, the koristuvach is responsible for accepting the information and pressing the OK button (Figure 1.3), for the other one, pressing I need a button vodpovidi zapit (figure 1.4).

At the third tip dialog panel You can change the control elements that are necessary for the selection of the commands you need. At a glance, such panels can be single-sided and rich-sided (Figure 1.5).

To the main elements of management dialog panels be seen:

· tabs– “sides” of the dialogue panel, select tabs

· buttons- pushing on the button for safe vikonnannya (inserted into the function button), write on the button explaining the recognition;

· input fields(text fields) – edit fields, for input text information next zdіysniti lіve klatsannya "bear" in input field and enter the required text from the keyboard;

· lists- Dial of proponing on the choice of value; list to be revealed– a text field, secured by a button with a straight down arrow, opening the list with the left clicking “bear”;

· jumpers(white circle) - to select one of the options that are mutually switched on, the choice is made by clicking on the left button "bear", the option is indicated by a circle with a dot in the middle;

· ensigns(square with a “tick”) – give the parameter a single value (paraportions can be changed both in groups and one by one), setting ensigns clicks of the left button "bear";

· lichniks- a pair of arrows that allow you to change a discrete (pokrokove) value in the field associated with it, for which you click the left button "bear" behind the arrow;

· bugs- engines for smooth change parameters;

· demonstration vikno(or the Zrazok row) - shows the result of the stitching.

Figure 1.5 - Rich side dialog panel: setting object parameters

To move from one group of elements in the dialog panel to a different one, you can press the Tab key, and to move between elements in the middle of the group, use the cursor keys. Bagato dialogue panelsє rich-sided. Little 6 is depicted in a rich side dialog panel. The OS will change the settings shown in the dialog panel, less in that case, if you press the OK key (or Zastosuvati), select the Skasuvati key to save the front settings and close it. dialogue panel.

The structure of the main Windows menu. Golovna menu- one of the main system elements of the Windows operating system. It turns out to click on the Start button Panels. Starry look Golovna menu you can change. Commands for changing the settings can be clicked from the context menu of the Start button (Power→Start Menu→Set...). classic look Golovna menu and looking, adopted by Windows XP, may be less familiar. From a look of the structure, Golovna menu to avenge two divisions - shoes are viscous, which is formed by the OS, and more, which is formed by a coristuvach.

Main divisions Golovna menu Windows XP (Fig. 1.6): 1 - name of the streaming koristuvach (formed at the time of the creation of the oblique koristuvach record); 2 - programs for the Internet to review web pages and email(Choosing the type of program, install the coristuvac when you set it up); 3 - a list of recently selected programs (the number of points indicated by the number of points when it was completed); 4 - the main system folders (replacement is installed after the hour of adjustment); 5 - tools for fitting; 6 - dovіdka, pіdtrimka, poshuk; 7 - programs; 8 - exit from the system and the withdrawal of the PC. Golovna menu- bagator_vneve: when you hover the "bear" on the item, the system of inserting items in the menu is opened.

System folders My documents, My little ones and My music are used for saving text documents, little ones (photos and other graphic files) and sound files are available. Item Remaining Documents opens access to the shortcuts of the remaining five fifteen documents, with some pratsyuvav koristuvach. The item My computer opens a special system folder, which provides access to the file structure.

Basic tuning tools - points Golovna menu Control panel (allows you to improve the appearance and functionality of the PC, install and view Mezhezhі connection and in.) and Printers and faxes (displays built-in outbuildings she allows you to add new ones).

Item Dovіdka and podtrimka Golovna menu(Figure 1.7) secures access to the advanced system of Windows OS (the same can be done by loading the menu of any folder window: Advanced Improvement Center and Support). There are three main ways to sort out the advanced Windows OS system (depending on the version of the OS): search for information from the parental distribution tree, for the alphabetical index and for the selection of articles. In this way, in the advanced Windows XP system, the choice of the required thematic division can be added to the Refinement division panel, the selected division can be displayed in the view of the data hierarchy, instead of the selected article, it is displayed on the right panel. When you search for the exact name of a term, you can select the Show button (when in the left panel, the term is selected from the alphabet list, and instead of the statistics, in which term the term is selected, it is displayed on the right panel). For a search for a key word, there is a Know field and a Start Search button. To navigate through the finishing panels, the buttons of the toolbar are Back and Forward; The Submit button allows you to save the final approval for shvidkogo review nadali. The Log button displays a list of the used sides, as you saw them in the streaming session, in the window of the finishing system. The Support button allows you to go for help to another correspondent or to the Microsoft support center. The Parameters key allows you to select parameters for adjusting the finishing center and subtrim.

In addition, Windows XP implemented a few equal accesses to the preliminary system for dialog windows:

· Through special button? (Suggestion), after clicking after some kind of “bear” indicator, the shape of the food sign is formed, if you point it at the control element and click the left button, then there is a hint that it is merging);

· through the context prompt (after clicking the right button on the control element, the context prompt button What is it like?, by clicking the left button, the prompt appears).

Windows uses splicing hints to give information about the object or control when hovering over them. The software has been given access to its own development system.

Item Poshuk Golovna menu open access to dialog box Results of the search, recognized for the organization of the search for objects and any information on local computer on a merging server or on the Internet. The results of the search are shown in a special window, which is similar to a folder in such a way that you can speed up to launch the program you have found, the document folder.

The search for files and folders is carried out according to dekіlkom basic criteria: for im'yam and address. As if naming the file is unknown, in the Part of the file name or the file name field, you can specify only one part. When specifying a name, you can select the substitution symbol: * i?. Symbol? replace any kind of okremy symbol. For example, pid template 199 ? fit all objects, in the names of some present be-yakiy r_k z 1999 0 by 199 9 . The symbol * means whether there is a character or a set of characters. For example, looking for a template 1 * 4 can give the following results: 14, 1 23g 4, 199 4, 1program 4 etc. The symbol * is often used to remove the list of all files with the same extensions. For example, the *.doc template allows you to know all files with doc extensions, that is. all files created by MS Word text editor. The location of the file selection is selected from the list (the Look button is selected for the selection of the area for the search for one folder).

When asking, you can add additional criteria: the date of the remaining change (point If there were rest change?), file size (item What kind of file size?), file type (item Additional parameters). On the panel I will ask for the additional attachment of the elements of the carving, as they appear by clicking on the arrows, which are opened. When you joke text document Poshuk can be conducted for yoga zmist (enter key phrase y field Word or phrase y file).

Viconati point Golovna menu serve to launch Windows and DOS programs, open folders and documents. In the field Open the dialog box Starting the program, you need to enter a command outside the name of the document folder or the Internet resource for their opening. The Look button is used to select a program for a document.

To launch programs Golovna menu vikoristovuєtsya item Usі programs. In order of the names of the programs, the item Use programs can delete folders for okremih groups or categories of programs (for example, the folder Standards can delete programs that enter before the OS is installed, which allows you to restore the operating system maintenance of the OS and work from the PC). The skin of these folders opens the supplementary submenu. Navigating through the submenu tree, you can reach the name of the required program.

Punti Golovna menu Exit from the Vimknenny system allows you to correctly complete the robot from the Windows OS, in order to save the PC and waste data. If it is necessary to interrupt the session and give the possibility of further correction from the PC, it is necessary to do the following: close the windows of all active folder programs; press the button Exit from the system, at the dialogue window Exit from Windows, which appeared, press the button Change koristuvach (after that, in the OS, you can see a different koristuvach). When the work is completed from the PC, it is necessary to do the following: close the windows of all active program folders; select point Vimknennya; at the dialogue window Wimknuti computer select the Wimknennya item; click the OK button; turn off the life of the PC.

Respect! In case of an emergency completion of the work (or when the programs hang), it is necessary to press the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys overnight. At the dialogue window Dispatcher Windows tasks Select the tab Program command Get task. Pressing the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys again will cause the PC to be reloaded, with which all data will be wasted!

The presence of handy, gnuchky ones simple benefits in the mastered interrelationships of coristuvacha from the middle - qi koristuvach interface. Interface includes windows, menus, shortcuts to files and programs.

Bagatozadachnіst, then. Possibility of PEOM to work with kіlkom programs at once. For example, the OS allows FMRadio to be heard with a text editor and so on.

The ability to transfer data from one program to another: transfer a small table created by a graphic editor and a spreadsheet processor, a text editor and create a new document.

Availability of the system new peripheral buildings when connected to a PC.

9. Short windows.

The above descriptions of the advantages of the system are within reach a significant increase in the profitability of the hardware.

Insufficiently efficient robot WINDOWS is a program with add-ons, a critical resource for an hour.

Small arrogance: incorrect robot whatever WINDOWS The program can wake up "hanging" with WINDOWS.

WINDOWS does not have a practical overhead sobіv zahistu in the operating system (robot in safe mode).

10. Zagalni ambush.

So that you can bulo hoch troch to show the ability of WINDOWS, let's look at the list of some programs that include up to її warehouse:

On-screen calculator (Calc. exe) - a program that allows you to count all arithmetic operations and work with tens, twos and

sixteen numbers and translate one into another.

Notepad program (WordPad. exe) - Text editor for working with small text files.

Initial program(WinTutorial. exe) - a program that learns to work with WINDOWS.

Graphic editorPAINT (MSPaint. exe) - program that creates graphics files.

Laser programmer (cdplayer. exe) - Allows you to create sound files from CDs.

Phonograph(Sndrec32. exe) - a program that allows you to create, edit and record sound files from a microphone.

System upgrade (Rstrui . exe) - a program that allows you to restore the system at the time of the creation of the selected checkpoint.

Disk defragmentation(Dfrg. msc) - document ( addendum), which allows you to classify files by type of data with a faster work method.

Data archiving(NTBACKUP. exe) - a program that creates archived copies of data to protect against the loss of data, as well as to compress data on a disk.

Disc scan(scandisc. exe) - addendum hard drive for the presence of a new pardon, and they correct them.

Service Program Manager (Utilman. exe) - An addendum that will ensure the launch of that program support for special capabilities.

Explorer(explorer. exe) - allows you to vikonat all kinds of operations from files, run any programs.